Просмотр кода страницы Quran translations

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[[File:Der Koran by Friedrich Eberhard Boysen 1775.jpg|thumb|Title page of a German translation of the Qurʻan published in 1775]]
{{Quran|expanded=translation}}
{{Translation sidebar}}
'''Translations of the Qurʻan''' are interpretations of the scripture of [[Islam]] in languages other than [[Classical Arabic|Arabic]]. The [[Quran|Qurʻan]] was originally written in the Arabic language and has been translated into most major African, Asian and European languages.<ref name = translation />

== Islamic theology ==
{{further|Schools of Islamic theology}}
The translation of the Qurʻan into modern languages has always been a difficult issue in Islamic theology. Because Muslims revere the Qurʻan as miraculous and inimitable (''iʻjaz al-Qurʻan''), they argue that the Qurʻanic text should not be isolated from its true form to another language or written form, at least not without keeping the Arabic text with it. Furthermore, an Arabic word, like a [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] or [[Aramaic]] word, may have a [[polysemy|range of meanings]] depending on the context – a feature present in all [[Semitic languages]], when compared to English, Latin, and [[Romance languages]] – making an accurate translation even more difficult.<ref name="translation">{{cite book
| last = Fatani
| first = Afnan
| contribution = Translation and the Qurʻan
| year = 2006
| title = The Qurʻan: an encyclopaedia
| editor-last = Leaman
| editor-first = Oliver
| pages = 657–669
| place = Great Britain
| publisher = Routledge
| id =
}}</ref>

According to Islamic theology, the Qurʻan is a [[revelation]] very specifically in Arabic, and so it should only be recited in [[Quranic Arabic]].  Translations into other languages are necessarily the work of humans and so, according to Muslims, no longer possess the uniquely sacred character of the Arabic original. Since these translations necessarily subtly change the meaning, they are often called "interpretations"<ref name="Malise Ruthven Page 90">{{cite book| last = Ruthven| first = Malise| title = Islam in the World| year = 2006| publisher = Granta| isbn = 978-1-86207-906-9| page = 90 }}</ref> or "translation[s] of the meanings" (with "meanings" being ambiguous between the meanings of the various passages and the multiple possible meanings with which each word taken in isolation can be associated, and with the latter connotation amounting to an acknowledgement that the so-called translation is but one possible interpretation and is not claimed to be the full equivalent of the original).  For instance, [[Marmaduke Pickthall|Pickthall]] called his translation ''[[The Meaning of the Glorious Koran]]'' rather than simply ''The Koran''.

The task of translation of the Qurʻan is not an easy one; some native Arab speakers will confirm that some Qurʻanic passages are difficult to understand even in the original Arabic script. A part of this is the innate difficulty of any translation; in Arabic, as in other languages, a single word can have a variety of meanings.<ref name="Malise Ruthven Page 90" /> There is always an element of human judgement involved in understanding and translating a text. This factor is made more complex by the fact that the usage of words has changed a great deal between classical and modern Arabic. As a result, even Qurʻanic verses which seem perfectly clear to native  Arab speakers accustomed to modern vocabulary and usage may not represent the original meaning of the verse.

The original meaning of a Qurʻanic passage will also be dependent on the historical circumstances of the prophet [[Muhammad]]'s life and early community in which it originated. Investigating that context usually requires a detailed knowledge of [[hadith]] and [[Prophetic biography|sirah]], which are themselves vast and complex texts. This introduces an additional element of uncertainty which cannot be eliminated by any linguistic rules of translation.

== History ==
The first translation of the Qurʻan was performed by [[Salman the Persian]], who translated [[surah]] [[al-Fatiha]] into the [[Middle Persian]] in the early seventh century.<ref>An-Nawawi, Al-Majmu', (Cairo, Matbacat at-'Tadamun n.d.), 380.</ref> According to Islamic tradition contained in the [[hadith]], the [[Negus]] of the [[Ethiopian Empire]] and the [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Heraclius]] received letters from Muhammad containing verses from the Qurʻan{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}. However, during Muhammad's lifetime, no passage from the Qurʻan was ever translated into these languages nor any other.<ref name = translation />

The second known translation was into Greek and was used by [[Nicetas Byzantius]], a scholar from [[Constantinople]], in his 'Refutation of Qurʻan' written between 855 and 870. However, we know nothing about who and for what purpose had made this translation. It is however very probable that it was a complete translation.<ref>Christian Høgel, "An early anonymous Greek translation of the Qurʻan. The fragments from Niketas Byzantios' Refutatio and the anonymous Abjuratio", ''Collectanea Christiana Orientalia'' 7 (2010), pp. 65–119; [[Kees Versteegh]], "Greek translations of the Qurʻan in Christian polemics (9th century)", ''Zeitschrift der Deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft'' 141 (1991); Astérios Argyriou, "Perception de l'Islam et traductions du Coran dans le monde byzantin grec", ''Byzantion'' 75 (2005).</ref>

The first fully attested complete translations of the Qurʻan were done between the 10th and 12th centuries into [[Persian language#Classical Persian|Classical Persian]]. The [[Samanid Empire|Samanid emperor]], [[Mansur I]] (961–976), ordered a group of scholars from [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] to translate the ''[[Tafsir al-Tabari]]'', originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of [[Khwaja Abdullah Ansari]] wrote a complete [[tafsir]] of the Qurʻan in Persian. In the 12th century, [[Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi]] translated the Qurʻan into Persian. The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times.

