Академия Корана - Вклад [ru]

https://en.holyquran.wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Hqaweb Академия Корана - Вклад [ru] 2026-10-16T05:17:58Z Вклад MediaWiki 1.43.8 https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1 Main Page 2026-05-10T14:07:39Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div><strong>MediaWiki has been installed.</strong><br /> <br /> Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.<br /> <br /> == Getting started ==<br /> * [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]<br /> * [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]<br /> * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/mediawiki-announce.lists.wikimedia.org/ MediaWiki release mailing list]<br /> * [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]<br /> * [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=List_of_translations_of_the_Quran_Langs&diff=189 List of translations of the Quran Langs 2020-05-04T03:04:02Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Quran|кат=переводы|term=1}}<br /> '''Перево́ды Кора́на''' ({{lang-ar|تراجم القرآن}}) — переводы текста [[Коран]]а с [[арабский язык|арабского языка]], на котором он был первоначально написан, на другие языки. Впервые часть Корана была переведена на [[персидский язык]] в [[VII век]]е<ref name="Naqvi"/>. Считается, что первый полный перевод Корана был сделан в [[IX век]]е в [[Индия|Индии]]<ref name="Naqvi"/>. В дальнейшем появились переводы Корана на ряд восточных, западных и африканских языков. Всего существует около 164 переводов Корана<ref name="Qara'i">{{статья<br /> | автор = Ali Qull Qara'i.<br /> | заглавие = The Qur'an and its Translators<br /> | издательство = Edited with an introduction by Ekmaleddin Ihsanoglu<br /> | ответственный = Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture <br /> | место = Стамбул<br /> | издание = World Bibliography of Translations of the Meanings of the Holy Qur'an, Printed Translations 1515-1980<br /> | год = 1986<br /> | страниц = 880<br /> | isbn = 92-9063-111-2<br /> }}</ref>. Исламские богословы, ссылаясь на [[аят]]ы Корана, отмечают, что Кораном можно назвать только оригинал на арабском языке, а его переводы никак не могут быть Кораном, а лишь кратким пересказом смысла Корана совсем другими словами, на другом языке<ref>{{книга<br /> | автор = Мухиттин Акгюль.<br /> | заглавие = Коран в вопросах и ответах<br /> | издательство = Işık Yayıncılık Ticaret<br /> | год = 2014<br /> | страниц = 246<br /> | isbn = 9789752788503<br /> }}</ref>.<br /> <br /> == История переводов ==<br /> [[Файл:Persian Quran.jpg|thumb|Персидский перевод Корана]]<br /> <br /> === Переводы на языки народов Востока ===<br /> <br /> ==== Переводы на иранские языки ====<br /> [[Файл:A page from a Koran, Arabo-Persian-Urdu.png|thumb|Страница из арабо-персо-урду версии Корана]]<br /> Первым переводчиком части Корана был [[Салман аль-Фариси]], который был знатным соратником пророка [[Мухаммед]]а из [[Иран|Персии]]. Он перевёл [[Сура Аль-Фатиха|суру Аль-Фатиха]] на [[персидский язык]] в [[VII век]]е<ref name="Naqvi">{{книга<br /> | автор = Ejaz Naqvi.<br /> | заглавие = The Quran: With Or Against the Bible? : a Topic-by-topic Review for the Investigative Mind<br /> | издательство = iUniverse<br /> | год = 2012 <br /> | страниц = 396<br /> | страницы = 88<br /> }}</ref>. Первый же полный перевод на персидский был сделан по «Тафсиру» [[Мухаммад ат-Табари|ат-Табари]] в период правления правителя [[Саманиды|Саманидов]] Абу Салиха Мансура ибн Нуха во второй половине [[X век]]а<ref name="Qara'i"/>. Первый печатный персидский перевод Корана, сделанный Маваб-е Алиййах или Тафсир-е Хусайни, был издан в [[1837 год]]у в [[Калькутта|Калькутте]]<ref name="Qara'i"/>.<br /> <br /> В [[1912 год]]у в селе Магометановском (ныне село [[Чикола]]) местным муллой, имя которого не сохранилось, был переведён Коран на [[дигорский диалект|дигорский язык]]<ref>{{книга<br /> | автор = Федар Тахъазти.<br /> | заглавие =Ислам в системе традиционной культуры Осетин, XVIII — начало XX в<br /> | издательство = Северо-Осетинский институт гуманитарных и социальных исследований им. В.И. Абаева<br /> | год = 2007<br /> | страниц = 200<br /> | страницы = 75<br /> }}</ref>.<br /> <br /> В 1968—1971 годах в [[Багдад]]е был опубликован перевод Корана на [[курдский язык]], выполненный Мухаммад Койие Гали-Заде в трёх томах. Перевод Мухаммада Хала в четырёх томах был издан в Багдаде и Сулейманийе в 1969—1979 годах<ref name="Qara'i"/>.<br /> <br /> ==== Переводы на индоарийские языки ====<br /> Считается, что первый перевод Корана был выполнен в [[884 год]]у в [[Синд]]е (часть [[Индия|Индии]] в то время, сегодня — часть [[Пакистан]]а) по приказу учёного из Ирака Абдуллы ибн Умара ибн Абдуль-Азиза по заказу индийского [[раджа|раджи]] Мехрука<ref name="Naqvi"/>, который был раджой Пенджаба и Кашмира<ref name="Qara'i"/>. Но этот перевод был только до [[Сура Йа Син|суры Йа Син]]. Первый же перевод на современный [[хинди]] был сделан доктором Ахмад Шахом Масихи, христианским священником (опубликован в [[1915 год]]у)<ref name="Qara'i"/>.<br /> <br /> В [[1776 год]]у был составлен первый полный перевод Корана на [[урду]] Шахом Рафт ад-Дином. Его первое издание было опубликовано в [[Калькутта|Калькутте]] в [[1840 год]]у<ref name="Qara'i"/>. В [[1790 год]]у в [[Дели]] шейхом Абдуль-Кадиром ибн Шах Валиуллахом был составлен перевод Корана на [[урду]]. Данный перевод появился в нескольких литографических изданиях с текстом на урду и межстрочным оригиналом (впервые опубликован в [[1829 год]]у в [[Дели]]). Арабо-персидский межстрочный текст был издан в двух томах в Калькутте в [[1831 год]]у. Оба переводчика были сыновьями [[Шах Валиуллах Дехлеви|Шаха Валиуллаха Дехлеви]]<ref name="Zwemer">{{статья<br /> |автор = S. M. Zwemer.<br /> |заглавие = Translations of the Koran<br /> |ссылка = http://www.muhammadanism.org/Quran/translations_koran.pdf<br /> |язык = en<br /> |издание = The Moslem World<br /> |год = 1915<br /> |страницы = 244—261<br /> }}</ref>. Известен старый перевод Корана на урду, сделанный в начале [[X век]]а<ref name="Qara'i"/>.<br /> <br /> ==== Переводы на тюркские языки ====<br /> Считается, что первый [[тюркские языки|тюркский]] вариант Корана был составлен на основе персидского перевода «Тафсира» ат-Табари одновременно с персидским вариантом. Также есть мнение, что тюркская версия Корана была составлена через сто лет, в [[XI век]]е. Однако ни один из этих вариантов не сохранился<ref name="Qara'i"/>. В [[1914 год]]у в [[Бухара|Бухаре]] [[Валидов, Ахмет-Заки|Заки Валидов]] нашёл и приобрел для [[Санкт-Петербургская академия наук|Академии наук]] рукопись толкования ([[тафсир]]) некоторых сур Корана на среднеазиатском старотюркском языке с примесью персидского, эта рукопись датируется XII—XIII веками<ref>{{книга|автор=Бартольд В. В.|часть=Памятник времени распространения ислама в Средней Азии|заглавие=Академик В. В. Бартольд: сочинения|издательство=Наука|место=М.|год=1973|том=VIII|страницы=441—444}}</ref>. Известен также перевод Корана на тюркский язык, составленный в Средней Азии в [[1333 год|1333]]/[[1334 год|34]] году<ref>{{книга | автор = Наджип Э. Н. | заглавие = Историко-сравнительный словарь тюркских языков XIV века. На материале «Хосрау и Ширин». Кутба. Книга I | место = М. | издательство = Главная редакция Восточной литературы | год = 1979 | страницы = 49—50}}</ref>.<br /> <br /> Первый перевод Корана на [[турецкий язык]] был опубликован в [[1842 год]]у в [[Каир]]е. Перевод был выполнен с «Тафсир ат-Тибйан»<ref name="Qara'i"/>.<br /> <br /> Впервые перевод корана на [[крымскотатарский язык]] осуществил писатель и журналист [[Риза Фазыл]]. Данный перевод публиковался в 1991—1994 годах в журнале «Йылдыз», а в 1998 году был издан отдельной книгой. Другой перевод Корана на [[крымскотатарский язык]] подготовили совместно Саид Дизен и Закир Куртнезир в 1998 году, который был утвержден к изданию Духовным Управлением Мусульман Крыма в 2004 году<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://quran.com.ua/meal/dizen-qurtnezir|title=Къур'ан-ы Керим ве изаатлы манасы {{!}} КОРАН (онлайн)|publisher=quran.com.ua|accessdate=2019-02-10}}</ref>.<br /> <br /> Первый перевод на [[татарский язык]] был выполнен [[Бигеев, Муса Яруллович|Мусой Бигеевым]] в [[1911 год]]у, однако печатание его осталось не законченным из-за протестов мусульманских религиозных деятелей. Полный татарский перевод Корана вместе с арабским текстом издал в [[Казань|Казани]] в [[1914 год]]у Мухаммад Камил Тухватуллин<ref>{{книга<br /> | автор = П. А Грязневич, С. М. Прозоров.<br /> | заглавие = Ислам: религия, общество, государство<br /> | место = М.<br /> | издательство = Наука<br /> | год = 1984<br /> | страниц = 230<br /> | страницы = 80<br /> }}</ref>.<br /> <br /> Организатором и издателем первого перевода Корана на [[азербайджанский язык]] был [[Тагиев, Гаджи Зейналабдин|Гаджи Зейналабдин Тагиев]]. В то время реакционное духовенство яростно сопротивлялось переводу Корана, доказывая, что изречения Корана суть божественного происхождения, а потому никто не имеет права вникать в их смысл и переиначивать их по-своему. Тогда Тагиев отправляет кази Мирмагомеда Керима в [[Багдад]]. Тот привозит оттуда официальное разрешение известных [[арабистика|учёных-арабистов]] на перевод. Затем Тагиев выписывает из [[Лейпциг]]а арабский шрифт и печатает азербайджанский вариант Корана. Переводчиком был сам кази Мирмагомед Керим<ref>{{книга<br /> | автор = Адил-Герей Гаджиев.<br /> | заглавие = Миллионер Тагиев Гаджи Зейналабдин: общественно-политические взгляды<br /> | место = Махачкала<br /> | издательство = Дагпресс<br /> | год = 2000<br /> | страниц = 61<br /> | страницы = 39<br /> }}</ref>. Данный перевод впервые был напечатан в [[1904 год]]у в [[Баку]]<ref>[http://www.azadliq.info/siyast/19239-qurani-krimi-ilk-df-azrbaycan-dilin-trcuem-edn-xs.html Qurani-Kərimi ilk dəfə Azərbaycan dilinə tərcümə edən şəxs]{{ref-az}}</ref>. В [[1991 год]]у профессором В. М. Мамедалиевым совместно с академиком [[Буниятов, Зия|З. М. Буниятовым]] был издан перевод Корана с арабского на азербайджанский язык с предисловием профессора В. М. Мамедалиева и комментариями академика З. М. Буниятова<ref>{{книга<br /> | автор = Л. М. Оруджева, З. Э Шихалибейли.<br /> | заглавие = Развитие арабской филологии в Азербайджане<br /> | место = Баку<br /> | издательство = Институт востоковедения Академии наук Азербайджана<br /> | год = 2004<br /> | страниц = 107<br /> | страницы = 84<br /> }}</ref>.<br /> <br /> Коран на [[уйгурский язык|уйгурском языке]] был издан духовным училищем, открытым [[Синьцзян]]ским исламским обществом<ref>{{книга<br /> | автор = Лидия Васильевна Валькова.<br /> | заглавие = Саудовская Аравия: нефть, ислам, политика<br /> | издательство = Наука<br /> | год = 1987<br /> | страниц = 254<br /> | страницы = 128<br /> }}</ref>. В начале 80-х годов в КНР было издано 30 тысяч экземпляров Корана на уйгурском. В [[1955 год]]у в Бомбее был издан Коран на [[узбекский язык|узбекском языке]] в переводе Махмуда ибн аль-Саид Надира аль-Тирази аль-Мадани<ref name="Qara'i"/>.<br /> <br /> В [[1910 год]]у [[Бигеев, Муса Яруллович|Муса Бигеев]] перевёл '''[[Переводы Корана на казахский язык|Коран на казахский язык]]''', но эта общепризнанная работа не была опубликована и осталась в рукописи. На казахском языке Коран впервые был издан в 1991 году в переводе [[Алтай, Халифа|Халифы Алтая]] в [[Саудовская Аравия|Саудовской Аравии]]<ref>{{книга<br /> | автор = Н. К. Надиров.<br /> | заглавие = Мы, курды-казахстанцы<br /> | место = Алматы<br /> | год = 2003<br /> | страниц = 556<br /> | страницы = 214<br /> }}</ref><ref>{{статья<br /> | автор = А. Саватеев.<br /> | заглавие = Вести из ближнего зарубежья<br /> | издательство = Институт<br /> | издание = Россия и мусульманский мир. Выпуск 9-й<br /> | год = 2002<br /> | страницы = 162<br /> }}</ref>.<br /> <br /> Перевод Корана с арабского языка на кумыкский впервые осуществлён поэтом Дагестана Магомедом Атабаевым и доктором исторических наук, профессором, ученым-арабистом Абдурагимом Кандауровым<ref>{{публикация|статья|автор=Чочаков А.|заглавие=Коран на кумыкском языке — 2-е издание|издание=Дагестанская правда|год=2009|месяц=09|день=08|ссылка=http://kumukia.ru/news-143.html}}</ref>. В течение 1953—1987 гг. Мантаев Пайзурахман Пахрудинович перевел Коран на кумыкский язык, используя русский перевод И. Ю. Крачковского, и издал его в 1993 году<ref>{{http://kumukia.ru/person?pid=5026</ref>.<br /> <br /> Перевод Корана на карачаево-балкарский язык сделал житель Учкекена Эбзеланы Абюсюб<ref>{{публикация|статья|автор=Токова Ф.|заглавие=Коран на карачаево-балкарском языке|издание=«Эльбрусоид»|год=2015|месяц=01|день=31|ссылка=http://www.elbrusoid.org/articles/events/411320/}}</ref><ref>{{публикация|заглавие=Коран на карачаево-балкарском языке теперь и в аудиоверсии (видео)|издание=Телеканал «Архыз 24»|год=2015|месяц=02|день=01|ссылка=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFIIvfMw0jk}}</ref>.<br /> <br /> ==== Перевод на армянский язык ====<br /> {{См. также|Древнеармянская переводная литература}}<br /> Армянский философ, богослов и переводчик [[Степанос Лехаци]] в 1680 году закончил перевод Корана с латинского языка<ref name="ivl">{{книга | заглавие= [[История всемирной литературы]] | часть =Армянская литература | ссылка часть = http://feb-web.ru/feb/ivl/vl4/vl4-4222.htm | место = М. | издательство = «Наука» | год = 1987 | том = 4}}</ref><ref name="ase">{{статья |заглавие=Степанос Лехаци |оригинал=Ստեփանոս Լեհացի |ссылка= https://hy.wikisource.org/wiki/Էջ:Հայկական_Սովետական_Հանրագիտարան_(Soviet_Armenian_Encyclopedia)_11.djvu/135 |место= Ер. |издание= [[Армянская Советская Энциклопедия]] |год=1985 |том= 11 |страницы= 135—136}}</ref>. Этот перевод был издан в 1862 году в Тифлисе<ref name ="Казарян">{{статья |автор=М. Казарян |заглавие= Степанос Лехаци |оригинал=Ստեփանոս Լեհացի |ссылка=http://tert.nla.am/archive/HGG%20AMSAGIR/echmiadzin-vagharshapat/1978/1978(6).pdf |издание=журнал «Эчмиадзин» |номер=6 |год=1978 |страницы=50}}</ref>. По сути, это был первый полноценный (всех 114 сур) перевод Корана на армянский язык. До этого были переведены лишь отдельные фрагменты, в том числе и с арабского оригинала<ref name = "Козмоян">{{статья |автор=А. Козмоян |заглавие= К проблеме средневековых рукописных перводов Корана (в собраниях Матенадарана) |ссылка=http://serials.flib.sci.am/openreader/arevel_jogh_25/book/Binder1.pdf |издание=Страны и народы Ближнего и Среднего Востока. Том XXV |место=Ер. |издательство=изд-во [[Национальная академия наук Республики Армения|НАН РА]] |год=2006 |страницы=284—292}}</ref>.<br /> <br /> ==== Перевод на кавказские языки ====<br /> Перевод на аварский язык сделан [[Магомедов, Абдурахим Омарович|Могамедовым Абдурахимом]] в 1984 году самиздатом с тиражом 5000.<br /> <br /> Перевод на даргинский язык сделал поэт Магомед Гамидов в 1995 году<ref>[http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=archive&div=13911 Интерфакс-Религия: В Дагестане впервые издан Коран на одном из языков республики]</ref>.<br /> <br /> Перевод смыслов Священного Корана на адыгейский язык сделал Ф. Аутлев, И. Машбаш, П. Кошубаев<ref>twirpx.com/file/1036899/</ref>.