In 1936, translations in 102 languages were known.<ref name=translation />

=== European languages ===

==== Latin ====
[[File:Bertrandon de la Broquière offers a Koran to Duke Philip (detail of Bertrandon de la Broquière).jpg|thumb|[[Bertrandon de la Broquière]] giving a Latin translation of the Qurʻan to [[Philip the Bold]] (detail). Illustration (folio 152v) by {{ill|Jean Le Tavernier|fr}} from [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|BnF]], MS fr. 9087, made in Lille in 1455.]]
[[Robert of Ketton|Robertus Ketenensis]] produced the first Latin translation of the Qurʻan in 1143.<ref name = translation /> His version was entitled ''[[Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete]]'' ("The law of [[Muhammad|Mahomet]] the false prophet"). The translation was made at the behest of [[Peter the Venerable]], [[abbot of Cluny]], and currently exists in the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal in Paris. According to modern scholars{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}, the translation tended to "exaggerate harmless text to give it a nasty or licentious sting" and preferred improbable and unpleasant meanings over likely and decent ones. Ketenensis' work was republished in 1543 in three editions by [[Theodore Bibliander]] at [[Basel]] along with Cluni corpus and other Christian propaganda. All editions contained a preface by [[Martin Luther]]. Many later European "translations" of the Qurʻan merely translated Ketenensis' Latin version into their own language, as opposed to translating the Qurʻan directly from Arabic. As a result, early European translations of the Qurʻan were erroneous and distorted.<ref name = translation />

In the early thirteenth century, [[Mark of Toledo]] made another, more literal, translation into Latin, which survives in a number of manuscripts. In the fifteenth century, Juan of Segovia produced another translation in collaboration with the Mudejar writer, Isa of Segovia. Only the prologue survives. In the sixteenth century, Juan Gabriel Terrolensis aided Cardenal Eguida da Viterbo in another translation into Latin. In the early seventeenth century, another translated was made, attributed to Cyril Lucaris.

[[Louis Maracci]] (1612–1700), a teacher of Arabic at the [[Sapienza University of Rome]] and confessor to [[Pope Innocent XI]], issued a second Latin translation in 1698 in [[Padua]].<ref>[[Samuel Marinus Zwemer]]: [http://www.muhammadanism.org/Quran/translations_koran.pdf Translations of the Koran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025222146/http://www.muhammadanism.org/Quran/translations_koran.pdf |date=25 October 2007 }}, The Moslem World, 1915</ref> His edition contains the Qurʻan's Arabic text with a Latin translation, annotations to further understanding and – embued by the time's spirit of controversy – an essay titled "Refutation of the Qurʻan", where Marracci disproves Islam from the then Catholic point of view. Despite the refutatio's anti-Islamic tendency Marracci's translation is accurate and suitably commented; besides, by quoting many Islamic sources he certainly broadens his time's horizon considerably.<ref>{{cite journal |id={{INIST|14639389}} |last1=Borrmans |first1=Maurice |year=2002 |title=Ludovico Marracci et sa traduction latine du Coran |trans-title=Ludovico Marracci and its Latin translation of the Qur'ân |language=fr |journal=Islamochristiana |issue=28 |pages=73–86}}</ref>

Marracci's translation too became the source of other European translations (one in France by Savory, and one in German by Nerreter). These later translations were quite inauthentic, and one even claimed to be published in [[Mecca]] in 1165 AH.<ref name = translation />

==== Modern languages ====
The first translation in a modern European language was in [[Castilian Spanish]] or [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] by the convert Juan Andrés (or so he claims in his Confusión o Confutación de la secta mahomética y del alcorán) but this translation is lost. A few dozen Qurʻan verses into Castilian are found within the Confusión itself. There were lost translations in [[Catalan language|Catalan]], one of them by Francesc Pons Saclota in 1382, the other appeared in [[Perpignan]] in 1384.<ref>{{Cite news|title=El català, primera llengua europea a la qual va ser traduït l'Alcorà|url=http://www.histocat.cat/?msgOrigen=6&CODART=ART00513|language=Catalan|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528134019/http://www.histocat.cat/?msgOrigen=6&CODART=ART00513|archive-date=28 May 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Another Romance translation was made into Italian, 1547 by Andrea Arrivabene, derived from Ketenensis'. The Italian translation was used to derive the first German translation [[Salomon Schweigger]] in 1616 in [[Nuremberg]], which in turn was used to derive the first Dutch translation in 1641.<ref name = translation />

The first French translation came out in 1647, and again in 1775, issued by [[André du Ryer]]. The Du Ryer translation also fathered many re-translations, most notably an English version by [[Alexander Ross (writer)|Alexander Ross]] in 1649. Ross' version was used to derive several others: a Dutch version by Glazemaker, a German version by Lange.<ref name = translation />

==== French Language ====
[[File:Alcoran de Mahomet 1647.jpg|thumb|upright|<center>''[[L'Alcoran de Mahomet]]'' by [[André du Ryer]], 1647.</center>]]
L'Alcoran de Mahomet / translaté d'Arabe François par le Sieur Du Ryer, Sieur de la Garde Malezair., 1647, 1649, 1672, 1683, 1719, 1734, 1770, 1775, by André Du Ryer, was the first French translation. This was followed two centuries later in Paris by the 1840 translation by [[Albert Kazimirski de Biberstein|Kasimirski]] who was an interpreter for the French Persian legation. Then in the mid-twentieth century a new translation was done by [[Régis Blachère]] a French Orientalist followed few years later in 1959 by the first translation by a Muslim into the French Language from the original Arabic . This work of [[Muhammad Hamidullah]] continues to be reprinted and published in Paris and Lebanon as it is regarded as the most linguistically accurate of all translation although critics may complain there is some loss of the spirit of the Arabic original.

==== Spanish ====
There are four complete translations of the Qurʻan in modern Spanish that are commonly available.
* '''Julio Cortes''' translation 'El Coran' is widely available in North America, being published by New York-based ''Tahrike Tarsile Qurʻan'' publishing house.
* '''Ahmed Abboud and Rafael Castellanos''', two converts to Islam of Argentine origin, published 'El Sagrado Coran' (El Nilo, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1953).
* '''Kamel Mustafa Hallak''' fine deluxe hardback print 'El Coran Sagrado' is printed by Maryland-based ''Amana Publications''.
* '''Abdel Ghani Melara Navio''' a Spaniard who converted to Islam in 1979, his 'Traduccion-Comentario Del Noble Coran' was originally published by ''Darussalam Publications'', Riyadh, in December 1997. The ''King Fahd Printing Complex'' has their own version of this translation, with editing by Omar Kaddoura and Isa Amer Quevedo.

==== English ====
{{Main|English translations of the Quran}}
[[File:Lifeofmahomet.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|An engraving of [[Muhammad]] in ''The Life of Mahomet'', containing an English translation of the Qurʻan derived from the French translation ''[[L'Alcoran de Mahomet]]'', initially published in 1649. Edition dating to 1719.]]
The earliest known translation of the Qurʻan in any European language was the Latin works by [[Robert of Ketton]] at the behest of the [[Abbot of Cluny]] in c. 1143. This translation remained the only one until 1649 when the first English language translation was done by Alexander Ross, chaplain to King Charles I, who translated from a French work ''L'Alcoran de Mahomet'' by du Ryer. In 1734, [[George Sale]] produced the first translation of the Qurʻan direct from Arabic into English but reflecting his missionary stance. Since then, there have been English translations by the clergyman [[John Medows Rodwell]] in 1861, and [[Edward Henry Palmer]] in 1880, both showing in their works a number of mistakes of mistranslation and misinterpretation, which brings into question their primary aim. These were followed by [[Richard Bell (Arabist)|Richard Bell]] in 1937 and [[Arthur John Arberry]] in the 1950s.

''The Qurʻan'' (1910) by Dr. [[Mirza Abul Fazl]] (1865–1956), a native of [[East Bengal]] (now [[Bangladesh]]), later moved to [[Allahabad]], India. He was the first Muslim to present a translation of the Qurʻan into English along with the original Arabic text. Among the contemporary Muslim scholars, Dr. Abul Fazl was a pioneer who took interest in the study of the chronological order of the Qurʻan and drew the attention of Muslim scholars to its importance.

With the increasing population of English-speaking Muslims around the start of the 20th century, three Muslim translations of the Qurʻan into English made their first appearance. The first was [[Muhammad Ali (writer)|Muhammad Ali]]'s 1917 translation, which is composed from an [[Ahmadiyya]] perspective, with some small parts being rejected as unorthodox interpretation by vast majority of Muslims. This was followed in 1930 by the English convert to Islam [[Marmaduke Pickthall]]'s more literalist translation.

Soon thereafter in 1934, [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]], a [[Musta'li Isma'ilism|Bohra Ismaili]], published his translation, featuring copious explanatory annotation – over 6000 notes, generally being around 95% of the text on a given page, to supplement the main text of the translation. This translation has gone through over 30 printings by several different publishing houses, and is one of the most popular amongst English-speaking Muslims, alongside the Pickthall and Saudi-sponsored Hilali-Khan translations.<ref name="meforum">{{cite journal|url=http://www.meforum.org/717/assessing-english-translations-of-the-quran|title=Assessing English Translations of the Qurʻan|first=Khaleel|last=Mohammed|date=1 March 2005|journal=Middle East Quarterly|accessdate=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627113335/http://www.meforum.org/717/assessing-english-translations-of-the-quran|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

With few new English translations over the 1950–1980 period, these three Muslim translations were to flourish and cement reputations that were to ensure their survival into the 21st century, finding favour among readers often in newly revised updated editions. Orientalist Arthur Arberry's 1955 translation and native [[Iraqi Jew]] [[N. J. Dawood]]'s unorthodox translation in 1956 were to be the only major works to appear in the post-war period. A. J. Arberry's ''[[The Koran Interpreted]]'' remains the scholarly standard for English translations, and is widely used by academics.<ref name="meforum" />

The English translation of [[Kanzul Iman]] is called ''The Treasure of Faith'', which is translated by Farid Ul Haq. It is in simple, easy-to-understand modern-day English. Explanations are given in brackets to avoid ambiguity, provide better understanding and references to similar verses elsewhere.

Dr. Syed Abdul Latif's translation published in 1967, regarded highly by some. He was a professor of English at [[Osmania University]], Hyderabad. It was nevertheless short-lived due to criticism of his foregoing accuracy for the price of fluency.

''The Message of the Qurʻan: Presented in Perspective'' (1974) was published by [[Hashim Amir Ali]]. He translated the Qurʻan into English and arranged it according to chronological order. Dr. Hashim Amir-Ali (1903-c. 1987) was a native of Salar Jung, [[Hyderabad State]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]]. In 1938, he came under the influence of Dr. Abul Fazl and took a deep interest in the study of the Qurʻan and was aware of the significance of the chronological order of the passages contained in it.

Another Jewish convert to Islam, [[Muhammad Asad]]'s monumental work ''[[The Message of The Qur'an]]'' made its appearance for the first time in 1980.