<br /> <br /> Перевод смыслов Корана сделали на ингушский язык лингвисты-арабисты и богословы Магомед Харсиев и Хамзат Тангиев в 2014 году. Редактированием перевода занималась заслуженный учитель РФ Мадина Азиева<ref>[http://tass.ru/obschestvo/1278510 ТАСС: Общество — Лингвисты перевели Коран на ингушский язык]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.islaming.ru/index.php/home/1365-2013-12-13-16-24-53.html |title=В Республике Ингушетия вышла в свет первая часть Тафсира Священного Корана на ингушском языке |accessdate=2015-10-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004112114/http://www.islaming.ru/index.php/home/1365-2013-12-13-16-24-53.html |archivedate=2015-10-04 |deadlink=yes }}</ref>.<br /> <br /> Первый в истории Коран на грузинском языке сделал профессор Георгий Лобжанидзе в 2007 году<ref>[http://nm2000.kz/news/2007-06-18-799 Выпущен первый в истории Коран на грузинском языке — 18 июня 2007 — Наш Мир — Казахстанская Республиканская Газета]</ref><ref>[http://lenta.ru/news/2007/06/16/koran/ Выпущен первый в истории Коран на грузинском языке: Бывший СССР: Lenta.ru]</ref>.<br /> <br /> Работу по переводу Священного Корана на абхазский язык инициировал глава Представительства Совета муфтиев России и руководитель мусульманского культурного центра «Васатыйа» в Абхазии Еник-хаджи Руслан в 2009 году. Над переводом работает доктор филологических наук, заведующая отделом абхазского языка Абхазского института гуманитарных исследований им. Дмитрия Гулиа, профессор Лили Хагба<ref>[http://www.meta.kz/314794-koran-perevodjat-na-abkhazskijj-jazyk.html Коран переводят на абхазский язык " Новости Казахстана, все последние новости России и новости мира, новость дня]</ref><ref>[http://www.posledniyprorok.info/koran-perevodyat-na-abkhazskii-yazyk Коран переводят на абхазский язык — Пророк Мухаммад (Мухаммед) — Последний Пророк]</ref>.<br /> <br /> === Переводы на европейские языки ===<br /> [[Файл:Der Koran by Friedrich Eberhard Boysen 1775.jpg|thumb|Титульный лист немецкого перевода Корана Ф. Эбхарта (1775)]]<br /> В [[1143 год]]у [[Роберт Кеттонский]] издал первый перевод Корана на [[латинский язык|латинском языке]]<ref>[[Густерин, Павел Вячеславович|Густерин П. В.]] Коран как объект изучения. — Саарбрюккен: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. — 2014. — С. 17, 61. — ISBN 978-3-659-51259-9.</ref>. Данный перевод был озаглавлен «Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete» («Закон Мухаммада, псевдопророка»). Как предполагало название, данный перевод был предвзятым и направленным против Корана. Многие поздние переводы Корана на европейские языки были основаны на труде Роберта Кеттонского<ref name="Naqvi"/>. Выдающийся по своей научной значимости перевод Корана на латынь был выполнен итальянцем [[Мараччи, Людовико|Людовико Мараччи]] и издан с параллельным арабским текстом и комментариями под названием «Alcorani Textus Universus Arabice et Latine» в двух томах в [[1698 год]]у в [[Падуя|Падуе]]<ref>[[Густерин, Павел Вячеславович|Густерин П. В.]] Коран как объект изучения. — Саарбрюккен: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. — 2014. — С. 13, 17, 20, 31. — ISBN 978-3-659-51259-9.</ref>.<br /> <br /> [[Итальянский язык]] стал первым из современных европейских языков, на который был выполнен перевод Корана. Автором этого перевода в [[1547 год]]у стал [[Арривабене, Андреа|Андреа Арривабене]], взявший за источник перевод Роберта Кеттонского<ref>{{книга|заглавие=Ислам. исторические очерки|ссылка=https://books.google.ru/books?ei=n68-VNCcL-nnygPrkoKYCA&hl=ru&id=lPRrAAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Арривабене|место=М.|издательство=Наука, ГРВЛ|год=1991|страниц=232|isbn=5-02-017284-7|тираж=15000}}</ref>. Итальянский же перевод был использован для подготовки первого немецкого перевода, выполненного [[Швайгер, Соломон|Соломоном Швайгером]] в [[Константинополь|Константинополе]] и изданного под названием «Al-Koranum Mahumedanum» в [[1616 год]]у в [[Нюрнберг]]е. Этот перевод в свою очередь был использован для первого голландского перевода (анонимного), изданного в [[1641 год]]у в [[Гамбург]]е. Из переводчиков Корана на немецкий язык следует упомянуть [[Арнольд, Теодор|Теодора Арнольда]] (1746), [[Ульман, Леопольд|Леопольда Ульмана]] (1840) и [[Рюккерт, Фридрих|Фридриха Рюккерта]] (1888).<br /> <br /> Первый перевод Корана на [[испанский язык]] был сделан в [[1609 год]]у неизвестным автором<ref>{{книга|автор=Л. Н. Гумилев, М. И. Артамонов, Айдер И. Куркчи|заглавие=Арабески истории|ссылка=https://books.google.ru/books?ei=n68-VNCcL-nnygPrkoKYCA&hl=ru&id=99JoAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Арривабене|издательство=ДИ-ДИК|место=М.|год=1994}}</ref>.<br /> <br /> Первый перевод Корана на [[английский язык]], «The Al-coran of Mohamet», был выполнен в [[1649 год]]у [[Росс, Александр|Александром Россом]]. Этот перевод был сделан не с арабского языка, а с французского перевода [[Дю Рие, Андрэ|Андрэ дю Рие]] ([[1647]]) «L’Alcoran de Mahomet», который содержал много ошибок<ref>[[Густерин, Павел Вячеславович|Густерин П. В.]] Коран как объект изучения. — Саарбрюккен: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. — 2014. — С. 11, 61. — ISBN 978-3-659-51259-9.</ref>. Первый английский перевод Корана с арабского языка, «The Al Koran of Mohammed», был выполнен [[Сейль, Джордж|Джорджем Сейлем]] и издан в [[1734 год]]у<ref>[[Густерин, Павел Вячеславович|Густерин П. В.]] Коран как объект изучения. — Саарбрюккен: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. — 2014. — С. 12, 17, 62. — ISBN 978-3-659-51259-9.</ref>. Перевод Сейля оставался самым широко используемым английским переводом на протяжении последующих двух столетий и издаётся в наши дни (одно из последних изданий вышло в [[2009 год]]у)<ref name="Naqvi"/>.<br /> <br /> == Переводы Корана на русский язык ==<br /> {{main|Переводы Корана на русский язык}}<br /> {{заготовка раздела}}<br /> <br /> == Примечания ==<br /> {{примечания|2}}<br /> <br /> == Литература ==<br /> * {{статья |автор=[[Ахмадуллин, Вячеслав Абдулович|Ахмадуллин В. А.]]|заглавие=Деятельность государственных органов СССР и духовных управлений мусульман по изданию Корана на арабском языке в СССР и его распространению в 50-е годы XX в|ссылка=http://vestnikdnc.ru/IssSources/52/Akhmadullin.pdf|издание=[[Вестник Дагестанского научного центра]]|место=Махачкала|издательство=[[Дагестанский научный центр РАН]]|год=2014|номер=52|страницы=84—89|ref=Ахмадуллин}}<br /> <br /> [[Категория:Переводы Корана| ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == French ==<br /> <br /> [[Fichier:Alcoran de Mahomet 1647.jpg|vignette|redresse|Page de titre de ''[[L'Alcoran de Mahomet]]'', première traduction du Coran en français ([[André Du Ryer]], 1647).]]<br /> <br /> Les '''traductions du Coran''' sont des travaux visant à rendre le ''[[Coran]]'' compréhensible des non-arabophones. Alors que le ''Coran'' est, dans sa version originale, écrit en [[langue arabe]], des traductions existent dans de nombreuses langues [[Langues africaines|africaines]], asiatiques et européennes<ref name="translation">{{chapitre<br /> | langue = en<br /> | auteur1 = Afnan Fatani<br /> | titre chapitre = Translation and the Qur'an<br /> | année = 2006<br /> | titre = The Qur'an: an encyclopaedia<br /> | auteurs ouvrage = {{lien|Oliver Leaman}}<br /> | passage = 657–669<br /> | pages totales = 771<br /> | lieu = Londres<br /> | éditeur = Routledge<br /> | isbn = 0-415-32639-7<br /> }}.</ref>.<br /> <br /> Les premiers travaux de traductions sont anciens, mais le sujet est particulièrement épineux<ref name="Larzul">{{article|auteur1=Sylvette Larzul|titre=Les premières traductions françaises du Coran ({{sp-|XVII|e|-|XIX|e|s}})|périodique=[[Archives de sciences sociales des religions]]|volume=147|date=juillet-septembre 2009|titre numéro=Traduire l’intraduisible|pages=147–165|ISBN=978-2-7132-2217-7|doi=10.4000/assr.21429}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Neuve-Eglise">{{article|auteur1=Amélie Neuve-Eglise|titre=Les traductions françaises du Coran : de l'orientalisme à une lecture plus musulmane ?|périodique=[[Revue de Téhéran]]|numéro=11|date=octobre 2006|url=http://www.teheran.ir/spip.php?article470}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{article|auteur1=Sepehr Yahyavi|titre=Aperçu sur les traductions du Coran en latin et en français|périodique=[[Revue de Téhéran]]|url=http://www.teheran.ir/?article1632|numéro=82|date=septembre 2012}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{lien brisé|auteur1=Seyfeddine Ben Mansour|titre=Traductions du Coran en Occident|sous-titre=Des siècles de malveillance|url=https://www.zamanfrance.fr/article/traductions-coran-en-occident-siecles-malveillance-14929.html|site=zamanfrance.fr|date=16 mars 2015|consulté le=2016-12-27}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Article|auteur1=Gaafar Sadek|auteur2=Salah Basalamah|titre=Les débats autour de la traduction du Coran|sous-titre=Entre jurisprudence et traductologie|périodique=Théologiques|volume=15|numéro=2|année=2007|doi=10.7202/017774ar|pages=89–113}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Article|auteur1=F. Arin|titre=Le Coran, traduction de Denise Masson|périodique=[[Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée]]|numéro=3|pages=199–202|année=1967|lire en ligne=http://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1967_num_3_1_951}}.</ref> : selon la [[théologie islamique]], le Coran est une [[révélation]] très spécifique à la langue arabe, en tant que tel il ne peut être récité qu'en langue [[arabe coranique]]. Comme les traductions dans d'autres langues sont nécessairement le fruit d'une œuvre humaine, d'après certains musulmans, elles ne possèdent plus le caractère sacré et unique de la version originale. Ces traductions changent nécessairement, et même si cela est de manière insensible, le sens, ce qui leur vaut d'être appelées {{citation|interprétations}}<ref name="Malise Ruthven Page 90">{{ouvrage| langue=en|auteur1= {{lien|Malise Ruthven}}| titre = Islam in the World| année = 2006| éditeur = Granta| isbn = 978-1-86207-906-9| passage = 90 }}.</ref> ou traduction(s) du sens. Par exemple [[Marmaduke Pickthall|Pickthall]] a nommé sa traduction ''[[The Meaning of the Glorious Koran]]'' plutôt que ''The Koran''.<br /> <br /> L’œuvre de traduction n'est pas aisée ; certains locuteurs nativement arabophones confirment que certains passages du Coran sont difficiles à appréhender même dans l'arabe original. Une part de cela est dû à la difficulté même de toute traduction; en arabe comme dans d'autres langues un simple mot peut être ambigu ou polysémique<ref name="Malise Ruthven Page 90" />. Un élément de jugement humain est toujours nécessairement mis en jeu pour comprendre et traduire un texte. Ce facteur est rendu plus compliqué par l'évolution du sens des mots entre l'arabe classique et l'arabe moderne. Il en résulte que même des versets coraniques qui semblent parfaitement clairs aux locuteurs natifs habitués au vocabulaire et à l'usage moderne peuvent ne pas représenter le sens original des versets.<br /> <br /> Le sens original de passages coraniques peut aussi être dépendant des circonstances historiques de la vie du prophète [[Mahomet]] et des premières communautés, époque de son origine. Les recherches dans ce contexte peuvent nécessiter une connaissance détaillée des [[hadith]] et de la [[sîra]], qui constituent eux-mêmes un corpus étendu et compliqué de textes. Ceci ajoute des éléments d'incertitude qui ne peuvent être éliminés par aucune règle de traduction.<br /> <br /> ==Historique==<br /> La première traduction du ''Coran'' a pris forme avec [[Salman le Perse]], qui a traduit la [[sourate]] [[Al-Fatiha]] en [[langue perse]] au début du {{s|VII}}<ref>[[An-Nawawi]], Al-Majmu', (Cairo, Matbacat at-'Tadamun n.d.), 380.</ref>. {{ref nec|D'après la tradition islamique issue des [[hadith]], le [[Royaume d'Aksoum|roi d'Aksoum]] et l'[[Empire byzantin|Empereur byzantin]] [[Héraclius]] auraient reçu des lettres de Mahomet contenant des versets du Coran}}{{Citation needed|date=juillet 2011}}. A cette époque, aucun passage du Coran n'a jamais été traduit dans aucune de ces langues<ref name = translation />.<br /> <br /> La seconde traduction connue a été en langue grecque et a été utilisée par [[Nicétas de Byzance]], un étudiant de [[Constantinople]], dans sa ''Réfutation de la fausse Bible forgée par Mahomet l'Arabe'' écrite entre 855 et 870. Cependant, on ne sait rien, ni sur l'auteur, ni sur son objectif de traduction. Il semble très probable qu'il s'agissait d'une traduction complète<ref>{{article|langue=en|auteur1=Christian Høgel|titre=An early anonymous Greek translation of the Qur’ān|sous-titre=The fragments from Niketas Byzantios' ''Refutatio'' and the anonymous ''Abjuratio''|périodique=Collectanea Christiana Orientalia|numéro=7|année=2010|pages=65–119}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{article|langue=en|auteur1={{lien|Kees Versteegh}}|titre=Greek Translations of the Qurʾān in Christian Polemics (9th century A.D.)|périodique={{lien|Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft}}|volume=141|numéro=1|année=1991|jstor=43378245|pages=52–68}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{article|auteur1={{lien|langue=de|Asterios Argyriou}}|titre=Perception de l'Islam et traductions du Coran dans le monde byzantin grec|périodique=Byzantion|numéro=75|année=2005|jstor=44172990|pages=25–69}}.</ref>.<br /> <br /> La première traduction complète attestée du Coran a été réalisée entre le {{s|X}} et le {{s|XII}} en [[langue perse]]. Le roi [[Samanides|samanide]], [[Mansur Ier (Samanides)|Mansur {{Ier}}]] (961–976), ordonna à un groupe d'étude du [[Grand Khorassan|Khorassan]] de traduire le [[Tabari|Tafsir al-Tabari]], de son arabe original en persan. Plus tard au {{s|XI}}, l'un d'eux, [[Khawâdjâ Abdallâh Ansârî]], écrit un [[tafsir]] entier du Coran en persan. Au {{s|XII}}, [[Abu Hafs Omar al-Nasafi]] traduit le Coran en persan. Les manuscrits des trois livres ont survécu et ont été publiés à plusieurs reprises.<br /> <br /> En 1936, des traductions en 102 langues étaient déjà connues<ref name=translation />.<br /> <br /> === Latin ===<br /> [[Robert de Ketton|Robertus Ketenensis]] a produit la première traduction en latin du Coran en 1143<ref name = translation />. Sa version était titrée ''[[Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete]]'' ({{citation|La loi de [[Mahomet]] le faux prophète}}).<br /> <br /> Une autre traduction en latin du Coran a été réalisée par [[Louis Marracci|Ludovico Marracci]] en 1698.<br /> Cette version en latin de Marracci a pendant quelques siècles été utilisé comme base pour les traductions dans les langues européennes.<br /> Sa traduction et sa réfutation a duré environ quarante années. Sa traduction latine est accompagnée d'une numération des versets. Il accompagne sa traduction de notes en langues arabe et latine incluant des extraits de ([[Al-Zamakhshari|Zamakhshari]], [[Al-Suyūtī]], [[Al Baidawi|Baidawi]]) <ref name="Larzul" />.<br /> {{...}}<br /> <br /> === Français ===<br /> En France, au {{s|XVII}}, la traduction du Coran s’est affranchie du dogme catholique{{quoi}}.<br /> <br /> Plus tard, au {{s|XIX}}, la version de [[Albert Kazimirski de Biberstein|Kazimirski]] apporte à la langue française un texte d'une fiabilité relative. <br /> <br /> Au début du {{s|XVIII}}, [[Antoine Galland]] avait réalisé des traductions de qualité qui se sont perdues avant d'être publiées.