Professor [[Ahmed Ali (writer)|Ahmed Ali]]'s ''Al-Qurʻan: A Contemporary Translation'' (Akrash Publishing, Karachi, 1984, Reprinted by Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1987; [[Princeton University Press]], New Jersey, 1988, with 9th reprinting 2001). [[Fazlur Rahman Malik]] of the University of Chicago writes, "It brings out the original rhythms of the Qurʻanic language and the cadences. It also departs from traditional translations in that it gives more refined and differentiated shades of important concepts". According to [[Francis Edward Peters]] of New York University, "Ahmed Ali's work is clear, direct, and elegant – a combination of stylistic virtues almost never found in translations of the Qurʻan. His is the best I have read".

At the cusp of the 1980s, the [[1973 oil crisis]], the [[Iranian Revolution]], the [[Nation of Islam]] and a new wave of cold-war generated Muslim immigrants to Europe and North America brought Islam squarely into the public limelight for the first time in Western Europe and North America. This resulted in a wave of translations as Western publishers tried to capitalize on the new demand for English translations of the Qurʻan. [[Oxford University Press]] and [[Penguin Books]] were all to release editions at this time, as did indeed the Saudi Government, which came out with its own re-tooled version of the original Yusuf Ali translation. Canadian Muslim Professor [[T. B. Irving]]'s 'modern English' translation (1985) was a major Muslim effort during that time.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

''Qurʻan: The Final Testament'', Islamic Productions, Tucson, Arizona, (1989) was published by [[Rashad Khalifa]] ({{lang|ar|رشاد خليفة}}; 19 November 1935 – 31 January 1990) Khalifa wrote that he was a [[prophets and messengers in Islam|messenger of God]] and that the archangel Gabriel 'most assertively' told him that chapter 36, verse 3, of the Qurʻan, 'specifically' referred to him.<ref>Appendix ii, (21), Authorized English Translation of the Qurʻan, Dr. Rashad Khalifa, PhD</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://submission.org/quran/app2.html |title=God or Allah in Islam (Submission in English),Islam (Submission). Your best source for Islam on the Internet. Happiness is submission to God – Allah, God, Islam, Muslims, Moslems, Arabic, Farsi, Urdu, Indonesia, Arabia, Mecca, USA-Prophet Muhammed's Last S |accessdate=2017-06-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724025606/http://submission.org/quran/app2.html |archivedate=24 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He is referred to as God's Messenger of the Covenant by his followers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://submission.org/messenger/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 August 2008 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5ZmxTU8Vt?url=http://submission.org/messenger/ |archive-date=3 August 2008 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He wrote that the Qurʻan contains a mathematical structure based on the number 19.  He made the controversial claim that the last two verses of chapter nine in the Qurʻan were not canonical, telling his followers to reject them.<ref>″The idol worshipers were destined to tamper with the Qurʻan by adding 2 false verses (9:128–129).″</ref> His reasoning was that the verses, disrupted an otherwise flawless nineteen-based pattern and were sacrilegious inasmuch as they appeared to endorse worship of Muhammad. Khalifa's research received little attention in the West. In 1980, Martin Gardner mentioned it in ''[[Scientific American]]''.<ref>Gardner, Martin (1980), Mathematical Games, Scientific American, September 1980, pp16–20.</ref> Gardner later wrote a more extensive and critical review of Khalifa and his work.<ref>The numerology of Dr. Rashad Khalifa – scientist, Martin Gardner, Skeptical Inquirer, Sept–Oct 1997</ref>

The arrival of the 1990s ushered in the phenomenon of an extensive English-speaking Muslim population well-settled in Western Europe and North America. As a result, several major Muslim translations emerged to meet the ensuing demand. One of them was published in 1990, and it is by the first woman to translate the Qurʻan into English, Amatul Rahman Omar, together with her husband, Abdul Mannan Omar.<ref>[http://www.islamusa.org/Authors/ Amatul Rahman Omar – The First Woman to Translate the Qurʻan into English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306062725/http://www.islamusa.org/Authors/ |date=6 March 2016 }}</ref> In 1991 appeared an English translation under the title: ''The Clarion Call Of The Eternal Qur-aan'', by Muhammad Khalilur Rahman (b. 1906–1988), [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh. He was the eldest son of Shamsul Ulama Moulana Muhammad Ishaque of Burdwan, West Bengal, India, – a former lecturer of Dhaka University.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

In 1996 the Saudi government financed a new translation "the [[Noble Quran (Hilali-Khan)|Hilali-Khan Qurʻan]]" which was distributed free worldwide by the Saudi government as it was in line with their particular interpretation .<ref name="muttaqun">{{Cite web|url=http://muttaqun.com/quran/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527211512/http://muttaqun.com/quran/index.html|url-status=dead|title=Muttaqun.com|archivedate=27 May 2010|website=muttaqun.com}}</ref>

The ''Saheeh International'' Qurʻan translation was published in 1997 in Sa'udi Arabia by three women converts. It remains extremely popular.

In 1999 a fresh translation of the Qurʻan into English entitled ''The Noble Qurʻan – A New Rendering of its Meaning in English'' by Abdalhaqq and the American [[Aisha Bewley]] was published by Bookwork,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-middle-east-studies/article/the-noble-qurn-a-new-rendering-of-its-meaning-in-english-translated-by-bewleyabdallhaqq-and-bewleyaisha-651-pages-glossary-norwich-uk-bookwork-1999-isbn-1-874216-36-3/65DAD9FAF6338DBDBE6C80A24DBE67F6|title=The Noble Qur'ān: A New Rendering of its Meaning in English, translated by BewleyAbdallhaqq and BewleyAisha. 651 pages, glossary. Norwich, UK: Bookwork, 1999. ISBN 1-874216-36-3|first=Rebecca B.|last=Molloy|journal=Review of Middle East Studies|volume=35|issue=1|pages=134|accessdate=23 June 2017|via=Cambridge Core|doi=10.1017/S0026318400042188|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220215302/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-middle-east-studies/article/the-noble-qurn-a-new-rendering-of-its-meaning-in-english-translated-by-bewleyabdallhaqq-and-bewleyaisha-651-pages-glossary-norwich-uk-bookwork-1999-isbn-1-874216-36-3/65DAD9FAF6338DBDBE6C80A24DBE67F6|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all|year=2001}}</ref> with revised editions being published in 2005 <ref>{{cite book|title=The Noble Qurʻan: A New Rendering of Its Meaning in English|date=23 June 2017|publisher=Bookwork|df=dmy-all|isbn = 978-0-9538639-3-8}}</ref> and 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diwanpress.com/shop/books-and-ebooks/the-core-collection/noble-quran-new-rendering-meaning-english/|title=The Noble Qurʻan – a New Rendering of its Meaning in English – Diwan Press|website=www.diwanpress.com|accessdate=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701040508/http://www.diwanpress.com/shop/books-and-ebooks/the-core-collection/noble-quran-new-rendering-meaning-english/|archive-date=1 July 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

''The Qurʻan in Persian and English'' (Bilingual Edition, 2001) features an English translation by the Iranian poet and author [[Tahereh Saffarzadeh]]. This was the third translation of the Qurʻan into English by a woman, after Amatul Rahman Omar,<ref>Amatul Rahman Omar, [https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Quran-Translation-Only/dp/097669722X/ "The Holy Qurʻan – English"], ''The Holy Qurʻan – English'', 1990. {{ISBN|0-9766972-3-8}}</ref> and Aisha Bewley – and the first bilingual translation of the Qurʻan.<ref name="amazon.com">{{cite book |author=Quran |title=The Sublime Qurʻan: Laleh Bakhtiar: 9781567447507: Amazon.com: Books |df=dmy-all |isbn=978-1-56744-750-7 |year=2007 |url=https://archive.org/details/sublimequranbas00bakh }}</ref><ref>[http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/7/26/MainPaper/3803/Page/12/MainPaper_3803_12.pdf Saffarzadeh Commemoration Due] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511034453/http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/7/26/MainPaper/3803/Page/12/MainPaper_3803_12.pdf |date=11 May 2012 }} Iran Daily, 18 October 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=181087 Art News in Brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911152103/http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=181087 |date=11 September 2015 }} Tehran Times, 28 October 2008</ref>

In 2003, the English translation of the 8-volume ''[[Ma'ariful Qur'an]]'' was completed and the translation of the Qurʻan used for it was newly done by [[Muhammad Taqi Usmani]] in collaboration with his brother Wali Raazi Usmani and his teachers, Professors Hasan Askari and Muhammad Shameem.

In 2004 a new translation of the Qurʻan by [[Muhammad Abdel-Haleem]] was also published, with revised editions being published in 2005 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurobuch.com/buch/isbn/0192831933.html|title=0192831933 – Oxford University Press, UK – The Qurʻan|accessdate=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824012157/https://www.eurobuch.com/buch/isbn/0192831933.html|archive-date=24 August 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and 2008.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Qurʻan|date=17 April 2008|publisher=OUP Oxford|df=dmy-all|id= {{ASIN|0199535957|country=uk}}}}</ref>

In 2007, ''Qurʻan: a Reformist Translation'' by [[Edip Yüksel]], Layth Saleh al-Shaiban, and Martha Schulte-Nafeh, was published.

In 2007, ''The Meanings of the Noble Qurʻan with Explanatory Notes'' by [[Muhammad Taqi Usmani]] was published. It has been published in 2 volumes at first and later, in a single volume. He also translated the Qurʻan in simple Urdu, making him a translator of the Qurʻan in dual languages.

In 2007 ''The Sublime Qurʻan'' appeared by [[Laleh Bakhtiar]]; it is the second translation of the Qurʻan by an American woman.<ref name="amazon.com" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-04-10/news/0704100141_1_translation-muslims-and-non-muslims-arabic |title=A new look at a holy text – tribunedigital-chicagotribune |publisher=Articles.chicagotribune.com |date=10 April 2007 |accessdate=2015-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093316/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-04-10/news/0704100141_1_translation-muslims-and-non-muslims-arabic |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Useem |first=Andrea |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/1-legacy/37-religion-book-reviews/article/10309-laleh-bakhtiar-an-american-woman-translates-the-qur-an-.html |title=Laleh Bakhtiar: An American Woman Translates the Qurʻan |publisher=Publishersweekly.com |date=18 April 2007 |accessdate=2015-05-10}}</ref><ref name="slate">{{cite web|accessdate=8 July 2011|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2204849/?from=rss|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|last=Aslan|first=Reza|title=How To Read the Qurʻan|date=20 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728133104/http://www.slate.com/id/2204849/?from=rss|archive-date=28 July 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2009, Wahiduddin Khan translated the Qurʻan in English, which was published by Goodword Books entitled ''The Qurʻan: Translation and Commentary with Parallel Arabic Text''. This translation is considered as the most easy to understand due to simple and modern English. The pocket size version of this translation with only English text is widely distributed as part of dawah work.

A rhymed verse edition of the entire Qurʻan rendered in English by Thomas McElwain in 2010 includes rhymed commentary under the hardback title ''The Beloved and I, Volume Five'', and the paperback title ''The Beloved and I: Contemplations on the Qurʻan''.