<br /> <br /> Des imperfections persistaient avec la version d'[[André Du Ryer]] (1647) qui a défriché le sujet et la version de [[Claude-Étienne Savary]] (1783) à l’interprétation [[Déisme|déiste]]. Chacune de ces traductions apporte une progression à la traduction précédente mais chacune se place également dans une progression européenne qui les a influencées comme la version latine du Père Marracci (1698) et la version anglaise de [[George Sale]] (1734)<ref name="Larzul" />.<br /> <br /> === Kabyle ===<br /> La traduction du Coran en [[kabyle|langue kabyle]] est relativement récente. Ces trois traductions se basent sur la version en langue arabe et/ou sur une version en langue française<ref name="Chachoua" />.<br /> * En 1998, une première traduction partielle de Kamel Naït-Zerrad est publiée par le Centre d’Études Chamito-sémitique à Milan. Il s'agit d'une traduction éditée en caractères latins.<br /> * En 2006, une seconde traduction de Ramdane Aït Mansour est publiée à Alger aux éditions Zyriab. Il s'agit là aussi d'une traduction éditée en caractères latins avec le soutien et une subvention du Ministère algérien de la culture.<br /> * une troisième traduction de Si Hadj Mohand Tayeb éditée en caractères arabes est publiée par les Presses du Complexe d’Édition du Livre Saint Emir Fahd, à Médine en Arabie Saoudite, avec une subvention et le soutien du Ministère algérien des affaires religieuses.<br /> <br /> Chacun des trois traducteurs a pu être influencé dans sa traduction par son parcours particulier par rapport aux contextes politiques présents en Algérie et en France<ref name="Chachoua" />.<br /> <br /> ==Enjeux==<br /> <br /> Certains musulmans considèrent que le Coran ne s'adresse pas aux seuls arabophones, mais que son message étant à destination universelle doit être traduit dans d'autres langues<ref name="Neuve-Eglise" />. Certains musulmans voient l'expression du besoin de traduction dans {{citation|Et Nous ne t’avons envoyé que comme miséricorde pour l’Univers}}. Un travail de traduction permet l'accès à ce livre aux musulmans non arabophones, d'Iran et d'Indonésie<ref name="Neuve-Eglise" />.<br /> D'autres considèrent que cette entreprise de traduction est vaine de par leur compréhension spécifique du [[dogme de l'inimitabilité du Coran]] selon lequel, en tant que révélation divine, le Coran ne peut être imité par aucune autre œuvre littéraire, pour l'esthétique du style d'écriture et/ou pour la valeur du message qu'il porte à l'humanité<ref name="cahiers">{{Lien web|url=http://www.lescahiersdelislam.fr/Le-concept-de-l-Inimitabilite-du-Coran-1ere-Partie_a183.html|titre=Le concept de l’Inimitabilité du Coran (1ère Partie)|auteur=Fatma Khelef|site=Les Cahiers de l'islam|date=22 décembre 2012}}.</ref>.<br /> <br /> <br /> La traduction du Coran est également utile aux chercheurs et à ceux qui souhaitent connaître l’Islam et améliorer le dialogue interconfessionnel<ref name="Neuve-Eglise" />.<br /> <br /> La question de la traduction du Coran pose également la question du sens de chaque verset qui est susceptible de varier entre deux branches de l’Islam : la compréhension du Coran n'est pas la même entre Sunnites et Chiites, entre traditionalistes et réformistes<ref name="Neuve-Eglise" />.<br /> <br /> <br /> Le contexte de certains territoires peut pousser à subventionner certaines traductions, notamment en langue kabyle. Les traducteurs de la langue kabyle ont vu dans la traduction la double possibilité d’affermir d'une part la religion, et d'autre part la langue kabyle<ref name="Chachoua">{{Article|auteur1=Kamel Chachoua|titre=Radiographie de trois traductions du Coran en kabyle|périodique=[[Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée]]|numéro=128|date=décembre 2010|doi=10.4000/remmm.6924|pages=231–245}}.</ref>.<br /> <br /> == Usages des traductions ==<br /> Il existe de nombreuses traductions du Coran, plus de 120 en français. Certaines sont davantage destinées à un public musulman, tandis que d'autres sont plus laïques<ref name=":0">{{Lien web|titre=Le Coran et ses traductions en français|éditeur=[[Institut européen en sciences des religions]]|url=http://www.iesr.ephe.sorbonne.fr/ressources-pedagogiques/comptes-rendus-ouvrages/coran-ses-traductions-francais|consulté le=2019-03-07}}.</ref>.<br /> <br /> Dans le premier groupe se trouvent les traductions de [[Hamza Boubakeur]], de Salah Ed-Dine Kechrid ou de Boureima Abdou Daouda, les deux dernières étant les plus diffusées, malgré un certain antisémitisme, parmi les musulmans francophones<ref name=":0" />. Celle de [[Muhammad Hamidullah]], malgré une grande qualité, est marquée par des interprétations du traducteur qui a {{citation|tenté de minimiser le plus possible d’interpréter de manière idéalisée les passages du Coran susceptibles de nuire à la communauté islamique ou au prophète}}<ref>{{article|langue=de|titre=Le Coran. Traduction integrale et notes de Muhammad Hamidullah. Avec la collaboration de Michel Léturmy. Preface de Louis Massignon. (Paris:) Le club français du livre 1959. L, 640 S|auteur1={{lien|langue=de|Rudi Paret}}|périodique={{lien|Die Welt des Islams}}|volume=6|numéro=3|pages=270–271|date=janvier 1961|doi=10.1163/157006061X00086}} : {{citation étrangère|langue=de|Aber es ist nur zu verstandlich, dass der Verf. als uberzeugter Muslim versucht hat, Koranstellen, die die fruhislamische Gemeinde oder den Propheten etwa belasten konnten, moglichst zu verharmlosen und in einem idealisierenden Sinn zu deuten.}}</ref>.<br /> <br /> Dans le second groupe, la traduction la plus diffusée est celle de [[Denise Masson]]. {{citation|D’orientation non confessionnelle, elle a néanmoins reçu l’approbation de plusieurs autorités islamiques, dont la mosquée du Caire}}<ref name=":0" />. La traduction de [[Régis Blachère]] est une édition critique, possédant de riches notes. Celle-ci est particulièrement fidèle à la langue arabe<ref name=":0" />. {{citation|Il s'agit sans doute de la plus soucieuse d'exactitude, de celle qui s'attache le plus à la précision des termes.}}<ref>{{Lien web|titre=Le Coran, traduction de Régis Blachère|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/le-coran_806325.html|périodique=[[L'Express]]|auteur1=Daniel Bermond|date=2002-04-01|consulté le=2019-03-07}}.</ref> Il s'agit de la traduction la plus utilisée par la recherche<ref name="Neuve-Eglise" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|titre=Principales traductions françaises du Coran|url=https://balises.bpi.fr/religions/principales-traductions-francaises-du-coran|périodique=Balises|éditeur=[[Bibliothèque publique d'information]]|date=2014-09-04|consulté le=2019-03-08}}.</ref>.<br /> <br /> == Références ==<br /> {{Références}}<br /> <br /> {{Palette|Religions}}<br /> {{Portail|islam|monde arabo-musulman|théologie|langues|linguistique}}<br /> <br /> [[Catégorie:Traduction du Coran| ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == ==<br /> <br /> {{Kur'an}}<br /> '''Tefsir''' ([[Arapça]]: علم التفسير; İlm ut Tefsir), [[İslam]] dini [[terim]]idir. 'el-Fesr' masdarından tef'il babında yorumlamak, açıklamak manalarına gelen bir [[kelime]]dir. Eşdeğer bir kelime te'vil (yorum) dir. [[Kur'an]] [[ayet]]lerinin açıklanmasına dâir dalıdır. Tefsir ilmi ile uğraşan kişiye [[müfessir]] denir. Al-i İmran Suresi 7. ayetinde yer aldığı üzere Kur'an hem anlamı açık (anlaşılır, [[muhkem]]), hem de yoruma açık ([[müteşabih]]) ayetleri bünyesinde barındırır. İslam tarihinde Kur'an ayetlerini anlamak veya anlamlandırmak üzere çok sayıda çalışma yapılmıştır.<br /> <br /> Tefsirciler tarafından ilk müfessir kabul edilen [[Muhammed]], [[Kur'an]]ı yine Kur'an ile tefsir etmiştir. [[Sahabe]] ve [[tabiin]] denilen birinci ve ikinci nesil [[Müslüman]]lardan rivayetle Muhammed'in Kur'an ayetleri ile ilgili bazı açıklamaları [[hadis]] külliyatları içerisinde kaydedilmiştir.<br /> <br /> [[Dosya:Qur'an folio 11th century kufic.jpg|thumb|[[Kıraât]] usûllerini gösteren [[Kûfi]] [[Hat sanatı]] ile yazılmış bir Kur’ân.]]<br /> <br /> == Amaç ==<br /> * Metnin tarzını belirleme,<br /> * Kur'anda anlaşılamayan, bilinmeyen ([[Garaib'ül Kur'an]]) kelime, deyim, cümlecik vs.leri anlamaya çalışma,<br /> * Ayetlerin manalarını netleştirme,<br /> * Ayetlerden kanun ve kurallar çıkartma, ([[Fıkıh]] ve [[şeriat]])<br /> * [[Metafor]] ve temsili konuşmalar'ın altındaki düşünceleri açıklama,<br /> * Kur'an [[anlatı|kıssa]]larının açıklanmasıdır.<br /> <br /> [[Kuran meali|Meâl]], Kur'an ayetlerinin "yorumlu tercümesi", tefsir ise ayrıntılı açıklamasıdır. Tefsir ve meal yazarları, birebir tercümedeki metne cümlelerdeki anlatım bozukluklarının giderilmesi, kapalı anlatımlar, cümle düşüklükleri, kelimelerin tam karşılığının meal yapılan dilde bulunmaması, birebir tercümenin sakıncalı bulunması vb. sebeplerden ayetleri doğrudan tercüme etmekten kaçınırlar. Bu çalışmalarda çok sayıda bir diğerinin anlayışını sorunlu yaklaşımlar olarak gören suçlayıcı eleştiriler görmek olasıdır.<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://kurananalitigi.com/?p=12 |başlık=Arşivlenmiş kopya |erişimtarihi=24 Ekim 2014 |arşivurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fkurananalitigi.com%2F%3Fp%3D12&date=2014-10-24 |arşivtarihi=24 Ekim 2014 |ölüurl=no }}</ref><ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.haber5.com/yazar/mehmet-sevket-eygi/bozuk-mealler-tercumeler-tefsirler |başlık=Arşivlenmiş kopya |erişimtarihi=24 Ekim 2014 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024093935/http://www.haber5.com/yazar/mehmet-sevket-eygi/bozuk-mealler-tercumeler-tefsirler |arşivtarihi=24 Ekim 2014 |ölüurl=yes }}</ref><ref>http://www.hanifdostlar.net/hanifnet/hanifliknedir/carpitma.html</ref><ref>http://www.kurannediyor.org/soru.asp?id=369&baslik=KURAN%20MEALLER%DD%20SAVA%DEI</ref> Bu çerçevede anlayış ve uygulamalardaki farklılaşmaların dini metinlere, ayrıca [[şeriat]] uygulamalarına; [[Abdest]], [[Namaz]], [[tesettür]], [[mut'a]], [[hac]] vb. ibadetlere yansımıştır.<br /> <br /> [[Dosya:Iranischer Meister 001.jpg|thumb|[[Zülkarneyn]] [[Cin]]'lerin yardımıyla [[Yecüc ve Mecüc]]'ü medenilerden uzak tutan seddi inşa ediyor, Rivayet tefsirlerinde Onlar Taberiye gölünü '''içerek''' bitireceklerdir.]]<br /> <br /> == Tefsir türleri ==<br /> Tefsir: Açıklayan, kapalılığı gideren, haber veren, fısıltı yapan anlamındadır. Kur'an ayetlerinin yazıldığı döneme ait Arapça dilbilgisi (belağat, bedii, beyan), varsa ilgili hadis rivayetleri ve kontekst (konu, bağlam, islami literatürde esbab-ı nüzul) özelliklerini kullanarak açıklamaya çalışan bilim dalıdır. Geleneksel tefsircilerde pek görülmeyen mitoloji, bilim tarihi ve antropoloji gibi alanlardaki bilgi de bazı ifadelerin anlaşılması için önemli olabilir.<br /> <br /> Tefsirde başlıca üç türe ayrılan gelenek oluşmuştur; <br /> *Rivayet tefsiri; Kur'anın peygamber, [[sahabi]] ve [[tabiin]]den nakledilen ve [[hadis]] külliyatlarında kaydedilen yorumlarıyla yazılan tefsirlere [[rivayet tefsiri]] denir. Bu tefsirlerde sıklıkla islam öncesi dönem şiirleri ve [[İsrailiyat]] rivayetlerine de yer verilir.<br /> *Dirayet (akıl) tefsiri; [[Müfessir]]in dil, kontekst (konu, bağlam veya esbab-ı nüzul), amaç (makasıt), sosyo-kültürel çevre gibi alanlardaki bilgi birikimi ve zihinsel faaliyetini ortaya koyduğu tefsir çalışmalarını,<br /> *İşari tefsir; Kur'anın [[batınilik|batıni]], [[tasavvuf]]i yorumlara göre yapılan tefsirlerine [[mistik]], işari, [[batıni]] tefsir denilmiştir. Kur'an ayetlerinin görünen anlamları dışında, daha derin ve gerçek anlamları bulunduğu inancına dayanan tefsir anlayışıdır. Batıni tefsirler ayrıca [[Hurufilik|hurufi]], [[cifr]] (şifrecilik) ve [[Ebced]] gibi yöntemleri de kullanabilirler.<br /> <br /> Tefsirlerin tümünde tefsir yapan kişinin bilgi birikimi, ön kabulleri, seçimleri, eğilimleri, zihinsel kapasite ve kabiliyetlerinin tefsire yansıtılması doğal bir sonuçtur. Örneğin Kur'an ayetlerinde geçen "Rahman Arş'a oturdu", "Allah'ın eli onların elinin üzerindedir", "Allah'ın yüzü" gibi ifadeler [[akait]] ve [[kelam]] açısından yorumlanır.<br /> <br /> == Tefsir ekolleri ==<br /> Tefsirde birçok yaklaşım görülebilir.<br /> *Sünni tefsir<br /> *Şii tefsir<br /> Diğerleri;<br /> *Mutezili tefsiri, <br /> *Ahmediyye ve <br /> *Sufi tefsirler, (batıni veya hurufi yaklaşımlar) <br /> *Bilimsel yaklaşımlar ([[Kur'an ve bilim]]), <br /> *Felsefi yaklaşımlar, <br /> *[[fıkıh|Fıkhi]] tefsirler, <br /> *[[Kur'ancılık]] gibi<br /> *[[Zahirilik]]<br /> <br /> == Eleştiriler ==<br /> Geleneksel tefsirlerde bilimsel bir yansızlık ve objektif bir bakış açısının yansıtıldığını söylemek imkansızdır. Örneğin [[Allah'ın isimleri]] gibi bazı konularda uzun uzadıya yapılan açıklamalar dilbilimi ve antropoloji açısından hiçbir bilimsel temele dayanmaz ve tamamen tefsir yapanın vermek veya oluşturmak istediği Tanrı imajının şekillenmesine hizmet amacı taşır.<br /> <br /> Tefsir kitaplarında iş bazen o kadar ileri noktalara taşınır ki anlatılanlar ancak masal kitaplarının konusu olabilir. Örneğin bir tefsirde [[Calut]]'un uzun boyu anlatılırken O'nun denizden balık yakalayıp ellerini güneşe uzatarak kızartıp yediğini veya [[İbni Kesir]] tefsirinde [[Zülkarneyn]]'in doğu seferinde bir çölden geçerken rastladığı insanların uzun kulaklarından birini altlarına serip yatak yaptığını, diğer kulaklarıyla da kendilerine gölgelik oluşturduklarını okumak mümkündür ([[İsrailiyat]] [[İslam mitolojisi]]). Uç noktalarda dolaşan bu yorumlar bazen günlük hayata yön verir. Örneğin [[Nur suresi]] 31. ayetin yorumunda bazı tefsirciler örtünme emrinin başı kapsamadığı, esasen bunun bir emir değil tavsiye olduğu sonucuna ulaşırken, aynı ayeti yorumlayan diğerleri başın örtülmesinin farz ve dini örtünme için yeterli ve gerekli olduğu sonucuna ulaşır. Bir başkaları ise aynı ayetlerin yorumundan [[tesettür]] için başörtüsünün yeterli olmadığı, kadının bütün vücudunun örtülmesi gerektiği anlamını çıkartırlar.<br /> <br /> == Kur'an'ın Türkçe tefsirleri ==<br /> <br /> === Türkçe yazılan tefsirler ===<br /> * [[Ömer Feyzi Mardin]], ''Kur'an-ı Kerim, tefsirli ve fihristli Türkçe'', 1950.<br /> * [[Hacı Murad Sertoğlu]], ''İslâm'ın mukaddes kitabı Kur'ân-ı Kerim'in Türkçe tercüme ve tefsiri'', 1955.<br /> * [[İsmail Hakkı Baltacıoğlu]], ''Kur'an'', 1957.<br /> * [[Osman Nebioğlu]], ''Türkçe Kur'an-ı Kerim'', 1957.<br /> * [[Besim Atalay]], ''Kur'an-ı Kerim'', 1962.<br /> * [[H. Tahsin Emiroğlu]], ''Esbab-ı Nüzul - Kur'an ayetlerinin iniş sebepleri ve tefsirleri'', 1965.<br /> * [[M. Kâzım Öztürk]], ''Kur'an'ın 20. asra göre anlamı'', 1974.<br /> * [[Ali Rıza Sağman]], ''Lafzen ve mealen Kur'ân'ı Kerim'in tercemesi'', 1980.<br /> * [[A. Adnan Sütmen]], ''Kur'ân'ı Kerim'in Mealen Manzum Açıklaması'', 1984.<br /> * ''Hulasatü'l Beyan fi Tefsiril [[Kur'ân]]'', [[Mehmed Vehbi]], 14 cild, 1924, 1966.<br /> * ''Meâni'l [[Kur'ân]]'', [[İsmail Hakkı İzmirli]], 1927, 1977. <br /> * ''[[Hak Dini Kur'an Dili]]'', [[Muhammed Hamdi Yazır]], 9 cilt, 1935.<br /> * ''[[Kur'ân-ı Kerim]]'in Türkçe Meal-i Âlisi ve Tefsiri'', [[Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen]], 8 cilt, 1962.<br /> * ''Füyuzat'', [[Şemseddin Yeşil]], 1950.<br /> * ''Yüce Kur'ân'ın Çağdaş Tefsiri'', [[Süleyman Ateş]], 12 cilt, 1975.<br /> * ''[[Kur'ân]] Ansiklopedisi'', Süleyman Ateş, KUBA Yayınevi, 30 cilt<br /> * ''İlmin Işığında [[Kur'ân]] Tefsiri'', [[Celal Yıldırım]], 10 cilt, 1987.<br /> * ''Besairu’l [[Kur'ân]]'', [[Ali Küçük]], 20 cilt<br /> * ''Esbab-ı Nüzul - [[Kur'ân]] ayetlerinin iniş sebepleri ve tefsirleri'', H. Tahsin Emiroğlu, 1965<br /> * ''[[Kur'ân-ı Kerim]] Şifâ Tefsiri'', [[Mahmut Toptaş]], Cantaş Y., 8 cilt<br /> * ''[[Kur'ân-ı Kerim]] Lâfzı ve Ruhu'', [[İmam İskender Ali Mihr]], 19 cilt, 2004. <br /> * ''Beyanu'l Hak - [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in Nüzul Sırasına Göre Tefsiri'', [[Mehmet Zeki Duman]], Prof. Dr., 3 cilt, 2006<br /> * [[Fahrettin Yıldız]] Tefsiri<br /> * ''[[Ruhu'l Furkan Tefsiri]]'', [[Mahmut Ustaosmanoğlu]], Ahiska Yayinevi<br /> * ''Yeni Bir Anlayışın Işığında [[Kur'ân]] Tefsiri'', Bayraktar Bayraklı, Bayraklı Y., 22 c.<br /> * ''Büyük [[Kur'ân]] Tefsiri'', [[Ali Arslan]], Arslan Yayınları, Okusan, 16 cilt<br /> * ''Tebyinul Kur'an'', [[Hakkı Yılmaz]], 6 cilt<br /> * ''Kısa Surelerin Tefsiri'', [[Mehmet Okuyan]], Düşün Y., 4 cilt<br /> <br /> [[Dosya:Qur'anic Manuscript - 3 - Hijazi script.jpg|thumb|[[Hicaz]]î [[İslâm hat sanatı|Hattı]] ile yazılmış Yedinci yüzyıla ait tarihi bir Kur’ân-ı Kerîm.]]<br /> <br /> === Türkçeye tercüme edilmiş tefsirler ===<br /> <br /> * [[Ruh'ul Meani]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı | başlık = Ruhul meani fi tefsiril Kuranil azim ves sebil mesani | url = http://eskieserler.com/KitapDetay.asp?LID=TR&ID=701 | yayıncı = eskieserler.com | erişimtarihi = | arşivengelli = evet}}</ref> , yazarı [[Alusi]]<br /> * [[Seyyid Kutub]], ''Fi Zılalil [[Kur'ân]]'', 1970.<br /> * [[İbni Kesir]], ''Hadislerle [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Tefsiri'', Çağrı y 16 cilt (Eklenmiş) 1983.<br /> * ibni Kesir Tesiri Orijinal terceme Kahraman y 10 cilt<br /> * ibni Kesir Tesiri Orijinal terceme Polen y 10 cilt<br /> * [[Mevdudi|Mevdudî Tefsiri]]<br /> * [[El Kurtubî|Kurtubî Tefsiri]]<br /> * Safvetutefasir (tefsirlerin Özü) M.Ali Sabunî iz Yayıncılık<br /> * [[Fahruddîn-i Râzî]], ''Mefatih El-Ğayb''<br /> * Tefsîrü'l Münîr, - [[Vehbe Zuhayli]] ([[Risale Yayınları]])<br /> * Kur'anın Konulu Tefsiri - [[Gazali]] , Ağaç Yayinları<br /> * Et-Tefsirul Hadis, Izzet Derveze ,Ekin yayınları<br /> * el Esas fit-Tefsir Said Hawa Şamil yayınları<br /> * Ahkam tefsiri M. Ali Sabunî Şamil yayınları<br /> * Ahkam tefsiri Mukatil b.Süleyman<br /> * [[Ebu'l Leys es-Semerkandî]] Tefsiri Sezgin Neşriyat<br /> * Furkan (Tefsirul Vadh) Hicazi ilim Yayınevi<br /> * Ayntabi Mehmed Efendi, ''[[Tibyan Tefsiri]],'' Terc: [[Ahmed Davudoğlu]], Huzur Y. 4 cilt<br /> * [[Abdurrahman es-Sa’dî]], ''Tefsîru’s-Sa’dî,'' Guraba Y. 5 cilt<br /> * [[Muhammed Hüseyin Fadlullah]], ''Min Vahyi’l [[Kur'ân]],'' Akâdemi Y. 10 cilt<br /> * [[Muhammed Hüseyin Tabatabaî]], ''[[El Mizan fi Tefsir'ul Kur'an]],'' Kevser Y . 22 cilt<br /> * [[Celaleyn Tefsiri]], [[Celaleddin Suyuti]], Sağlam Y. 3 cilt<br /> * [[Seyfuddin el-Muvahhid]], ''Dâvetçinin Tefsiri,'' Hak Y.5 cilt<br /> * [[Hâkim en-Nişaburî|Muhammed Ebu’l-Abdallah En-Nişaburi]], ''Vedahu’l Burhan,'' Tevhid Yayınları 2 cilt<br /> * [[Nesefî|İmâm Nesefi]], ''[[Nesefî]] Tefsiri,'' Ravza Yayınları 10 cilt<br /> * [[İsmail Hakkı Bursevi]], ''Ruhu’l-Beyan,'' Erkam Y. 24cilt<br /> * [[Ebussuud]], ''Ebussuud Tefsiri,'' Boğaziçi Y.12 cilt<br /> * [[Ebu Bekir Cabir el-Cezâiri]], ''En Kolay Tefsir,'' Mektup Yayınları<br /> * [[İbn Kayyim El-Cevziyye]], ''[[İbn Kayyim El-Cevziyye|İbn Kayyim Tefsiri]],'' Polen Y.4 cilt<br /> * ibnil Cevzi Zadul Mesir Kahraman y.<br /> * Tefsirul Menar "Muhammed Abduh ve Reşit Rıza" Ekin y. 14 cilt<br /> * Beydavi Tefsiri Kahraman y. 5 cilt<br /> * Ceylani tefsiri 6 Cilt<br /> * Taberi Tefsiri 9 Cilt<br /> * En Kolay Tefsir & Eyserut Tefasir "Cazairi"<br /> * Kurtubi Tefsiri & El Camiu li Ahkamil Kuran<br /> <br /> == Dış bağlantılar ==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190330043131/http://kuranmeali.org/ www.kuranmeali.org]<br /> * [http://www.tahsiye.com/enstitu.asp?durum=detay&ens=406 KUR`ÂN-I KERÎM TEFSÎRİ (ELMALI) ]{{Ölü bağlantı|date=Nisan 2020 }}<br /> * [http://www.multimediaquran.com/quran/turkce/index.htm Türkçe Kur'an Tefsirleri]<br /> <br /> == Kaynakça ==<br /> {{kaynakça}}<br /> <br /> [[Kategori:İslam ilimleri|İslami bir bilim]]<br /> [[Kategori:İslam terimleri]]<br /> [[Kategori:İslam ilahiyatı]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Bu liste, [[Kur'an]]'ın indirilmeye başladığı [[7. yüzyıl]]'dan (hicri 1. yüzyıl) günümüze kadar (hicri 13. yüzyıl) literatürdeki [[müfessir]]leri ve varsa eserlerini toplu halde içermektedir. Müfessirin yaşadığı yüzyıl için, ölüm tarihi esas alınmıştır.<br /> <br /> Not: ''Liste tamamlanmamıştır.''<br /> <br /> == 7. yüzyıl ==<br /> *[[Ebu Bekir]] (573 - 634)<br /> *[[Ömer bin Hattab]] (581 - 644)<br /> *[[Abdullah bin Mesud]] (? - 653)<br /> *[[Osman bin Affan]] (580 - 656)<br /> *[[Übeyy bin Kâb]] (? - 656)<br /> *[[Ali bin Ebu Talib]] (599 - 661)<br /> *[[Ebu Musa el-Eş'arî]] ( - 662)<br /> *[[Amr bin el-Âs]] (583 - 664)<br /> *[[Zeyd bin Sabit]] (610 - 676)<br /> *[[Ebu Hureyre]] (? - 676)<br /> *[[Abdullah bin Abbas]] (619 - 687)<br /> *[[Abdullah bin Zübeyr]] (624 - 692)<br /> *[[Abdullah bin Ömer]] (613 - 692)<br /> *[[Câbir bin Abdullah]] (601 - 694)<br /> <br /> == 8. yüzyıl ==<br /> *[[Enes bin Mâlik]] (612 - 709)<br /> *[[Said bin Cübeyr]] (665 - 713)<br /> *[[İbrahim en-Nehaî]] (668 - 713)<br /> *[[Mücâhid]] (645 - 722)<ref>İlk müfessir sayılır</ref><br /> *[[Tavus bin Keysan]] (653 - 723)<br /> *[[İkrime]] (? - 725)<br /> *[[Amir bin Şerahil]] (641 - 727)<br /> *[[İbn-i Sirin]] (653 - 729)<br /> *[[Hasan-ı Basri]] (642 - 728) — ''Adı belirsiz tefsiri vardır.''<br /> *[[Atiyye el-Avfî]] (? - 729)<br /> *[[Atâ bin Ebu Rebah]] (647 - 732) — ''Tefsiru's Suddi el-Kebir''<br /> *[[Katade bin Diame]] (680 - 735) - ''Kitabü't-Tefsir'' <br /> *[[Suddi-i Kebir]] (671 - 744)<br /> *[[Ebu Abdullah Cabir]] (? - 744)<br /> *[[İbn Ebu Necih]](? - 749)<br /> *[[Zeyd bin Eslem]](? - 753)<br /> *[[Rebi bin Enes]](? - 757)<br /> *[[Ali bin Ebu Talha]](? - 760)<br /> *[[Ca'fer es-Sâdık]] (699 - 765) — ''Nakil yoluyla tefsiri vardır''<br /> *[[İbn-i Cureyh]] (? - 767)<ref>Hadis tasnifine başlayan ilk kişidir.</ref><br /> *[[Mukatil bin Süleyman]] (702 - 767) — ''Tefsir-i Kebir''<br /> *[[Dahhâk bin Müzâhim]] (? - 767) — ''[[Tefsir-i Dehhak]]''<br /> *[[Sabit bin Dinar]] (? - 767)<br /> *[[İbn Said el-Kelbî]] (? - ?)<ref>Şii olduğu için, Ehl-i Sünnet tarafından adı fazla anılmaz.</ref><br /> *[[Ebu Hanife]] (699 - 767)<br /> *[[Şu'be ibn el-Verd]] (713 - 777)<br /> *[[Süfyân es-Sevrî]] (715 - 778) — ''et-Tefsîr''<br /> *[[Mâlik bin Enes]] 712 - 795<br /> *[[Abdullah bin Mübarek]] 736 - 795 — ''Vadıh fi Tefsiril-Kur'an'' <br /> *[[Yunus bin Habib]] (713 - 799)<br /> <br /> == 9. yüzyıl ==<br /> *[[Ebu'l Hasan el-Kisaî]]<br /> *[[Muhammed er-Rüvasî]]<br /> *[[Veki' bin Cerrah]]<br /> *[[Süfyân bin Uyeyne]]<br /> *[[Abdullah bin Vehb]]<br /> *[[Ruh bin Ubade]]<br /> *[[Yezid bin Harun]]<br /> *[[İmam Şafii]]<br /> *[[Vâkidî]]<br /> *[[El Ferra]]<br /> *[[Abdurrezzak bin Hemmam]]<br /> *[[Adem bin Ebu İyâs]]<br /> *[[Muhammed bin Hâlim]]<br /> *[[Ebu Bekir bin Ebu Şeybe]]<br /> *[[İshak bin Rahûye]]<br /> *[[Osman bin Ebu Şeybe]]<br /> *[[Ahmed bin Hanbel]]<br /> *[[Ebu'l Hasan el-Mervezî]]<br /> *[[Abdullah bin Humeyd]]<br /> *[[Darimî]]<br /> *[[Muhammed el-Buharî]]<br /> *[[Ebu Said Abdullah Kindi]]<br /> *[[Müslim bin Haccac]]<br /> *[[Ebu Mansur Herevi]]<br /> *[[İbn Mâce]] — ''Kitab'üt Tefsir''<br /> *[[Ebu Davud]]<br /> *[[İbn'ün Nakib el-Endelusî]]<br /> *[[Bakiyy bin Mahled el-Endelusî]]<br /> *[[Muhammed bin S'ad Avfî]]<br /> *[[Ebu Hatim er-Razî]]<br /> *[[Ebu Muhammed Kasım Kurtubi]] — ''Tefsir-i İbn-i Seyyar''<br /> *[[Tirmizî|Ebu İsa et-Tirmizî]]<br /> *[[Ebu Hanife Dinaveri]]<br /> *[[Sehl et-Tüsterî]] — ''Adı belirsiz tefsir''<br /> <br /> == 10. yüzyıl ==<br /> *[[Ebu Yahya er-Razî]]<br /> *[[İbrahim bin Ma'kıl Nesefi]]<br /> *[[Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî]] (822 - 911)<br /> *[[Ebu Cafer Taberî]] (838 - 923) — ''[[Câmi'u'l-beyân]]''<br /> *[[Zeccâc]] (844 - 923) <br /> *[[İbnü'l Münzir en-Nisaburî]] (855 - 930) — ''et-Tefsîr''<br /> *[[İbn Kuteybe]]<br /> *[[Muhammed bin Münzir Nişaburi]]<br /> *[[Ebu Kasım Abdullah bin Ahmed-i Belhi]]<br /> *[[Ebü'l Hasan Eş'arî]] (873 - 935)<br /> *[[İbn-i Ebi Hatim Abdurrahman Razi]]<br /> *[[Ebu Bekir Muhammed]] — ''Tefsir-i Sayrefi''<br /> *[[Ebu Bekir Muhammed bin Aziz Sicistani]] — ''Garib'ul Kur'an''<br /> *[[el-Vasiti]]<br /> *[[Ebu Mansur el-Matüridî]] — ''Tevilat-ı Kuraniyye''<br /> *[[Ömer bin Ebi Ali]] — ''Tefsir-i Hırki''<br /> *[[Ebu Bekir Abdullah bin Muhammed]] — ''Tefsir-i İbn-i Ebi Şiybe''<br /> *[[Ebû Cafer en-Nehhâs]] — ''Tefsîru‟l-Kur‟âni‟l-Kerim''<br /> *[[Abdullah ibn-i Amine]]<br /> *[[Ahmed bin Muhammed Nişaburi]] — ''El Muvaddah fi'l Kur'an''<br /> *[[Ebu Bekir Muhammed Nakkaş]] — ''Şifa'us Sudur''<br /> *[[Ebu Said Hüseyin İsbahani]] — ''Tefsir-i Za'ferani''<br /> *[[Cessâs]] — ''Ahkam'ul Kur'an''<br /> *[[Ebu'l Leys es-Semerkandî]] — ''[[Bahr'ül Ulûm]]''<ref>'Semerkandî Tefsiri' olarak da bilinir.</ref><br /> *[[Abdullah ibn-i Atiyye]]<br /> *[[Ali bin İsa Rummani]]<br /> *[[Ebu Hafs Ömer]] — ''Tefsir-i Şahin''<br /> *[[Ebu Kasım Abdullah]] — ''Tefsir-i İbn-i Cezv''<br /> *[[Muhammed bin Ali Mukri Edfuvi]]<br /> *[[Ebu Bekir]] — ''El İstiğna''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 11. yüzyıl ==<br /> *[[Ebu Hilal Hasan]] (? - 1004) — Tefsir-i Askeri<br /> *[[Halef bin Ahmed Sicistani]] (? - 1008)<br /> *[[Mevlana Ebu'l Abbas]] (? - 1012) — Tefdilu'l Cami Li Ulu mit Tenzil<br /> *[[Nizâmeddîn en-Nişaburî]] (? - 1015) — Garabib'ul Kur'an Regaib'ul Furkan<br /> *[[Muhammed ibn-i Fevrek Nişaburi]] (? - 1015)<br /> *[[Ahmed bin Musa İsfahani]] (? - 1019)<br /> *[[Abdurrahman Muhammed Sülemi]] (936 - 1021) — Hakaik<br /> *[[Kadı Abdulcabbar bin Ahmed]] (? - 1024) — Tenzih'ul Kur'an an'il Metain<br /> *[[Ahmed bin Muhammed Sa'lebi]] (? - 1035) — El Keşf-u ve'l Beyan fi Tefsir'ul Kur'an<br /> *Ebu Ali İbn-i Sina (? - 1036)<br /> *[[Ebu Mensur Abdulkahir Bağdadi]] (? - 1037)<br /> *[[Ali İbn-i İbrahim Hui]] (? - 1038) — El Burhan fi Tefsir'ul Kur'an<br /> *[[Ebu Abdullah İsmail Nişaburi]] (? - 1038) — El Kifaye<br /> *[[Ebu'l Abbas Ahmed Mehdevi]] (? - 1038) — El Cami'li Ulumi't Tenzil<br /> *[[Ebuzer Hezevi]] (? - 1044)<br /> *[[Ebu Muhammed Abdullah C. Nişaburi]] (? - 1063)<br /> *[[Mekki İbn-i Ebi Talib]] (? - 1046)<br /> *[[Ebu'l Feth Selim Razi]] (? - 1055) — Ziya-ul Kulub<br /> *[[Abdusselam Kazvini]] (? - 1056)<br /> *[[Ebu'l Hasan Ali Maverdi]] (? - 1058)<br /> *[[Muhammed bin Abdurrahman Buhari]] (? - 1063)<br /> *[[Ebu Muslim Muhammed İsfahani]] (? - 1066)<br /> *[[Ebu'l Kasım Abdurrahim Kuşeyri]] (? - 1072) — Letaif'ul İşarat Teysir fi Tefsir<br /> *[[Ebul Hasan Ali Nişaburi]] (? - 1074) — El Havi <br /> *[[Ali bin Ahmed Vahidi]] (? - 1075) — El Veciz Fi't Tefsir<br /> *[[Ebu Muzaffer Şahfur İsfahani]] (? - 1078)<br /> *[[Abdulkahir Curcani]] (? - 1081)<br /> *[[Süleyman Baci]] (? - 1081) — Tefsir Ebi Velid <br /> *[[İmam'ül Harameyn Abdülmelik]] (? - 998) — Medarik'ül Ukul <br /> *[[Abdulkerim bin Abdussamed]] (? - 1085)<br /> *[[Abdullah bin Ensari]] (? - 1088) — Tefsir-i Herevi<br /> *[[Abduselim Bani Muhammed]] (? - 1095)<br /> *[[El Hulvani]] (? - 1088)<br /> <br /> == 12. yüzyıl ==<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=9 |1101 ile 1200 arası<br /> |-<br /> ! Müfessir<br /> ! Doğum t.<br />Ölüm t.<br /> ! Tefsir kitabı<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abdulmelik ed-Deylemî]] <br /> | ? - 1106<br /> | [[Futuh'ur Rahman fi İşaret'il Kur'an]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebu Muzaffer Mensur bin Muhammed]] <br /> | ( - 1106) <br /> | [[Tefsir-i Sem'ani]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebu Muhammed Abdulvahhab]] <br /> | (?- 1106) <br /> | [[Tefsir-i Şirazi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mahmud bin Hamza Kirmani]] <br /> | (? - 1106)<br /> | [[Acaib'ul Kur'an]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hatib Tebrizi]] <br /> | (? - 1108)<br /> | [[Tefsir'ul Kur'an]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Gazzâlî]] <br /> | 1058 - 1111<br /> | [[Yakut'ut Tevil fi Tefsir'it Tevil]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ferrâ Begavî]] <br /> | ? - 1122 <br /> | [[Mealim'ut Tenzil]]<ref>Şeyh Taceddin Ebu Nasır tarafından kısaltılarak yayınlandı</ref> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebu Cemre Abdullah bin Said Endulisi]] <br /> | (? - 1131)<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebu Kasım İsmail İsfahani]] <br /> | (? - 1140)<br /> || [[El Mutemed el Muvazzah fi't Tefsir]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Zemahşerî]]<br /> | 1074 - 1143<br /> | [[el-Keşşâf an-Hakâik]]<ref>Türkçede 'Keşşaf Tefsiri' olarak bilinmektedir.</ref> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Abdullah bin Hüseyin Akberi]] <br /> | (? - 1143)<br /> | [[Ebu'l Baka Tefsiri]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebu Hafs Ömer Nesefi]] <br /> | (? - 1038)<br /> | [[Et Teysir]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebu'l Hasan Ali Harezmi]] <br /> | (? - 1144)<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ragıb el İsfahani]] <br /> | (? - 1145)<br /> | [[El Mufredat]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebu'l Mehasin Beyhaki]] <br /> | (? - 1149) <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Fafru'z Zeman]] <br /> | (? - ?)<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Aleaddin Muhammed Buhari]] <br /> | (? - 1151)<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebubekir İbn'ul Arabi]] <br /> | (? - 1151)<br /> | [[Ahkam'ul Kur'an]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Abdurrahman Bağdadi]] <br /> | (? - 1151)<br /> | [[Tefsir-i Hulvani]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Abdulhak İbn-i Atiyye Cimati]] <br /> | (? - 1151)<br /> | [[El Muharrer'ul Veciz fi Tefsir'il Kitab'il Aziz]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebu Ali Fadl bin Hasan Taberi]] <br /> | (? - 1153)<br /> | Cevami'ul Cem'i, Mecma'ul Beyan <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebu'l Hafs Ömer bin Osman]] <br /> | (? - 1155) <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebu Cafer Muhammed Tusi]] <br /> | (? - 1164)<br /> | [[Mecma'ul Beyan li Ulum'il Kur'an]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebu'l Fadl Mehmed Harzemi]] <br /> | (? - 1166)<br /> | [[Miftah'ut Tenzil]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[İbn-i Ebi Meryem Nas Şirazi]] <br /> | (? - 1169)<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Şemseddin Ebu Muh İbn-i Zafer]] <br /> | (? - 1169)<br /> | Yenbu'ul Hayat <br /> |-<br /> | [[Mevlana Şerafeddin]] <br /> | (? - 1169)<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebu'l Hasan Ali bin Abdullah Ensari]] <br /> | (? - 1171)<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[İbn-i Hakim Muh ibn-i Esad]] <br /> | (? - 1173)<br /> | [[Tefsir-i İbn-i Hakim]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[İbn-i Dahhan Said bin Mübarek]] <br /> | (? - 1173)<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Zahuriddin Muhammed Nişaburi]] <br /> | (? - 1181)<br /> | [[Besair]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Abdulgani Hicazi]] <br /> | (? - 1186)<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebu Nasr Ahmed bin Muhammed]] <br /> | (? - 1190)<br /> | [[Tefsir-i Attabi]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Şihabeddin Sühreverdî]] <br /> | 1155 - 1191<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebu Fahir Muhammmed]] <br /> | (? - 1199)<br /> | [[Tefsir-i Bennan]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[İbnü'l Cevzî]]<br /> | (? - 1200)<br /> | [[Zad'ul Mesir]], [[El Muğni]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Zahuriddin Hasan Numani]] <br /> | (? - 1200)<br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 13. yüzyıl ==<br /> *[[Ebu Ali el-Fârisî]] (901 - 987)<br /> *[[Ebu'l Kasım el-Kazvinî]] <br /> *[[Muafâ el-Mavsılî]]<br /> *[[İbn Berrecân]] (? - 1142)<br /> *[[Muhyiddin İbnü'l-Arabî]] (1165 - 1240)<br /> *[[Sehavî]] <br /> *[[Sibt İbn'ül-Cevzî]] <br /> *[[Ebu Abdullah el-Mürsî]] (1186 - 1257)<br /> *[[İbn Abdüsselam]] (? - 1262)<br /> *[[İzzeddin er-Rüstağfenî]] (?