In 2015 Dr. Mustafa Khattab of Al-Azhar University completed ''The Clear Qurʻan: A Thematic English Translation'', after three years of collaboration with a team of  scholars, editors, and proof-readers. Noted for its clarity, accuracy, and flow, this work is believed to be the first English translation done in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sirajpublications.com/clear_quran.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-03-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307063210/http://sirajpublications.com/clear_quran.html |archivedate=7 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

A Turkish Scholar Hakkı Yılmaz worked on the Qurʻan through the root meanings of the Arabic words and published a study called ''Tebyin-ül Qurʻan'', and he also published a Division by Division Interpretation in the Order of Revelation in Turkish. His work was translated into English.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quraninenglish.net |title=Qurʻan in English – Division by Division English Interpretation of the Qurʻan in the Order of Revelation |website=www.quraninenglish.net |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109164637/http://www.quraninenglish.net/ |archive-date=9 January 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 2018, Dr Musharraf Hussain released ''The Infallible word of Allah'', a reader-friendly presentation of the translation of the Qurʻan aiming to help readers  understand the topic being read, and learn the moving and transformative message of the Qurʻan. There are 1500 sections with headings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thequran.org.uk |title=The Majestic Qurʻan |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621222943/http://thequran.org.uk/ |archive-date=21 June 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

=== Asian languages ===
{{refimprove section|date=January 2016}}
[[File:Mir Sayyid Ali - Portrait of a Young Indian Scholar.jpg|thumb|[[Mir Sayyid Ali]], writing a [[tafsir]] on the Qurʻan during the reign of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]].]]

==== Sindhi ====
Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (Urdu: آخوند أعزاز الله) was a Muslim theologian from Sindh. Akhund Azaz is considered to be the first person who translated the Qurʻan from the Arabic to the Sindhi. According to Sindhi tradition the first translation was made by in 270 AH / 883 CE by an Arab scholar. later it was translated in Sindhi language by Imam Abul Hassan bin Mohammad Sadiq Al-Sindhi Al-Ma

==== Urdu ====
First Urdu translation of Qurʻan was done by Shah Abdul Qadir, who was the son of [[Shah Abdul Aziz]] Dehlawi. One of the authentic translation of the Qurʻan in [[Urdu]] was done by [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]] and was named [[Kanzul Iman]]. Molana Ashiq Elahi Merathi also translated the Qurʻan in Urdu. [[Tafseer e Merathi]] is a renowned translation of Qurʻan along with tarsier and Shan e Nazool in Urdu by [[Ashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri]], In 1961 ''Mafhoom-ul-Quran'' by [[Ghulam Ahmed Perwez]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/mq.pdf |title=Mafhoom'ul Quran |publisher=Tolueislam.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-23}}</ref>, as well as
Irfan-ul-Qurʻan a translation by [[Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri]] also an Urdu translation of the Qurʻan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfan-ul-quran.com/quran/urdu/index.html|title=Urdu Qurʻan اردو قرآن - عرفان القرآن : قرآنِ مجید کا عام فہم اور جدید ترین پہلا آن لائن يونيکوڈ اُردو ترجمہ - Irfan-ul-Qurʻan, Read Listen Search Download & Buy|first=Minhaj Internet|last=Bureau|website=www.irfan-ul-quran.com|accessdate=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629024054/http://www.irfan-ul-quran.com/quran/urdu/index.html|archive-date=29 June 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[Mutalaeh Qurʻan مطالعہ قرآن] by ABDULLAH, 2014, is an Urdu Translation .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/myquranpak|title=MY QURAN PAK|website=sites.google.com|accessdate=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917034813/https://sites.google.com/site/myquranpak/|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==== Bengali ====
[[Girish Chandra Sen]], a [[Brahmo Samaj]] missionary, was the first person to produce a complete translation of the Qurʻan into the [[Bengali language]] in 1886, although an incomplete translation was made by Amiruddin Basunia in 1808.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dey|first1=Amit|title=Bengali Translation of the Quran and the Impact of Print Culture on Muslim Society in the Nineteenth Century|journal=University of Calcutta, Department of History|date=7 June 2012|pages=8–18|url=https://www.mruni.eu/upload/iblock/944/003_dey.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Hafez Ahmed |url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2008/07/13/39557.html |title=Al Qurʻan Academy to observe 200 years of translating Holy Qurʻan into Bengali |accessdate=2017-06-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104212240/http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2008/07/13/39557.html |archivedate=4 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Abbas Ali of Candipur, [[West Bengal]] was the first Muslim to translate the entire Qurʻan into the Bengali language.

It is also said that Mohammad Noymuddin of [[Tangail]] translated the first ten chapters of the Qurʻan into Bengali.<ref>Sazzadur Rahman, Chayanir Publication, Tangail, Bangladesh</ref>
Besides many translated Qurʻanic exegesis are available in Bengali language.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/11796656 |title=The Role Of Reading Motivation And Interest In Reading Engagement Of Qurʻanic Exegesis Readers &#124; Tareq M Zayed |website=Academia.edu |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2017-06-23|last1=Zayed |first1=Tareq M. }}</ref> [[Muhiuddin Khan]] was also a known Bangladeshi who translated the Maʻarif al-Qurʻan into Bengali.