- 1263)<br /> *[[Sadreddin Konevî]] (1210 - 1274) — ''[[İ'câz'ül Beyân]]'' <br /> *[[Muvaffaküddin el-Mavsîlî]](? - 1281)<br /> *[[Ebu'l Abbas el-İskenderî]] (? - 1284)<br /> *[[Burhaneddîn el-Hanefî]] (? - 1290)<br /> *[[Abdülaziz ed-Dirinî]] (1216 - 1294) — ''El-Misbâh-ül-Münîr, Et-Teysîr-ü fî İlm-it-Tefsîr''<br /> *[[Hibetullah el-Kıftî]] (? - 1297)<br /> <br /> == 14. yüzyıl ==<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=9 |1301 ile 1400 arası<br /> |-<br /> ! Müfessir<br /> ! Doğum t.<br />Ölüm t.<br /> ! Tefsir kitabı<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ali ibn-i Ahmed]]<br /> | - 1304<br /> | [[Tefsir'ur Rahman]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebu Cafer Muhammed Gımati]] <br /> | - 1308<br /> | [[Melek'ut Te'vil]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nesefî]] <br /> | ? - 1310<br /> | [[Medâriku't Tenzil ve Hakaiku't Te'vil]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Kutbeddin Şirazî]]<br /> | 1236 - 1310<br /> | [[Feth'ül Mennân , Müşkilat-ı Tefasir]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Necmeddin el-Bağdadî]]<br /> | ? - 1310<br /> | [[İşârât'ül İlâhiyye]]<br />[[İksir fi İlm'it Tefsir]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hoca Reşidudin Fazlullah]]<br /> | ? - 1318<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[İmâdüddin el-Mâlikî]] <br /> | - 1320<br /> | [[El Kefil bi Maani't Tenzil]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nizameddin Hasan Nişaburi]]<br /> | ? - 1327<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Şehabettin Ahmed]]<br /> | ? - 1327<br /> | Feth'ul Kadir <br /> |-<br /> | [[İbn Teymiyye]]<br /> | 1263 - 1328<br /> | [[Tefsir-i Kur'an]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Abdürrezzak Kaşanî]] <br /> | ? - 1329<br /> | [[Te'vîlâtü'l-Kur'an]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Abdulvahid ibn'ul Münir]] <br /> | ? - 1332 <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Alauddevle Ahmed]]<br /> | ? - 1336 <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Şerefüddin İbn'ül Barizî]]<br /> | ? - 1337 <br /> | [[er-Ravza fi Tefsir'il Kur'an]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hüseyin ibn-i Ebubekir İskenderi]] <br /> | ? - 1340 <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Alaeddin Ali bin Muhammed]] <br /> | ? - 1340<br /> | [[Elke fi'l Bi Maanit Tenz'ul Lubab'ut Te'vil fi Maan'it Tenzil]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[İbrahim bin Muhammed Sefasifi]]<br /> | ? - 1349<br /> | [[İrab-ı Kur'an]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hasan bin Muhammed Tıybi]] <br /> | - 1342<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ebu Hayyan el-Endülüsi]] <br /> | - 1344)<br /> | [[Bahr'ul Muhit Nehr'ul Mad minel Bahr]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Muhammed bin Ebubekir İbn Nakib]] <br /> | - 1344)<br /> | [[Tefsir-i İbn-i Nakib]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[İbn Mektum Abdulkadir]] <br /> | - 1346<br /> | [[Durr'ul Lekit Bahr'ul Muhit]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Şemseddin Muhammed İsfehani]] <br /> | - 1348<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Alaaddin Türkmeni]] <br /> | - 1349<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Şemseddin Muhammed ibn-i Kayyim Cezviye]] |<br /> | - 1350<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Takiyuddin Sübki]] <br /> | - 1355<br /> | [[ed Durr'un Nazim Tefsir'il Kuran'il Azim]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Kadı Adudiddni]]<br /> | - 1355<br /> | [[Tefsir-i Tahkik]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Şemseddin Muhammed ibn-i Nakkaş]]|<br /> | - 1361 <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Taftazani]]<br /> | - 1365<br /> | Keşf'ul Esrar <br /> |-<br /> | [[Abdullah ibn-i Akil Mısri]] <br /> | - 1369<br /> | [[Zahire]], Veciz <br /> |-<br /> | [[İbn Kesir]] <br /> | 1301 - 1373 <br /> | [[Tefsir'ül Kur'an'il Azim]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Mevlana Mehmed Hızır]] <br /> | ? - 1371 <br /> | [[Tibyan]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[El Haddâdî]]<br /> | - 1397<br /> | Keşf'üt Tenzil fi Tahkik'it Tevil<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aydınlı Hacı Paşa]]<br /> | - 1397<br /> | Mecme'ül Envar<br /> |-<br /> | [[Muhammed ibn Arefe]]<br /> | - 1400<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Şihâbeddin Sivasî]]<br /> | ? - 1456<br /> | Uyun'ut Tefâsir<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 15. yüzyıl ==<br /> *[[İbn Tayfur Secavendi]] — ''İber'ul Meani''<br /> *[[Abdülkerim el-Cili]]<br /> *[[Demirî]]<br /> *[[Seyid Şerif Curcânî]]<br /> *[[Aydınlı Hacı Paşa]] — ''[[Mecma'ül Envâr]]''<br /> *[[Muhammed Firuzabadî]] — ''[[Besair]]''<br /> *[[Kutbeddin İznikî]]<br /> *[[Muhammed bin Mahmud Hocapansa]] — ''Melak'ut Tev'il''<br /> *[[Bedreddin Simavî]]<br /> *[[Celaleddin Abdurrahman Bulkini]] — ''Ulum'ul Kur'an''<br /> *[[Muhammed bin Yunus]]<br /> *[[Molla Fenârî]] — [[Ayn'ül A'yân]]<br /> *[[Ali el-Hindî]] — ''Tefsir'ur Rahman Tesyir'ul Mennan''<br /> *[[Şemseddin Muhammed]] — ''Tefsir-i ibni Zühre''<br /> *[[Takiyuddin Ahmed ibn-i Şehbe Dımışkî]]<br /> *[[Mevlana Alaeddin Mehmed]]<br /> *[[İbni Arabşah]] — ''Ebu'l Leys Tefsiri Tercümesi''<br /> *[[İbn'uz Ziya Muhammed ibn-i Ahmed]]<br /> *[[Yazıcızâde Mehmed Bicân]] — ''Fatiha Tefsiri''<br /> *[[Ali Semerkandi]] — ''Bahr'ul Ulum''<br /> *[[Celaleddin Muhammed ibni Ahmed]] — Celaleyn Tefsiri<br /> *[[Salih el-Bülkînî]] — ''Nehr'ul Hayat''<br /> *[[Alâeddin Musannifek]]<br /> *[[Alaeddin Ali Kuşçu]] — ''Tefsir-i Zehraveyn''<br /> *[[Muhyiddîn Kâfiyeci]] — ''Tefsir-i Ayet'ul Müteşabihat'' <br /> *[[Nasıruddin Muhammed bin Abdullah]] — ''Feth'ur Rahman fi Tefsir'il Kur'an''<br /> *[[Şemseddin Muhammed bin Zühre]]<br /> *[[Burhaneddin el-Bikâî]] — ''[[Nazm'üd Dürer]]''<br /> *[[Molla Gürani]] — [[Gâyet'ül Emânî]]<br /> *[[İbni Cemaa Burhaneddin Kinani]]<br /> *[[Molla Câmî]]<br /> *[[Cemal Halveti]]<br /> *[[Muhammed Karahisârî]] — ''[[Revnak'üt Tefasir]]''<br /> *[[Hüsameddîn Bitlisî]] — ''[[el-İşare]]''<br /> <br /> == 16. yüzyıl ==<br /> *[[Hakimşâh el-Kazvinî]] (? - 1502) — ''[[Tefsir-i Hakimşâh]]''<br /> *[[Celaleddin Devvanî]] (? - 1512)<br /> *[[Nimetullah Nehcuvanî]] (? - 1514) — ''[[Fevâtih'ül İlâhiyye]]''<br /> <br /> == 17. yüzyıl ==<br /> *[[Ali el-Kârî]] — ''[[Envar'ül Kur'an]]''<br /> *[[Şeyhülislam Muhammed Efendi]] — ''[[Hulâsat'üt Tebyin]]''<br /> *[[Bahaeddin el-Âmilî]]<br /> *[[İsmail Rusuhî]] — ''[[Fütuhat-i Ayniye]]''<br /> *[[Abdülmecid Sivasî]]<br /> *[[Fereciullah el-Hüveyzî]]<br /> *[[Abdurrahman el-İmadî]] — ''[[Tahrir'üt Te'vil]]'' <br /> *[[Beypazarlı Muslihiddin]] — ''[[Tefsir-i Bekbazârî]]''<br /> *[[Manastırlı Şâh Muhammed]] — ''[[Nehr'üd Dekâik]]''<br /> *[[Tireli Mehmed Efendi]]<br /> *[[Abdülhakim es-Siyelkutî]]<br /> *[[Şihabeddin el-Hafacî]] — ''İnâyet'ül-Kâdî''<br /> *[[Manisalı Abdurrahman Efendi]]<br /> *[[Şeyhülislam Yahya Efendi]]<br /> *[[Ahmed Nâsıh]] — ''Zübdet'ül Âsâr'' <br /> *[[Antakyalı Remzi Efendi]] — ''Lem'at'ül Envar''<br /> *[[Abdülbaki et-Tebrizî]]<br /> *[[İznikli Ali Çelebî]] — ''Keşf'ül Esrar''<br /> *[[Usturumcalı Şeyh İsmail]]<br /> <br /> == 18. yüzyıl ==<br /> *[[Feyzullah Efendi]] <br /> *[[Debbağzade Mehmet Efendi]] — ''Tibyan Tefsiri''<br /> *[[Abdülhayy Celvetî]] — ''Tefsîr-i Ba'z-ı Süver-i Kur'aniyye''<br /> *[[Şeyhülislam Abdurrahim Efendi]] (? - 1715)<br /> *[[Ahmed el-Hindî]] (? - 1717) — ''[[Tefsirat'ül Ahmediye]]''<br /> *[[Saçaklızâde Mehmed Efendi]] (1650 - 1732) <br /> *Mescizâde Abdullah Efendi (? - 1735) — ''Hâşiye ale'l-Beydâvî''<br /> *Kazâbâdlı Ahmed Efendi<br /> *İzmirli Mehmed Efendi<br /> *Lübbî Mehmed Efendi — ''Lebbü’l-Tefâsir fî Mağfiret-i Esbâb’en-Nüzûl''<br /> *[[Amasyalı Abdullah Efendi]]<br /> *[[Hadimli Mehmed Efendi]]<br /> *[[Şah Veliyullah ed-Dehlevî]] — ''Feth-ür-Rahmân fî Tefsîr-il-Kur’ân''<br /> *[[Abdülgafur el-Amidî]]<br /> *[[Konyalı İsmail Efendi]] — Tefsir-i Konevî<br /> *[[Erzurumlu Lutfullah Efendi]]<br /> *[[Bursalı Abdülkadir Efendi]]<br /> *[[Müstakimzâde Süleyman Sadeddin]] — Tefsîru sûreti’l-Fâtiha<br /> *[[Süleyman el-Ezherî]]<br /> <br /> == 19. yüzyıl ==<br /> *[[Senâullah-i Dehlevi]] (1730 - 1810) — ''Tefsir'ül Mazherî''<br /> *[[İsmail Müfid Efendi]] (? - 1802) — ''Kadı Beydavî Tefsiri haşiyesi''<br /> *[[Bursalı Abdüllatif Efendi]] (1776 - 1831) — ''[[Fütuhât-i Kenz-i Kur'an]]'', ''[[Zübdet'ül Beyân]]''<br /> *[[Giritli Sırrı Paşa]] (1844 - 1895)<br /> <br /> == 20. yüzyıl ==<br /> *[[Musa Kazım Efendi]] (1858 - 1911) — ''[[Safvet'ül Beyân fi Tefsir'il Kur'an]]''<ref>Bu eser tamamlanmamıştır.</ref><br /> *[[Muhammed Hamdi Yazır]] (1878 - 1942) — ''[[Hak Dini Kur'an Dili]]''<br /> *[[Mehmet Vehbi Çelik]] (1862 - 1949) — ''[[Hülâsat'ül Beyân fi Tefsir'il Kur'an]]''<br /> *[[Abdurrahmân b. Nâsır es-Sa'dî]] 1885 - 1957 — ''[[Teysîru'l-Kerîmu'r-Rahmân fî Tefsîri Kelâmi'l-Mennân]]''<br /> *[[Said Nursi]] (1876 - 1963) — ''[[Nur Risaleleri]]'', ''[[İşaretu'l-İ'caz|İşaret'ül İ'câz]]''<br /> *[[Seyyid Kutub]] (1906 - 1966) — ''[[Fî Zılâl'il Kur'an]]''<br /> *[[Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen]] (1884 - 1971) — ''[[Büyük Tefsîr Tarihi]]'', ''[[Kur'an'ı Kerim'in Türkçe Meal-i Âlîsi ve Tefsiri]]''<br /> *[[Ebu'l A'lâ el-Mevdudî]] (1903 - 1979) — [[Tefhim'ül Kur'an]]<br /> *[[Muhammed Hüseyin Tabatabaî]] (1902 - 1981) — [[El Mizan fi Tefsir'ul Kur'an]]<ref>Türkçeye 'Mîzan Tefsiri' olarak çevrilmiştir.</ref><br /> *[[İzzet Derveze]] (1888 - 1984) — ''[[Tefsirü'l Hadîs]]''<br /> *[[Muhammed Esed]] (1900 - 1992) — ''The Message of the Qur'an ([[Kur'an Mesajı]])''<br /> <br /> == Kaynaklar ve dipnotlar ==<br /> {{Kaynakça|2}}<br /> <br /> [[Kategori:Tefsir]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == German ==<br /> <br /> [[Datei:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|mini|Die erste Sure in einer Handschrift von Hattat Aziz Efendi (Transkription und Übersetzung auf der Bildbeschreibungsseite)]]<br /> Eine '''Koranübersetzung''' ist die inhaltliche Wiedergabe des [[Koran]]s in einer anderen Sprache als der [[Arabische Sprache|arabischen]] Ausgangssprache. Eine absolut eindeutige [[Übersetzung (Linguistik)|Übersetzung]] in andere Sprachen ist, wie bei allen Übersetzungen, unmöglich, weil jede Übersetzung zugleich eine [[Interpretation]] ist. Daher, und wegen entsprechend lautender [[Sure]]n, wird von islamischen Theologen das Studium des Korans im arabischen Originaltext empfohlen.<ref>Dazu sagt der Korantext über sich selbst: {{"|Er ist es, der die Schrift auf dich herabgesandt hat. Darin gibt es (eindeutig) bestimmte Verse (w. Zeichen) – sie sind die Urschrift – und andere, mehrdeutige.|Quelle=Sure 3, Vers 7 Übersetzung [[Rudi Paret]]}}.</ref><br /> <br /> Im deutschen Sprachgebrauch bezeichnet ''der Koran'' den Text an sich, auch in seinen Übersetzungen. Für viele Muslime hingegen ist das Wort ''Koran'' reserviert für den Text in arabischer Schrift, wobei es je nach sog. [[Lesarten des Korans|Lesart des Korans]] Abweichungen gibt (siehe auch [[Koran#Die Sammlung des Korans]]). Eine Übersetzung wird bei diesem engeren Begriffsverständnis meist als „Erläuterung des Korantextes“ oder „Bedeutung des Korans“ bezeichnet. Dies kann beim Leser, der einen [[Korankommentar]] oder eine Übersetzung sucht, zu Irritationen führen.<br /> <br /> == Geschichte der Übersetzung ==<br /> Aus byzantinischer Zeit sind Fragmente einer griechischen Koranübersetzung erhalten,<ref>Schriften zum Islam von Arethas und Euthymios Zigabenos und Fragmente der griechischen Koranübersetzung. Griechisch-deutsche Textausgabe von Karl Förstel ([[Corpus Islamo-Christianum]], Series Graeca, 7), Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2009.</ref> doch wurde er in Europa erst durch eine lateinische Übersetzung bekannt, die der [[Cluny|cluniazensische]] Abt [[Petrus Venerabilis]] 1143 in Auftrag gab. Das Werk wurde in der [[Übersetzerschule von Toledo]] in Spanien von dem Engländer [[Robert von Ketton]], Peter von Toledo, dem Mönch [[Hermann von Carinthia]] und dem Sarazenen Mohammed angefertigt. Diese Übersetzung wurde erstmals 1543 in einer Bearbeitung des Zürcher Theologen [[Theodor Bibliander]] in [[Basel]] gedruckt. Von Kettons Übersetzung orientiert sich bei schwierigen oder unklaren Stellen im Koran an der damaligen muslimischen Exegese, wie sie in [[Koranexegese|Tafsir]]-Werken greifbar ist. Die ketton'sche Koranübersetzung ist – abgesehen von kurzen Fragmenten – die älteste erhaltene Übersetzung des Korans in eine andere Sprache überhaupt. Sie diente als Vorlage für Übersetzungen ins Deutsche, Niederländische und Italienische. Eine bessere Übersetzung ins Lateinische aus der Übersetzerschule von Toledo stammt von [[Marcus von Toledo]] (1209/1210).<br /> <br /> Kurz vor seinem Tode übersetzte [[Johannes von Segovia]] zusammen mit [[Yça Gidelli]] (ʿĪsā ibn Ǧābir) wegen der Unzulänglichkeiten der älteren Übersetzungen Robert von Kettons den Koran vom Arabischen ins Spanische und vom Spanischen ins Lateinische. Diese Übersetzung ist nicht mehr erhalten.<br /> <br /> 1616 erschien in [[Nürnberg]] die erste deutsche Koranübersetzung von [[Salomon Schweigger]], auf 267 Seiten. Sie trug den Titel ''Alcoranus Mahumeticus, das ist: Der Türcken Alcoran, Religion und Aberglauben'' und war eine Übersetzung aus dem Italienischen, die wiederum auf der lateinischen Übersetzung beruhte.<br /> [[Datei:Koran by Megerlein 1772.jpg|mini|Titelblatt der Koranübersetzung von Megerlein 1772]]<br /> [[Datei:Der Koran by Friedrich Eberhard Boysen 1775.jpg|mini|Titelblatt der Koranübersetzung von Friedrich Eberhard Boysen in zweiter Ausgabe 1775.]]<br /> Erst im Jahre 1647 erschien die erste direkte Übersetzung, und zwar in das Französische. Der Übersetzer, [[André du Ryer]] (†&nbsp;1688), hatte lange Zeit als französischer Konsul in der [[Levante]] gelebt. Er zog für diese Version auch muslimische [[Korankommentar]]e hinzu.<br /> <br /> Eine weitere bedeutende Übersetzung erschien 1698 in [[Padua]] durch den Pater [[Ludovico Marracci]] (1612–1700). Seine Ausgabe enthält den arabischen Text mit einer lateinischen Version nebst Anmerkungen zum Textverständnis und einer Zurückweisung ''({{lang|la|[[refutatio]]}})'' aus [[Römisch-katholische Kirche|römisch-katholischer]] Sicht. Marracci, übrigens Beichtvater von Papst [[Innozenz XI.]], musste sich gegen den Einwand wehren, dass bereits Papst [[Alexander VII.]] es verboten hatte, den Koran zu drucken oder in andere Sprachen zu übersetzen.<ref>Megerlein 1772 in ''[[Die türkische Bibel, oder der Koran|Die türkische Bibel]]'' S. 16:</ref> Maraccis Übersetzung wurde 1703 von [[David Nerreter]] (1649–1726) ins Deutsche übertragen.<br /> <br /> Auf Deutsch kam 1746 eine weitere Übersetzung heraus, die von [[Theodor Arnold (Anglist)|Theodor Arnold]] angefertigt worden war. Dies war eine Übersetzung der englischen Übersetzung von [[George Sale]] (1697–1736) von 1734. Von Bedeutung ist sie, weil [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe]] sie für den ''[[West-östlicher Diwan|West-östlichen Diwan]]'' verwendete.<br /> <br /> Eine erste deutsche Übersetzung direkt aus dem Arabischen erstellte [[David Friederich Megerlin]] (1699–1778) [[Literaturjahr 1772|1772]] unter dem Titel ''[[Die türkische Bibel, oder der Koran]]'' neben einem Kupferstich von ''[[Mohammed|Mahumed]], der falsche Prophet''. Goethe bezeichnete sie öffentlich als „elende Produktion“. Megerlin ging es darum, den Koran als „Lügen- und Fabelbuch“ zu entlarven. 1773 kam die Übersetzung des [[Quedlinburg]]er [[Hofprediger]]s [[Friedrich Eberhard Boysen]] heraus (zweite verbesserte Ausgabe in Halle 1775), die 1828 vom Orientalisten [[Samuel Friedrich Günther Wahl]] (1760–1834) überarbeitet wurde. Alle diese bisherigen Übersetzungen ins Deutsche spiegelten stark Vorbehalte wider.<br /> <br /> 1798 versuchte [[Johann Christian Wilhelm Augusti]] (1772–1841) in dem von ihm herausgegebenen Auszug aus dem Koran die poetische Wirkung des Originals zu erhalten. Hierfür fertigte er seine Übersetzung in fünffüßigen [[Jambus|Jamben]] an. Mehr Erfolg hatte der Wiener Orientalist [[Josef von Hammer-Purgstall]], ein Lehrer Goethes wie von [[Friedrich Rückert]] (s.&nbsp;u.), dessen Auswahlübersetzung 1888 als bisher bester Versuch gilt, den poetischen Charakter des Originals nachzuahmen.<br /> <br /> Eine weitere Übersetzung stellt die von [[Lion Ullmann|Ludwig Ullmann]] dar, einem jüdischen Gelehrten des 19. Jahrhunderts.<ref>[[Susannah Heschel]] (Kollegium Jüdische Studien an der Humboldt-Universität Berlin): [https://www2.hu-berlin.de/kollegium-juedische-studien/pdfs/aktuelles/aktuelles/Heschel_Vortrag.pdf ''Die Wissenschaft des Judentums und der Islam: ein Vorbild für Deutschland im 21. Jahrhundert?'']{{Toter Link|date=2018-03 |archivebot=2018-03-25 17:38:58 InternetArchiveBot |url=https://www2.hu-berlin.de/kollegium-juedische-studien/pdfs/aktuelles/aktuelles/Heschel_Vortrag.pdf }} (PDF, 72 kB)</ref> Dieser übersetzte 1840 den Koran ins Deutsche.<ref>''Der Koran.'' Aus dem Arabischen wortgetreu neu übersetzt, und mit erläuternden Anmerkungen versehen, von Dr. Ludwig Ullmann. Druck und Verlag der J. H. Funcke’schen Buchhandlung, Crefeld 1840 ({{Google Buch | BuchID=1mRbAAAAMAAJ | Linktext=Volltext}}).</ref> Neu bearbeitet wurde diese Übersetzung von [[Leo Winter]] in den 1950er-Jahren<ref>''Der Koran: Das heilige Buch des Islam.'' Nach der Übertragung von Ludwig Ullmann neu bearbeitet und erläutert von Leo Winter. Ungekürzte Ausgabe. W. Goldmann, München 1959 ({{DNB|453511279}}).</ref> und ist heute noch erhältlich.<ref>{{Literatur |Titel=Der Koran: das heilige Buch des Islam |Auflage=1. Aufl. |Verlag=Goldmann |Ort=München |Datum=2007 |ISBN=978-3-442-21846-2}}</ref><br /> <br /> Die [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat]] brachte Koran-Übersetzungen in vielen verschiedenen Sprachen heraus. Der Übersetzung steht der arabische Originaltext gegenüber. Von ihr stammt auch die erste von Muslimen angefertigte Koranübersetzung ins Deutsche.<br /> <br /> Ein Muslim deutscher Muttersprache, der den Koran auch übersetzte, war [[Ahmad von Denffer]] 1996. Er versucht mehrere deutsche Entsprechungen eines arabischen Ausdrucks aufzuzählen, weshalb seine Ausgabe schwer lesbar ist. In der Islamwissenschaft ist seine Ausgabe nicht zitierfähig.<br /> <br /> Eine weitere deutschsprachige Übersetzung, die auch den arabischen Text und gleichzeitig zu jedem Vers eine Auswahl aus wichtigen, auf Deutsch übersetzten Kommentaren bringt, wurde von einer Gruppe deutschsprachiger Musliminnen unter Leitung von [[Fatima Grimm]] unter dem Titel ''Die Bedeutung des Koran'' 1997 herausgegeben. Diese Ausgabe ist jedoch eine stark traditionalistische, interpretierende Übersetzung, die sich am Zweck der Mission orientiert. Der Grimm’sche Koran findet daher in der Islamwissenschaft ebenfalls keine Verwendung. Eine weitere Übersetzung aus dem muslimischen Umfeld stammt von [[Amir Zaidan]] (s.&nbsp;u.).<br /> <br /> Wissenschaftliche Übersetzungen gab es im 20. Jahrhundert unter anderem von [[Lazarus Goldschmidt]] (1916), [[Max Henning]] (1901), [[Rudi Paret]] und [[Adel Khoury]] (siehe unten).<br /> <br /> Im Jahr 2008 erschien erstmals eine kind- und jugendgerechte Übersetzung. ''Der Koran für Kinder und Erwachsene'' wurde von der Islamwissenschaftlerin und Religionspädagogin [[Lamya Kaddor]] und der Leiterin des ''Instituts für Interreligiöse Pädagogik und Didaktik'' in Köln, [[Rabeya Müller]], angefertigt, kommentiert und herausgegeben. Das Werk stellt in zweierlei Hinsicht ein weiteres Novum dar: Die beiden Autorinnen haben eine Auswahl von Koranversen thematisch sortiert und den Text mit traditionellen islamischen Miniaturen illustriert. Kritiker halten dies für eine „ziemlich revolutionäre Tat in der islamischen Welt“.<ref>{{Der Spiegel|ID=56151518|Titel=Ist Nagellack verboten?|Autor=Beate Lakotta|Nr=11|Jahr=2008}}</ref> Der schwer zugängliche Offenbarungtext erhält mit diesem Buch erstmals eine inhaltliche Struktur, die es auch Laien ermöglicht, die Erzählungen des Korans in chronologischer Abfolge zu lesen. Zudem wurde ein einfaches und leicht verständliches Deutsch gewählt.<ref>Die Zeit: ''Koran ohne Schleier'', Ausgabe vom 13. März 2008 ([https://www.zeit.de/2008/12/P-Lamja-Kador online])</ref><br /> <br /> == Charakteristiken der Übersetzungen ==<br /> <br /> === Rückert (1888) ===<br /> [[Friedrich Rückert]] (1788–1866) versuchte, die Sprachkunst des Korans zu zeigen und die poetische Form wiederzugeben. Die koranische [[Reimprosa]] übersetzt Rückert mit gleichen Reimendungen, wobei sich die Reimwörter allerdings nicht immer entsprechen (können).<ref>Bobzin 1999, S. 90f.</ref> Durch diese Vorgehensweise büßt die Übersetzung allerdings an inhaltlicher Treue ein.<ref name="leitfaden">[[Johann Büssow]], Stefan Rosiny und Christian Saßmannshausen: ''ORIENTierung: Ein Leitfaden für (werdende) IslamwissenschaftlerInnen an der FU Berlin.'' 7. Auflage, Sommer 2013, Berlin ({{Webarchiv|text=Archivlink |url=https://www.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/e/islamwiss/studium/ORIENTierung-Leitfaden_fuer_Studierende/Orientierung_final_11Nov13.pdf?1384183948 |wayback=20160304205312 }} PDF; 553 kB).</ref><br /> <br /> {{Zitat|Im Namen Allahs, des Allerbarmers, des Barmherzigen!<br /><br /> Sprich: Gott ist Einer,<br /><br /> Ein ewig reiner,<br /><br /> hat nicht gezeugt und ihn gezeugt hat keiner,<br /><br /> und nicht ihm gleich ist einer.<br /> |Koran, Sure 112 [[Al-Ichlās|al-Ichlas]]|Übersetzung von Friedrich Rückert}}<br /> <br /> Seine Übersetzung erschien posthum 1888.<br /> <br /> === Henning (1901) ===<br /> Die Übersetzung von [[Max Henning]] erschien 1901 bei Philipp Reclam jun. in Leipzig. Verbreitet ist eine preiswerte von [[Annemarie Schimmel]] herausgegebene Ausgabe. Die Originalübersetzung ist nicht so nah am Original wie Paret und z. T. stilistisch veraltet („Weiber“ für „Frauen“), aber solide.<ref name="leitfaden" /> Die {{"|bewunderte Nähe zum Original}}, von der Murad Wilfried Hofmann spricht, können Islamwissenschaftler jedoch nicht sehen, Verwendung findet sie in der Wissenschaft dennoch nach wie vor.<br /> <br /> === Goldschmidt (1916) ===<br /> 1916 veröffentlichte der Orientalist [[Lazarus Goldschmidt]] in Berlin eine Übersetzung, die bis heute gedruckt wird. Bei seiner Übertragung des arabischen Textes ins Deutsche verzichtete Goldschmidt auf den Versuch, die poetische Komponente des Originals in der Übersetzung nachzubilden. Er legte den Schwerpunkt allein auf die inhaltliche Übertragung. Sprachlich wirkt der Text daher holprig.<ref name="leitfaden" /><br /> <br /> === Ahmadiyya (1939, 1954) ===<br /> Die erste deutsche, für Muslime herausgegebene Koranübersetzung wurde im Jahre 1939 in Berlin von dem damaligen Imam der [[Wilmersdorfer Moschee]] veröffentlicht. Anschließend folgte eine neue Übersetzung von der islamischen Reformgemeinde Ahmadiyya unter der Aufsicht von [[Mirza Baschir ud-Din Mahmud Ahmad]] im Jahre 1954. Seither wurde sie mehrfach überarbeitet, zuletzt im Jahre 2013 unter der Aufsicht vom Oberhaupt der Gemeinde [[Mirza Masroor Ahmad]].<br /> Nach Angaben der Gemeinde wurde der Koran durch die Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat in 70 Sprachen übersetzt, u.&nbsp;a. auch in chinesisch.<ref>{{Webarchiv|url=http://www.verlagderislam.de/product_info.php?info=p818_Der-Heilige-Koran-mit-Uebersetzung-auf-CHINESISCH.html&XTCsid=1f9e1505550a8ff0111f2b18fe5062f5 |wayback=20140416181226 |text=verlagderislam.de }}</ref> Die Übersetzung der 6348 Verse des Heiligen Koran umfassen auch die Eingangsverse, die so genannte Bismillah.<br /> <br /> Die erste deutsche Koranausgabe der [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat]] wurde bei ihrer Veröffentlichung 1954 von der [[Azhar (Ägypten)#Azhar-Universität|al-Azhar-Universität]] in Kairo gelobt und als herausragende deutsche Übersetzung bezeichnet.<ref>[https://www.koran-auf-deutsch.de/ The Oriental & Religious Publishing Corporation LTD; siehe auch]</ref><br /> <br /> === Paret (1966) ===<br /> Wissenschaftliche Standardübersetzung ist die im Jahr 1966 erstmals herausgegebene Ausgabe von [[Rudi Paret]]. Bobzin nennt sie die {{"|philologisch nach wie vor am besten begründete […] Übersetzung||Vorwort zu Bobzin 2004}}. Übersetzung und Kommentar richten sich an philologisch bewanderte Akademiker. Parets Kommentar und [[Konkordanz (Textwissenschaft)|Konkordanz]] (1971) liefern nicht unbedingt für Laien verständliche Hilfen zum Koranstudium, wohl aber fundierte Parallelstellen und Übersetzungsvarianten.<br /> <br /> {{Zitat<br /> |Parets Übersetzung ist deshalb von Bedeutung, weil sie erstmals vollen Ernst mit dem Gedanken macht, dass man den Koran als historisches Dokument aus sich selbst interpretieren muss. Paret hat daher den ganzen Koran systematisch auf Parallelstellen durchforscht und diese neben dem Material einheimischer Kommentare ausgewertet. Der Form nach ist die Übersetzung in ein leicht kommentierendes Gewand gekleidet, und zwar dergestalt, dass dem Leser durch Klammerzusätze verschiedenen Umfanges über den sprachlichen Ausdruck hinaus das Gemeinte deutlich gemacht wird.<br /> |Helmut Gätje<br /> |Quelle=''Koran und Koranexegese''<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Helmut Gätje |Titel=Koran und Koranexegese |Verlag=Artemis |Datum=1971 |Seiten=48f}}</ref>}}<br /> <br /> Die Übersetzung Parets wird jedoch unter anderem von [[Navid Kermani]] kritisiert, da sie die ästhetische Form des Originals zugunsten des vermeintlichen Inhalts vernachlässige. Betrachte man den Koran jedoch als einen poetisch strukturierten Text, so ergebe sich die eigentliche Bedeutung erst durch das Zusammenspiel von Form und Inhalt. Kermani kritisiert weiterhin die deutsche Orientalistik, welche weitestgehend Parets Übersetzung als die authentischste anerkennt, woran sich seiner Meinung nach „die Mängel der orientalistischen Verstehensstrategie, welche die Verse auf ihre bloße Mitteilung reduziert (...)“, zeigen.<ref>Navid Kermani, ''Gott ist schön. Das ästhetische Erleben des Koran, Verlag C.H. Beck, München'' 2007, S. 153–154</ref><br /> <br /> === Bubenheim & Elyas (1980er Jahre) ===<br /> ''Der edle Quran und die Übersetzung seiner Bedeutungen in die deutsche Sprache'' ist eine Koranübersetzung von [[Nadeem Elyas]] und [[Frank Bubenheim]] (alias "Abdullah as-Samit") ab den 1980er Jahren.<ref>''Der edle Quran und die Übersetzung seiner Bedeutungen in die deutsche Sprache''. Übersetzung: Scheich ʿAbdullāh aṣ-Sāmit Frank Bubenheim und [[Nadeem Elyas]]. [[König-Fahd-Komplex zum Druck vom Qurʾān]]. al-Madina al-munawwara. (o. J.)</ref><br /> Vom saudischen Religionsministerium in Auftrag gegebene und beglaubigte Version, daher traditionalistischem Koranverständnis verpflichtet. Diese Übersetzung enthält eine ausführliche Kommentierung und Übersetzungsalternativen bei uneindeutigen Stellen. Der Versuch, möglichst nah am Text zu übersetzen, ist etwas gewöhnungsbedürftig, die Übersetzung ist aber gut lesbar. Diese Übersetzung wurde auf Anordnung des saudi-arabischen Königs [[Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz]] herausgegeben.<ref name="leitfaden" /> Sie findet sich in einer Version ohne erläuternde Fußnoten auf der Website islam.de des [[Zentralrat der Muslime in Deutschland|Zentralrats der Muslime in Deutschland]], wo sie die zuvor hauptsächlich angebotene [[#Rassoul (1986)|Übersetzung von Rassoul (s. u.)]] ersetzte.<br /> <br /> === Rassoul (1986) ===<br /> [[Muhammad Rassoul|Muhammad Ahmad Rassouls]] erstmals 1986 unter dem Titel ''Die ungefähre Bedeutung des Al-Qur’an Al-Karim in deutscher Sprache'' erschienene Übersetzung ist ursprünglich zweisprachig (arabisch & deutsch) konzipiert.<ref name="Kogel">Eva Marie Kogel: ''Mit anderen Worten''. In: ''[[zenith – Zeitschrift für den Orient]]'', 23. April 2012 ({{Webarchiv|text=online |url=https://www.zenithonline.de/deutsch/gesellschaft//artikel/mit-anderen-worten-002826/ |wayback=20131231050546 }})</ref> Bereits der Titel verrät die traditionelle Einstellung, die eine vollkommene Übersetzung des Korans nicht für möglich hält.<ref>Michael G. Carter: ''Probleme bei der Übersetzung von Fachsprache am Beispiel des Arabischen''. In: Armin Paul Frank, [[Kurt-Jürgen Maaß]], [[Fritz Paul (Skandinavist)|Fritz Paul]], [[Horst Turk]] (Hrsg.): ''Übersetzen, verstehen, Brücken bauen. Geisteswissenschaftliches und literarisches Übersetzen im internationalen Kulturaustausch'' (= ''Göttinger Beiträge zur internationalen Übersetzungsforschung''. Band 8, Teil 1). Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 1993, S. 137.</ref><br /> <br /> Die Rassoul-Übersetzung wird im ''Leitfaden "ORIENTierung"'' des Instituts für Islamwissenschaft der [[Freie Universität Berlin|Freien Universität Berlin]] wegen ihrer starken „Anlehnung an die arabische Ausdrucksweise und mit Hang zur beschönigenden Apologetik“ als „eher weniger empfehlenswert“ bewertet.<ref>Johann Büssow, Stefan Rosiny und Christian Saßmannshausen: ''ORIENTierung: Ein Leitfaden für (werdende) IslamwissenschaftlerInnen an der FU Berlin''. 7. Auflage, Sommer 2013, Berlin, S. 26 ({{Webarchiv|text=PDF |url=https://www.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/e/islamwiss/studium/ORIENTierung-Leitfaden_fuer_Studierende/Orientierung_final_11Nov13.pdf?1384183948 |wayback=20160304205312 }}, 553 KB).</ref> Dirk Hartwig (FU Berlin) urteilte, sie sei wissenschaftlich „nicht so bedeutsam“.<ref>Nora Schareika: ''Salafisten nutzen speziellen Koran: Übersetzung ist entscheidend''. n-tv.de, 13. April 2012 ([https://www.n-tv.de/politik/Uebersetzung-ist-entscheidend-article6018511.html online]).</ref> [[Thomas Bauer (Arabist)|Thomas Bauer]] (Universität Münster) tadelte sie als „stilistisch schlecht“ und [[Translatologie|übersetzungswissenschaftlich]] „nicht adäquat“.<ref>In: [[Phoenix Runde]] vom 17. April 2012 (online [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U36VfNQBGWs#t=2m59s hier])</ref> [[Hartmut Bobzin]] nennt die Rassoul-Übersetzung als ein Beispiel für das „geradezu gang und gäbe“ gewordene „Verfahren der lateinischen Transkription des arabischen Textes – oft mit vorwissenschaftlichen, geradezu abenteuerlichen Methoden“.