==== Hindi and Gujarati ====
[[Kanzul Iman]] was also translated into the  [[Hindi]], followed by [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/KanzulImanHindi |title=Kalamu Rahman &#124; Barkati Publishers; By Sayyad Aale Rasool Hasnain Miya Nazmi|date=2015-09-30}}</ref>

==== Tamil ====
Translated as Fathhur-Rahma Fi Tarjimati Tafsir al-Qurʻan (Qurʻan translation) By Sheikh Mustafa (1836 – 25 July 1888)Beruwala Sri Lanka;
Later on Abdul Hameed Bhakavi Tamil Nadu- India

==== Turkish ====
[[Muhammed Hamdi Yazır]] worked on [[tafsir]] (Qurʻanic exegesis) in the [[Maturidi]] context, and published his ''[[al-Haqq|Hakk]] [[din (Arabic)|Dīni]] Kur'an [[language|Dili]]'' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] in 1935.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

[[File:Elmalı 35 baskısı.jpg|thumb|1935 print of [[Muhammed Hamdi Yazır#Works|Hakk Dīni Kur'an Dili]]. A [[tafsir]] and translation of Qurʻan in Turkish ordered by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]].]]

In 1999, the Turkish translation of the Qurʻan, MESAJ by [[Edip Yüksel]] was published, about seven years after the publication of his book, ''Türkçe Kuran Çevirilerindeki Hatlara'' ("Errors in Turkish Translations of the Qurʻan"). The translation does not consider hadith and sectarian jurisprudence as authority in understanding the Qurʻan. It differs greatly from Sunni and Shia traditions in translation of numerous crucial words and verses.

Hakkı Yılmaz worked on the Qurʻan through the root meanings of the Arabic words and published a study called Tebyin-ül Qurʻan. And he also published a Division by Division Interpretation in the Order of Revelation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istekuran.net |title=Hakkı Yılmaz – İşte Kuran |website=www.istekuran.net |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325031821/http://istekuran.net/ |archive-date=25 March 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==== Japanese ====
The first translation into Japanese was done by [[Sakamoto Ken-ichi]] in 1920. Sakamoto worked from [[John Medows Rodwell|Rodwell]]'s English translation. [[Takahashi Goro]], [[Bunpachiro (Ahmad) Ariga]] and [[Mizuho Yamaguchi]] produced Japan's second translation in 1938. The first translation from the Arabic was done by [[Toshihiko Izutsu]] in 1945.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.quran.org.uk/articles/ieb_quran_translators.htm | title = The Qu'ran and its translators | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120621190007/http://www.quran.org.uk/articles/ieb_quran_translators.htm | archivedate= 21 June 2012 }}</ref> In 1950, another translation appeared by [[Shūmei Ōkawa]]. Other translations have appeared more recently by [[Ban Yasunari]] and [[Osamu Ikeda]] in 1970 and by [[Umar Ryoichi Mita]] in 1972.

==== Chinese ====

It is claimed that [[Yusuf Ma Dexin]] (1794–1874) is the first translator of the Qurʻan into Chinese.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} However, the first complete translations into Chinese did not appear until 1927, although Islam had been present in China since the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907). [[Wang Jingzhai]] was one of the first Chinese Muslims to translate the Qurʻan. His translation, the Gǔlánjīng yìjiě, appeared in either 1927<ref>Clinton Bennett, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ielLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA298&dq=Wang+Jingzhai&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Wang%20Jingzhai&f=false The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies], pg. 298. London: [[A & C Black]], 2013. {{ISBN|9781441127884}}</ref> or 1932, with new revised versions being issued in 1943 and 1946. The translation by [[Lǐ Tiězhēng]], a non-Muslim, was not from the original Arabic, but from [[John Medows Rodwell]]'s English via [[Sakamoto Ken-ichi]]'s Japanese. A second non-Muslim translation appeared in 1931, edited by Jī Juémí. Other translations appeared in 1943, by [[Liú Jǐnbiāo]], and 1947, by Yáng Zhòngmíng. The most popular version today is the Gǔlánjīng, translated by [[Muhammad Ma Jian|Mǎ Jiān]], parts of which appeared between 1949 and 1951, with the full edition being published posthumously only in 1981.

[[Tóng Dàozhāng]], a Muslim Chinese American, produced a modern translation, entitled Gǔlánjīng, in 1989. The most recent translation appeared in Taibei in 1996, the Qīngzhēn xīliú – Gǔlánjīng xīnyì, translated by Shěn Xiázhǔn, but it has not found favour with Muslims.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://folk.uio.no/ivos/files/MA_Thesis_IvoSpira.pdf | title="Chinese Translations of the Qur'ān: a Close Reading of Selected Passages", by Ivo Spira, MA thesis, Oslo University, 2005 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120910081520/http://folk.uio.no/ivos/files/MA_Thesis_IvoSpira.pdf | archivedate= 10 September 2012 }}</ref>

The latest translation 古兰经暨 中文译注 was translated and published by [[Yunus Chiao Shien Ma]] in 2016 in Taipei {{ISBN|978-957-43-3984-6}}.