<ref>Hartmut Bobzin: ''Was heißt es, den Koran zu übersetzen? Anmerkungen anlässlich einer neuen Koranübersetzung''. In: Andreas Kablitz und [[Christoph Markschies]] (Hrsg.): ''Heilige Texte. Religion und Rationalität''. De Gruyter, Berlin u.&nbsp;a. 2013, S. 128, FN. 21.</ref><br /> <br /> In einer von [[Ahmad von Denffer]] ([[Islamisches Zentrum München]]) zusammengestellten und auf dem Webspace der saudi-arabischen Regierung bereitgestellten Liste von Koranübersetzungen ins Deutsche wird die Rassoul-Übersetzung als erste vollständige Übersetzung des Korans aus dem Arabischen ins Deutsche durch einen arabischen bzw. sunnitischen Muslim genannt; es sei jedoch offensichtlich, dass Rassoul vieles von früheren deutschen Übersetzungen entlehnt habe.<ref>Ahmad von Denffer: ''History of the Translation of the Meanings of the Qur’an in Germany up to the Year 2000. A Bibliographic Survey'' ([http://jqrs.qurancomplex.gov.sa/en/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/History-of-German-Quran-Translations1.pdf PDF]).</ref> [[Murad Wilfried Hofmann]] nannte den durchdringenden Einfluss von Hennings Übersetzung auf die Rassoul-Übersetzung offensichtlich. Die Übersetzung sei zwar nicht Wort für Wort, bleibe aber oft wegen ihrer großen Nähe am koranischen Text holprig.<ref>Murad Wilfried Hofmann: ''German Translations of the Holy Qur'ān''. In: ''Islamic Studies'', Vol. 41, No. 1. Islamic Research Institute, [[International Islamic University, Islamabad]], Spring 2002, S. 91f; Murad W. Hofmann: ''Germany and the Qur'an''. In: ''Journal of Qur'anic Studies''. Vol. 2, No. 1. Edinburgh University Press on behalf of the Centre for Islamic Studies at SOAS, 2000, 145f.</ref><br /> <br /> Die Übersetzung Rassouls ist populär. So war sie bis September 2009 die hauptsächliche vom [[Zentralrat der Muslime in Deutschland]] (ZMD) auf seiner Website islam.de kostenlos angebotene, bis sie durch [[#Bubenheim & Elyas 1980er|die von Bubenheim & Elyas]] ersetzt wurde.<ref>Vergleiche {{Webarchiv | url=http://islam.de/13822.php | wayback=20090916185331 | text=}} mit zum Beispiel {{Webarchiv | url=http://islam.de/1422.php | wayback=20090216193648 | text=}} und siehe auch den Vermerk im ''Leitfaden "ORIENTierung"'' des Instituts für Islamwissenschaft der FU Berlin.</ref> Rassouls Übersetzung gehört neben der von [[Fatima Grimm]] zu den zwei vom ZMD in seinem 1999 herausgegebenen Lehrplan für islamischen [[Religionsunterricht in Deutschland|Religionsunterricht]] empfohlenen Koranübersetzungen.<ref>Irka-Christin Mohr: ''Islamischer Religionsunterricht in Europa. Lehrtexte als Instrumente muslimischer Selbstverortung im Vergleich''. transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2006, S. 68–69.</ref> Zuletzt erhielt sie besondere Aufmerksamkeit durch die Ende 2011 initiierte [[Koranverteilungskampagne in Deutschland]] des Salafisten [[Ibrahim Abou-Nagie]], die Rassouls Übersetzung (in einer rein deutschen Ausgabe<ref name="Kogel" /> und mit einer Kommentierung des deutschen Konvertiten [[Frank Bubenheim]]<ref>Florian Flade: ''Ein Koran in jedem deutschen Haushalt''. Die Welt, 8. April 2012 ([https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article106163929/Ein-Koran-in-jedem-deutschen-Haushalt.html online]).</ref>) verwendet.<ref name="FAZ">Joseph Croitoru: ''Alle Spuren führen nach Ägypten''. FAZ.NET, 25. April 2012 ([https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/koran-verteilung-alle-spuren-fuehren-nach-aegypten-11730301.html online]).</ref> Dabei wurde von verschiedener Seite angemerkt, dass die Übersetzung zu weiten Teilen mit der [[#Ahmadiyya (1939, 1954)|Übersetzung der Ahmadiyya]] übereinstimmt.<ref>So Eva Marie Kogel: ''Mit anderen Worten''. In: ''zenith – Zeitschrift für den Orient'', 23. April 2012 ({{Webarchiv|text=online |url=https://www.zenithonline.de/deutsch/gesellschaft//artikel/mit-anderen-worten-002826/ |wayback=20131231050546 }}); [[Thomas Bauer (Arabist)|Thomas Bauer]] in der [[Phoenix Runde]] vom 17. April 2012 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U36VfNQBGWs#t=1m20s hier]</ref><br /> <br /> === Khoury (1987) ===<br /> [[Adel Theodor Khoury]] schrieb im Vorwort seiner Übersetzung: {{"|Bei den bisher gebräuchlichen deutschen Ausgaben des Korans vermissen die Muslime oft ein ausreichendes Einfühlungsvermögen in ihr Denken. Sie werfen ihnen vor, zumeist ihrem Koranverständnis nicht zu entsprechen. Auch wird von den christlichen Gesprächspartnern an die Muslime immer dringender die Frage nach einer 'authentischen' deutschsprachigen Version des Korans herangetragen, […]||S.&nbsp;IX}}. Diesem Anliegen will Khoury mit seiner Übersetzung Rechnung tragen, die er zusammen mit Muhammad Salim Abdullah anfertigte. Es existiert dazu auch eine zwölfbändige wissenschaftliche Ausgabe, in der neben Übersetzung und Urtext auch ein umfangreicher Kommentar eingebunden ist. Adel Khoury, dessen Ausgabe sehr gut zu lesen ist, gab sowohl in seiner Übersetzung als Anhang als auch als eigenes Buch<ref>Adel Khoury: ''So sprach der Prophet''; GTB Siebenstern 785; Gütersloh: Mohn, 1988; ISBN 3-579-00785-8</ref> eine Auswahl an [[Hadith]]en neben umfangreicher Sekundärliteratur zum Verhältnis von Muslimen mit Christen heraus. Da Khoury bei kritischen Stellen die Härte herausnimmt, ist eine wissenschaftliche Verwendung schwierig und in der Islamwissenschaft selten, es sei denn zur Dokumentation der gängigen zeitgenössischen und mehrheitlichen muslimischen Auslegungspraxis.<br /> <br /> === Henning/Hofmann (1998) ===<br /> Weit verbreitet ist eine Bearbeitung der Übersetzung Hennings von Murad Wilfried Hofmann, die auch von deutschen Muslimen, besonders wenn es um Werbung für den Islam ([[Da'wa]]) geht, gerne benutzt wird. In diese Übersetzung flossen jedoch viele Interpretationen Hofmanns ein, die den Koran entschärfen, besonders an Stellen, die für das Verhältnis zwischen Muslimen und Nichtmuslimen charakteristisch sind. Sie glättet auch kritische Stellen im Sinne einer liberalen Islamauslegung und ist daher für den wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch weniger geeignet.<ref name="leitfaden" /><br /> <br /> === Azhar / Maher (1999) ===<br /> Bobzin schreibt dazu:<br /> {{Zitat<br /> |Im Auftrag der Azhar-Universität übersetzte der ägyptische Germanist Moustafa Maher den Text neu (Kairo 1999).<br /> |Quelle={{Literatur |Titel=Der Koran |Auflage=5. |Verlag=Beck |Ort=München |Datum=2004 |Seiten=122}} }}<br /> <br /> Die Übersetzung Mahers ist in gutem zeitgemäßen Deutsch verfasst und flüssig zu lesen. Sie hat einen Hang zur Beschönigung und folgt im Übrigen gängigem zeitgenössischem muslimischem Koranverständnis.<ref name="leitfaden" /><br /> <br /> === Zaidan (2000) ===<br /> Über die Übersetzung des Islamwissenschaftlers [[Amir Zaidan]] schreibt Bobzin: {{"|Völlig neue Wege schlägt die Übersetzung von Amir Zaidan ein (Offenbach 2000), der viele zentrale theologische Begriffe in ihrer arabischen Form stehenlässt, wie beispielsweise Iman für ‚Glaube‘ oder [[Taqwa]] für ‚Gottesfurcht‘.||S.&nbsp;122}} Zaidan schreibt selbst in der Einleitung seiner Übersetzung über den {{"|neue(n) Ansatz im Umgang mit der islamischen Terminologie, nämlich die Verwendung nicht-übertragbarer islamischer Fachbegriffe als Fremdwörter, wie beispielsweise Iman, Din, Schirk, Kafir oder Wali. Ich erachte diese Methode für unabdingbar, um einer Entstellung des quranischen Inhaltes und der quranischen Botschaft vorzubeugen. Schließlich findet diese Methode auch in anderen Wissenschaftsdisziplinen wie Informatik (englische Nomenklatur) oder Medizin (lateinische Nomenklatur) ihre berechtigte Anwendung.||S.&nbsp;17}} Als Begründung führt er an:<br /> <br /> {{Zitat<br /> |So heißt es beispielsweise in meiner Erläuterung von (4:144): ‚Ihr, die den Iman verinnerlicht habt! Nehmt euch die Kafir nicht als Wali anstelle der Mumin!‘ Ignoriert man nun die eigentliche Bedeutung dieses Begriffs [''Wali:'' … „Eine Person/Umma als Wali zu nehmen“ heißt dieser Person/Umma die größtmögliche Priorität vor allen anderen Personen/Umam einräumen. Muslime pflegen mit der eigenen islamischen Umma die engste, innigste und intensivste Beziehung, sowohl im rationalen als auch im emotionalen Bereich.] und verwendet das hier völlig unpassende Wort ‚Freund‘ für ‚Wali‘, […] dann liest sich die ‚Übersetzung‘ folgendermaßen: ‚Ihr Gläubigen, Nehmt euch die Ungläubigen nicht als Freunde anstelle der Gläubigen!‘ Nach dieser Übersetzung erscheint es, als sei es den Muslimen nicht gestattet, Nicht-Muslime zu Freunden zu nehmen. Dies ist eindeutig falsch!}}<br /> Aufgrund der zahlreichen arabischen Begriffe ist diese Übersetzung in der ersten Auflage teilweise schwierig zu lesen und in der Islamwissenschaft nicht zitierfähig.<ref name="leitfaden" /> Im Jahr 2009 wurde vom islamologischen Institut eine grundlegend überarbeitete Auflage herausgegeben. So entwickelte Zaidan zum einen eine eigene Transliteration des Korantextes. Ziel war es dabei, "ein einfach lesbares Transkriptionssystem zu entwickeln, das vor allem die Schwierigkeiten der Nicht-Kenner des Arabischen berücksichtigt."<ref name="At-tafsiir">Amir Zaidan (2009): At-tafsiir. Die islamologische Enzyklopädie. Der Quraan-Text und seine Transkription und Übersetzung (2. Auflage, Band 1 S. 9–10). (islamologisches Institut, Hrsg.), Wien: IBIZ-Wien.</ref> Zum Anderen wurde auch die Übersetzung grundlegend überarbeitet, wobei drei Schwerpunkte gesetzt wurden: "Der erste Schwerpunkt lag darin, die Übersetzung lesbarer und flüssiger zu gestalten." Zu diesem Zweck übersetzte Zaidan (anders als in der ersten Auflage) die meisten Fachbegriffe entsprechend ihrer "jeweils höchstwahrscheinliche[n] Bedeutung" in dem jeweiligen Kontext ins Deutsche.<ref name="At-tafsiir" /> Der zweite Schwerpunkt lag darin, "dem Leser andere mögliche Interpretationen mancher Aayaat [d.&nbsp;h. Koranverse] aufzuzeigen", die von hoher theologischer Relevanz sind, was der Autor anhand des Beispiels von Sure 28:56 verdeutlicht, welche wie folgt übersetzt werden kann: "(...) ALLAAH leitet recht, wen ER will (...)" oder aber "(...) ALLAAH leitet denjenigen recht, der will (...)".<ref name="At-tafsiir" /> Der dritte Schwerpunkt bei der Überarbeitung war "die stilistische Vereinfachung der Übersetzung und die Erläuterung verschiedener Zusammenhänge in den Fußnoten."<ref name="At-tafsiir" /><br /> <br /> === Zirker (2003) ===<br /> Die recht neue Übersetzung [[Hans Zirker]]s von 2003, inzwischen 2018 in sechster, erneut revidierter Auflage erschienen, bietet eine fundierte Übersetzung, die philologisch auf dem neuesten Stand ist. Er bemüht sich um Lesbarkeit in zeitgemäßem Deutsch und ist einer Annäherung an den koranischen Sprachduktus bemüht, ohne dabei zu stark vom Wortsinn abzuweichen.<ref name="leitfaden" /><ref>[http://81.201.103.204/static/content/primus/20080408/978-3-89678-606-7/v978-3-89678-606-7.pdf Leseprobe der Übersetzung von Hans Zirker]{{Toter Link|date=2018-03 |archivebot=2018-03-25 17:38:58 InternetArchiveBot |url=http://81.201.103.204/static/content/primus/20080408/978-3-89678-606-7/v978-3-89678-606-7.pdf }}</ref><br /> <br /> {{Zitat<br /> |Zirkers Koran-Ausgabe […] macht es dem Leser leichter als so mancher akademische Vorgänger-Versuch, in diese gefürchtete, manchmal gar nicht so fremde Welt des islamischen Buches hineinzublicken. Und sie erleichtert ihm, die glühende Faszination zumindest ansatzweise nachzufühlen, die mehr als eine Milliarde Menschen für dieses Buch und seine Inhalte empfinden.<br /> |General-Anzeiger Bonn<ref>[http://e-ausleihe.stbib-koeln.de/koeln/frontend/mediaInfo,0-0-351969093-100-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html StadtBibliothek Köln]{{Toter Link|date=2018-03 |archivebot=2018-03-25 17:38:58 InternetArchiveBot |url=http://e-ausleihe.stbib-koeln.de/koeln/frontend/mediaInfo,0-0-351969093-100-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html }}</ref>}}<br /> <br /> === Kaddor / Müller (Auswahlübersetzung 2008) ===<br /> Der ''Koran für Kinder und Erwachsene'' von [[Lamya Kaddor]] und [[Rabeya Müller]] ist eine der umstrittensten Übersetzungen.<ref>Lamya Kaddor, Rabeya Müller: ''Der Koran für Kinder und Erwachsene.'' Nachwort. 2. Auflage, München 2008, S. 227.</ref> Sie stößt sowohl bei konservativen Muslimen als auch bei Islamkritikern auf Missfallen. Die einen prangern den Eingriff in das unabänderbare [[Wort Gottes]] an, weil die Autorinnen erstmals die Abfolge der Verse und Suren thematisch geordnet haben, und sie monieren die erstmalige Verwendung von Bildern in einem Korantext. Die anderen reiben sich ob der Auswahl der Verse, die umstrittene Themen wie Kopftuch oder „Heiliger Krieg“ ausspart, die Augen. Kaddor/Müller haben nicht den gesamten Text übersetzt, sondern nur Auszüge. Ähnlich wie bei [[Kinderbibel]]n geht es den Autorinnen um eine Hinführung zu den Ursprüngen und Quellen des Glaubens, der Schönheit und der Möglichkeiten, die in einer Religion wohnen.<ref name="sz14052008">Süddeutsche Zeitung: ''Fromm und aufgeklärt'', 14. Mai 2008, Autor: [[Matthias Drobinski]]</ref> Ziel der beiden ist es, den Leser an das Original heranzuführen. Entsprechend steht links der arabische Originaltext und rechts dessen deutsche Entsprechung.<ref name="sz14052008" /><br /> <br /> Die Verwendung von Abbildungen, die die Propheten inklusive des Religionsstifters [[Mohammed]] zeigen, wird mit pädagogischen Überlegungen begründet.<ref>Deutschlandradio Kultur: ''Erster Zugang zum Koran'', Interview vom 26. März 2008</ref> Ausgewählt wurden keine modernen Zeichnungen, sondern klassische [[Persische Miniaturmalerei|islamische Miniaturen]] aus dem Mittelalter und der frühen Neuzeit. Das heißt, die Urheber der Bilder waren selbst Muslime. Nach Meinung des Deutschlandradios Kultur ist das ein Kunstgriff, um sich dem [[Bilderverbot im Islam]] zu widersetzen.<ref>Deutschlandradio Kultur, Rezension vom 28. Mai 2008, 9:33 Uhr, Autor: Thilo Guschas</ref><br /> <br /> Der Text ist in einfachen Worten gehalten. Weder versucht er die altertümliche Sprache des Korans nachzuahmen, noch handelt es sich um eine [[Paraphrasierung]] des Textes. Kaddor/Müller haben sich bemüht, möglichst nahe am Original zu bleiben. Die [[Welt am Sonntag]] charakterisiert das Werk als ein gut verständliches und geordnetes Lesebuch mit unverkennbar liberal-muslimischer Handschrift.<ref>Till Stoldt: ''Das Heilige Buch der Lieben und Liberalen?'' In: ''Welt am Sonntag.'' 13. April 2008.</ref> Nach den jeweiligen Kapiteln folgt stets eine kurze Zusammenfassung in eigenen Worten und eine Erläuterung der zuvor übersetzten Passagen.<br /> <br /> Das Buch enthält zwölf thematische Kapitel, mit Bezügen zu Gott, Schöpfung, Mitmenschen, Propheten oder [[Dschanna|Paradies]] und [[Dschahannam|Hölle]]. In einem eigenen Kapitel über vorbildliche Frauen im Koran werden [[Maryam]], die biblische Maria Mutter Jesu, und Balkis, die Königin von Saba vorgestellt.<br /> <br /> Nach Angaben des Verlages C.H.Beck war die erste Auflage nach nur einer Woche ausverkauft.<br /> <br /> === Karimi (2009) ===<br /> Im Oktober 2009 legte [[Ahmad Milad Karimi]] eine vollständige Neuübersetzung des Korans vor, die im Verlag Herder (Freiburg) erschienen ist. Herausgeber ist der Theologe und Religionswissenschaftler [[Bernhard Uhde]], der auch eine Einführung in den Koran liefert.