==== Indonesian languages ====
The Qurʻan has also been translated to [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], [[Buginese language|Buginese]], [[Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] of [[Indonesia]], the most populous Muslim country in the world. Translation into Acehnese was done by Mahijiddin Yusuf in 1995; into Buginese by Daude Ismaile and Nuh Daeng Manompo in 1982; into Gorontalo by Lukman Katili in 2008; into Javanese by Ngarpah (1913), Kyai Bisyri Mustafa Rembang (1964), and K. H. R. Muhamad Adnan; in Sundanese by A.A. Dallan, H. Qamaruddin Shaleh, Jus Rusamsi in 1965; and in Indonesian at least in three versions: A Dt. Madjoindo, H.M Kasim Bakery, Imam M. Nur Idris, A. Hassan, [[Mahmud Yunus]], H.S. Fachruddin, H., Hamidy (all in the 1960s), Mohammad Diponegoro, Bachtiar Surin (all in the 1970s), and Departemen Agama Republik Indonesia (Indonesian Department of Religious Affair).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alagr.com/download/Quran%28Indonesian_Translation%29.pdf |title=Al-Quran Dan Terjemahnya |website=Alagr.com |accessdate=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707102458/http://www.alagr.com/download/Quran(Indonesian_Translation).pdf |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==== Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages ====
[[William Shellabear]] (1862–1948) a British scholar and missionary in Malaysia, after translating the Bible into the [[Malay language]] began a translation of the Qurʻan, but died in 1948 without finishing it.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=Robert |year=2002 |title=The Legacy of William Shellabear |journal=International Bulletin of Missionary Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=28–31 |url=http://www.internationalbulletin.org/files/html/2002-01-contents.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702154648/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/files/html/2002-01-contents.html |archivedate=2 July 2013 |doi=10.1177/239693930202600108 }}</ref>

==== Tagalog ====
In 1982, Abdul Rakman H. Bruce translated the quran in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] which is locally known as "Ang Banal na Kuran".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://quranphil.com/home | title = Ang Banal na Kuran | author = Abdul Rakman Bruce | accessdate = 14 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180822052747/http://quranphil.com/home | archive-date = 22 August 2018 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

=== African languages ===
*Translation of the Qurʻan to [[Swahili language|Swahili]] by Sheikh [[Ali Muhsin al-Barwani]].
*Translation of the Qurʻan to [[Hausa language|Hausa]] by Sheikh Muhamud Gumi.
*Translation of the Qurʻan to [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] by Sheikh Adam Abdullah Al-Ilory.
*Translation of the Qurʻan to [[Dagbani language|Dagbanli]] by Sheikh  M. Baba Gbetobu.<ref name="dag">{{cite news | url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/religion/First-Dagbani-Version-of-Holy-Quran-Launched-154886 | title=First Dagbani Version of Holy Quran Launched | date=December 19, 2008 | agency=GhanaWeb | accessdate=September 25, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927123513/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/religion/First-Dagbani-Version-of-Holy-Quran-Launched-154886 | archive-date=27 September 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

=== Esperanto ===
After the fall of the Shah, [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]] of Iran called on Muslims to learn [[Esperanto]]. Shortly thereafter, an official Esperanto translation of the Qurʻan was produced by the state.

[[Muztar Abbasi]] also translated the Qurʻan into Esperanto and wrote a biography of Muhammad and several other books in Esperanto and Urdu.

In 1970, Professor Italo Chiussi, an Ahmadi, translated the Qurʻan into Esperanto.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alislam.org/quran/Holy-Quran-Esperanto.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-03-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074626/https://www.alislam.org/quran/Holy-Quran-Esperanto.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of translations of the Quran]]
* [[History of the Qur'an]]
* [[Literary translation]]
* [[Tafsir]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
<!--
* {{cite book| last = Arberry| first = A.J.| title = The Koran Interpreted A Translation| url = https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar| url-access = registration| year = 1996| publisher = Simon and Schuster| isbn = 0-684-82507-4 }}
* {{cite book| title = The Meaning of the Glorious Koran| year = 1992| publisher = Everyman's Library| isbn = 978-0-679-41736-1 }}
Kanz ul Iman by Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan
-->

== Further reading ==
* [[Muhammad Mohar Ali|Ali, Muhammad Mohar]] (2004). ''[https://archive.org/details/Quran_And_Orientalists_Mohar_Ali/page/n3 The Qurʻan and the Orientalists]''. [[Jamiat Ihyaa Minhaaj al-Sunnah]] (JIMAS), Ipswich, United Kingdom. {{ISBN|0954036972}}.
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.1962.tb02588.x |title=Is the Qur'ān Translatable? |year=1962 |last1=Tibawi |first1=A. L. |journal=The Muslim World |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=4–16}}
* Pearson, J.D., ‟Bibliography of Translations of the Qur'ān into European Languages", in: A.F.L. Beeston et al. (eds), ''Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp.&nbsp;502–520.
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0020743809091132 |title=The First Translations of the Qurʾan in Modern Turkey (1924–38) |year=2009 |last1=Wilson |first1=M. Brett |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=419–35}}
* {{cite book| last1 = Bein| first1 = Amit| title = Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition| year = 2011| publisher = Stanford University Press| isbn = 978-0-8047-7311-9 }}
* {{cite book| last1 = Fitzpatrick| first1 = Coeli| last2 = Walker| first2 = Adam| title = Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God| year = 2014| publisher = Abc-Clio Incorporated| isbn = 978-1-61069-177-2 | pages = 510–512 }}

== External links ==

* [https://m.clearquran.com/ Clear Audio Translations of the Qurʻan]
* [http://englishquran.com/ English Qurʻan translations side-by-side with audio]
* [http://al-quran.info/ Al-Quran] Quran [[translation project]]
* [http://www.islamawakened.com/quran IslamAwakened] English Qurʻan translations compared verse-by-verse
* [https://quranlive.com/ Learn Quran Online with Tajweed]
* [[George Grigore]], [https://www.academia.edu/4048918/George_Grigore_Les_contraires_-_al-_a_dad_-_dans_le_Coran_et_leur_equivalence_dans_les_traductions_in_Romano-Arabica_no._4._Bucharest_Center_for_Arab_Studies._2004_33-46 Les contraires – al-aDdad – dans le Coran et leur equivalence dans les traductions, Bucarest, 2004]
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[[Category:Quranic translation| ]]
[[Category:Quran translations| ]]