<br /> <br /> Karimi, der 1994 mit seiner Familie aus Afghanistan nach Deutschland floh und in Darmstadt und Freiburg Islamwissenschaft und Philosophie studierte, sucht in seiner Übersetzung konsequent die größtmögliche Nähe zum Original und betont dabei die poetische Qualität des Korans. Damit liegt seine Übersetzung auf einer Linie mit einer Reihe angekündigter, aber bisher nicht abgeschlossener poetischer Übersetzungen (siehe unten).<br /> <br /> Wie der Muslim Karimi in seinem Nachwort zur Übersetzung erläutert, stehen für ihn „neben der philologischen Genauigkeit auch und vor allem die ästhetische Atmosphäre des Korangesangs“ im Mittelpunkt.<ref>Ahmad Milad Karimi (Übers.): ''Der Koran.'' Herder, Freiburg, 2009, ISBN 978-3-451-30292-3, S. 559</ref> Es geht Karimi um die Vermittlung jener „ästhetisch-poetischen Erfahrung“, die „die Religiosität der Muslime grundlegend bestimmt.“<ref>Ahmad Milad Karimi (Übers.): ''Der Koran.'' Herder, Freiburg, 2009, ISBN 978-3-451-30292-3, S. 558.</ref> Entsprechend ist seine Übersetzung eine, die erklärtermaßen für die Rezitation bestimmt (und entsprechend mit Atemzeichen versehen) ist. Karimi vermeidet in seiner Übersetzung ausdrücklich, sperrige oder dunkle Passagen, die auch das arabische Original für viele Hörer und Leserinnen kennzeichnen, zu glätten oder verständlicher machen zu wollen. Dies soll dem Leser&nbsp;– neben einer ästhetischen Bewegung&nbsp;– auch ein Erlebnis von fundamentaler Fremdheit und Unendlichkeit ermöglichen, was die Rezeption des Korans auszeichnen soll.<br /> <br /> === Bobzin (2010) ===<br /> Wie im Vorwort seines Koranlesebuchs zu lesen, erscheint [[Hartmut Bobzin]] die Rückertsche Koranübersetzung an vielen Stellen nicht mehr ohne weiteres verständlich, so dass der deutsche Text Friedrich Rückerts schon einer Erläuterung bedürfe. So ist bei Bobzin der Gedanke entstanden, eine eigene Koranübersetzung zu beginnen. Bobzin weist in seinem Vorwort auch die gängige muslimische Meinung zurück, nur ein Muslim könne den Koran übersetzen.<br /> <br /> Hartmut Bobzin hat eine ganze Reihe von Übersetzungsproben in seinem „Koranlesebuch“ sowie im Buch „Josef in Ägypten“ vorgestellt; seine vollständige Koranübersetzung erschien 2010.<ref>[https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/rezensionen/belletristik/hartmut-bobzin-neu-uebertragen-der-koran-der-mensch-ist-nicht-aus-tesafilm-gemacht-1971761.html Rezension] in der [[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|FAZ]]</ref><br /> <br /> === Neuwirth (seit 2011) ===<br /> Die Arabistin [[Angelika Neuwirth]] legt seit 2011 im Verlag der Weltreligionen einen ausführlichen Handkommentar mit eigener Neuübersetzung des Korans vor. Von der auf fünf Bände berechneten Ausgabe sind bislang (Stand 2017) die ersten beiden erschienen.<ref>Angelika Neuwirth (Hrsg.): ''Der Koran. Band 1: Frühmekkanische Suren. Poetische Prophetie.'' Handkommentar mit Übersetzung von Angelika Neuwirth. Verlag der Weltreligionen, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-458-70034-0. ''Band 2/1: Frühmittelmekkanische Suren.'' Verlag der Weltreligionen, Berlin 2017.</ref> Für ihren Einsatz „für eine an den historischen Quellen orientierte Übersetzung des Korans“, der in ihrer Vorarbeit ''Der Koran als Text der Spätantike''<ref>Angelika Neuwirth: ''Der Koran als Text der Spätantike. Ein europäischer Zugang.'' Verlag der Weltreligionen, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-458-71026-4.</ref> dokumentiert ist, erhielt Neuwirth 2010 den Wissenschaftspreis der [[Fritz-Behrens-Stiftung]] verliehen.<ref>Juliane Kaune: ''Fritz-Behrens-Stiftung / Zwei wichtige Forscherpreise aus Hannover''. In: ''[[Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung]]'' (HAZ) vom 13. Oktober 2010 ([https://www.haz.de/Hannover/Aus-der-Stadt/Uebersicht/Zwei-wichtige-Forscherpreise-aus-Hannover online], abgerufen am 7. März 2013)</ref><br /> <br /> == Gegenüberstellung der Übersetzungen ==<br /> Für die Gegenüberstellung wurde die berühmte [[Sure 97]] gewählt.<br /> <br /> {{Zitat-ar<br /> |Text=إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَاهُ فِي لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ<br />وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ<br />لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ خَيْرٌ مِّنْ أَلْفِ شَهْرٍ<br />تَنَزَّلُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ وَالرُّوحُ فِيهَا بِإِذْنِ رَبِّهِم مِّن كُلِّ أَمْرٍ<br /><br /> سَلَامٌ هِيَ حَتَّى مَطْلَعِ الْفَجْرِ&lrm;<br /> |Quelle=97) Sūrat al-Qadr<br /> |Umschrift=Bismi llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi<br />ʾInnā ʾanzalnāhu fī lailati l-qadri<br />Wa-mā ʾadrāka mā lailatu l-qadri<br />Lailatu l-qadri ḫairun min ʾalfi šahrin<br />Tanazzalu l-malāʾikatu wa-r-rūḥu fīhā bi-ʾiḏni rabbihim min kulli ʾamrin<br />Salāmun hiya ḥattā maṭlaʿi l-faǧri<br /> |Übersetzung=[[#Megerlein|Megerlein]], [[#Boysen|Boysen]], [[#Ulmann|Ulmann]], [[#Rückert|Rückert]], …<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === {{Anker|Megerlein}} David Friederich Megerlein (1772) ===<br /> [[Datei:Koran by Megerlein, 1772, Sure 97.jpg|mini|Megerlein: Sure 97]]<br /> '''Des Alkorans 97stes Capitel, betitult:<br />Die Nacht der Allmacht (Alkadar)'''.<br />Es ist von [[Medina]], und hat 5 Verse.<br /> <br /> Im Nahmen Gottes, des barmherzigsten Erbarmers.<br /> # Gewiß, wir haben den Alkoran herabgelassen in der Nacht Alkadar, das ist, der Allmacht.<br /> # Wer will dir aber genug zu verstehen geben, was die Nacht Alkadar, oder der Macht, für herrliche Vorzüge habe?<br /> # Es ist nemlich diese Nacht, Alkadar, das ist, der Macht, weit besser, als tausend andere Monathe.<br /> # Dann in derselben Nacht sind herabgeschickt worden die Engel und Geister, auf Befehl ihres Herrn, mit den göttlichen Rathschlüssen von allen Dingen.<br /> # Lauter Frieden ist dieselbe Nacht, bis zu dem Aufgang der Morgenröthe.<br /> <br /> === {{Anker|Boysen}} Friedrich Eberhard Boysen (1775) ===<br /> '''Das XCVII. Kapitel'''<ref>Zweyte verbesserte Ausgabe</ref><br /><br /> '''Alkadar'''<ref>Der Originaltext ist fortlaufend und enthält nicht die hier in der Wikipedia vorgenommene Versgliederung. Anmerkung t&#41; im Originaltext: „Die Nacht der Herrlichkeit, die Nacht der Macht. Man weiß nicht, wo diese Sure geoffenbahrt seyn soll.“</ref><br /> <br /> Im Namen Gottes, des allerbarmherzigsten Erbarmers.<br /> # Gewiß wir haben den Koran in der Nacht Alkadar geoffenbahrt.<br /> # (Wer wird dir aber von der Nacht Alkadar einen gründlichen Unterricht geben können?)<br /> # Die Nacht Alkadar ist unendlich besser als tausend Monate.<br /> # Denn in derselben steigen die Engel und Gabriel, auf den Befehl ihres Herrn<br /> #: mit den göttlichen Rathschlüssen über alle Dinge in der Welt herab.<br /> # Heil herrscht durch diese ganze Nacht bis zum Anbruch des Tages.<br /> <br /> === {{Anker|Ulmann}} Ullmann (1840) ===<br /> '''Siebenundneunzigste Sure.'''<br /><br /> Al’ Kadar 2).<br /><br /> Geoffenbart zu Mekka 3).<ref>Der Originaltext ist fortlaufend und enthält nicht die hier in der Wikipedia vorgenommene Versgliederung.</ref><br /> <br /> Im Namen des allbarmherzigen Gottes.<br /> # Wahrlich, wir haben ihn, den Koran, in der Nacht Al’ Kadar geoffenbart.<br /> # Was lehrt dich aber begreifen, was die Nacht Al’ Kadar ist?<br /> # Die Nacht Al’ Kadar ist besser als tausend Monate.<br /> # In derselben stiegen herab die Engel mit dem Geiste 4),<br /> #: mit Erlaubniß ihres Herrn, mit den Bestimmungen Gottes über alle Dinge.<br /> # Friede und Heil bringt diese Nacht bis zur Morgenröthe.<br /> <br /> Anmerkungen:<br /><br /> 2) Al’ Kadar ist die Nacht der Herrlichkeit und Macht, in welcher der Engel Gabriel den Koran vom siebenten Himmel brachte. Vgl. Sure 44, Seite 426, Note 4.<br /><br /> 3) Nach Einigen zu Medina.<br /><br /> 4) D. h. der Engel Gabriel.<br /> <br /> === {{Anker|Rückert}} Rückert (1888) ===<br /> '''97<sup>e</sup> Sure'''<br /><br /> '''Die Nacht der Macht'''<br /> <br /> Im Namen Gottes des allbarmherzigen Erbarmers.<br /> # Wir sandten ihn hernieder in der Nacht der Macht.<br /> # Weißt du, was ist die Nacht der Macht?<br /> # Die Nacht der Macht ist mehr als was<br /> #: In tausend Monden wird vollbracht.<br /> # Die Engel steigen nieder und der Geist in ihr,<br /> #: Auf ihres Herrn Geheiß, daß alles sei bedacht.<br /> # Heil ist sie ganz und Friede, bis der Tag erwacht.<br /> <br /> ''Anm. „Die Segensformel (…) kehrt über jede Sure wieder, mit Ausnahme der neunten; wir haben sie überall weggelassen.“ (aus der Erläuterung der 1. Sure)''<br /> <br /> === {{Anker|Henning}} Henning (1901) ===<br /> 97 – Die Macht (Al-Qadr)<br /> <br /> Geoffenbart zu Mekka<br /> <br /> Im Namen Allahs, des Erbarmers, des Barmherzigen!<br /> # Siehe, Wir haben ihn in der Nacht al-Qadr geoffenbart.<br /> # Und was lehrt dich wissen, was die Nacht al-Qadr ist?<br /> # Die Nacht al-Qadr ist besser als tausend Monde.<br /> # Hinabsteigen die Engel und der Geist in ihr mit ihres Herrn Erlaubnis zu jeglichem Geheiß.<br /> # Frieden ist sie bis zum Aufgang der Morgenröte.<br /> <br /> === Goldschmidt (1916) ===<br /> 97 – Sura von (der Nacht) der Bestimmung<br /> Mekkanisch, aus 5 Versen bestehend<br /> <br /> IM NAMEN GOTTES, DES ALLERBARMERS, DES ALLBARMHERZIGEN.<br /> <br /> # Wahrlich, wir offenbarten ihn in der Nacht der Bestimmung*.<br /> # Was lehrt dich, was die Nacht der Bestimmung ist?<br /> # Die Nacht der Bestimmung ist besser als tausend Monde.<br /> # In ihr steigen die Engel nieder und der Geist, mit Verlaub ihres Herrn für alle Dinge.<br /> # Heil ist sie, bis zum Anbruch der Morgenröte.<br /> <br /> Anmerkungen zur 97. Sura<br /> <br /> * Oder Nacht der Macht<br /> Es ist dies die Nacht vom 23. zum 24. Ramadan, die „heilige Nacht der Bestimmung“, in der das<br /> Schicksal des Menschen für das ganze Jahr bestimmt wird, in dieser ist der Koran geoffenbart worden.<br /> <br /> === Sadr ud-Din (1939) ===<br /> 97. Die Macht (Al-Qadr)<br /> <br /> Im Namen Gottes, des Allerbarmers, des Allbarmherzigen.<br /> # Wir haben ja den (Koran) in der Nacht der Macht herabgesandt!<br /> # Und weißt du, was die Nacht der Macht ist?<br /> # Die Nacht der Macht ist besser als tausend Monate!<br /> # Es steigen darin herab die Engel und der Geist mit ihres Herrn Erlaubnis zu einem jeden Auftrag.<br /> # Friede! Bis zum Anbruch des Morgengrauens.<ref>[http://www.aaiil.org/german/germanholyquran/germanholyqurantranslationcommentary.shtml Der Koran by Maulana Sadr-ud-Din], 1. Auflage 1939; 2. unveränderte Neuauflage 1964; 3. unveränderte Neuauflage 2006</ref><br /> <br /> === Ahmadiyya (1954) ===<br /> '''Der Heilige Qur-ân'''<br /><br /> '''Die kraftvolle Nacht (Al-Qadr)'''<br /> <br /> # Im Namen Allahs, des Gnädigen, des Barmherzigen.<ref>In einer abweichenden Verszählung wird die [[Basmala]] als 1. Vers gezählt.</ref><br /> # Wahrlich, Wir sandten ihn (den Qur-ân) hernieder in der Nacht Al-Qadr.<br /> # Und was lehrt dich wissen, was die Nacht Al-Qadr ist?<br /> # Die Nacht Al-Qadr ist besser als tausend Monde.<br /> # In ihr steigen die Engel herab und der Geist nach dem Gebot ihres Herrn – mit jeder Sache<br /> # Friede währt bis zum Anbruch der Morgenröte.<ref>{{Webarchiv|text=Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat Deutschland |url=http://www.ahmadiyya.de/der-heilige-koran/deutsche-uebersetzung/4907-97-al-qadr.html |wayback=20101117223713 }}<br />[http://www.kuran.gen.tr/?x=s_main&y=s_middle&kid=7&sid=97 Kuran-i Kerim]</ref><br /> <br /> === Paret (1966) ===<br /> Sure 97<br /><br /> Die Bestimmung<br /> <br /> Im Namen des barmherzigen und gnädigen Gottes.<br /> # Wir haben ihn (das heißt den Koran) in der Nacht der Bestimmung hinabgesandt.<br /> # Aber wie kannst Du wissen, was die Nacht der Bestimmung ist?<br /> # Die Nacht der Bestimmung ist besser als tausend Monate.<br /> # Die Engel und der Geist kommen in ihr mit der Erlaubnis ihres Herrn herab, lauter Logos(wesen).<br /> # Sie ist (voller) Heil (und Segen), bis die Morgenröte sichtbar wird (w. aufgeht).<br /> <br /> ==== Kommentar (1977) ====<br /> Sure 97<br /> <br /> '''97''',1–5 Zur ganzen Sure: K. Wagtendonk, Fasting in the Koran, Leiden 1968, S. 82–122. Der Verfasser setzt sich hier auf Grund einer Analyse der einschlägigen Texte mit der Frage auseinander, wieweit das Fasten im Ramadan und die Offenbarung des Korans aufeinander zu beziehen sind, und was es mit der ''lailat al-qadr'' für eine Bewandtnis hat.<br /> Dabei kommt er unter anderem zu folgendem Ergebnis: „The date on which Sura 97 was revealad can now be determined. [[Mohammed]] must have indicated the night of the 27th [[Radschab|Radjab]] as the night of his (first) revelation, after he abolished the '' 'Ashura' '' and before the battle of Badr took place“ (S. 113). Siehe meine Besprechung, Der Islam 46, 1970, S. 68f. -- ''inna anzalnahu fi lailati l-qadri'': '''44''',2f.; '''2''', 185. Zur Sache: R. Paret, Mohammed und der Koran, S. 43; K. Wagtendonk, Fasting in the Koran, Leiden 1968, S. 113 (siehe oben ). -- Belege zu ''wa-ma adraka ma …'' in der Anmerkung zu '''82''',14–18. -- ''tanazzalu l-mala`ikatu war-ruhu fiha bi-idni rabbihim min kulli amrin'': '''16''',2, mit weiteren Belegen. -- Die Deutung des präpositionalen Ausdrucks ''min kulli amrin'' ist umstritten. Siehe Wagtendonk, Fasting in the Koran, S. 83f., Anm. 5 und S. 86, Anm. 3. Wagtendonk übersetzt: „by virtue of every decree“. Aber wahrscheinlich hat ''min'' partitiven Sinn und ist ''amr'' in der besonderen Bedeutung „Logos“ oder ähnlich (siehe Anmerkung zu '''2''',109) zu verstehen. Dementsprechend habe ich „lauter Logos(wesen)“ übersetzt (als [[Apposition]] zu „die Engel und der Geist“). Siehe auch die Anmerkung zu '''44''',3f. -- ''salaamun hiya hatta matla`i l-fagri''. Siehe H. Ringgren, Islam, 'aslama and muslim, Uppsala 1949, S. 10.<br /> <br /> === Rassoul (1986) ===<br /> '''97. Die kraftvolle Nacht (Al-Qadr)'''<br /> <br /> Im Namen Allahs, des Allerbarmers, des Barmherzigen!<br /> <br /> # Wahrlich, Wir haben ihn (den Qur'an) herabgesandt in der Nacht von Al-Qadr.<br /> # Und was lehrt dich wissen, was die Nacht von Al-Qadr ist?<br /> # Die Nacht von Al-Qadr ist besser als tausend Monate.<br /> # In ihr steigen die Engel und Gabriel herab mit der Erlaubnis ihres Herrn zu jeglichem Geheiß.<br /> # Frieden ist sie bis zum Anbruch der Morgenröte.<ref>[http://www.islam.de/1318.php islam.de]<br /> {{Webarchiv|text=Arabische Schrift und Sprache |url=http://www.chj.de/Koran/Einzelsuren/Sure097.html |wayback=20080103071752 }}<br />{{Webarchiv|url=http://quran.al-islam.com/Targama/DispTargam.asp?nType=1&nSeg=0&l=ger&nSora=97&nAya=1&t=ger |wayback=20071224180750 |text=Al-Islam }}<br />{{PGDW|8021/88|Der Koran – 97. Sure (deutsche Übersetzung)|[[Friedrich Rückert]]}}</ref><br /> <br /> === Khoury (1987) ===<br /> Sure 97<br /><br /> <big>Die Bestimmung (al-Qadr)</big><br /><br /> <small> zu [[Mekka]], 5 Verse </small><br /> <br /> Im Namen Gottes, des Erbarmers, des Barmherzigen.<br /> # Wir haben ihn (den Koran) in der Nacht der Bestimmung hinabgesandt.<br /> # Woher sollst du wissen, was die Nacht der Bestimmung ist?<br /> # Die Nacht der Bestimmung ist besser als tausend Monate.<br /> # Die Engel und der Geist kommen in ihr mit der Erlaubnis ihres Herrn herab mit jedem Anliegen.<br /> # Voller Frieden ist sie bis zum Aufgang der Morgenröte.<br /> <br /> === Henning (1901), überarbeitet Hofmann (1998) ===<br /> 97 – Das Schicksal (al-Qadr)<br /> <br /> Im Namen Allahs, des Erbarmers, des Barmherzigen!<br /> # Wir haben ihn wirklich in der Nacht ''des Schicksals'' (oder: der Bestimmung, der Allmacht) herabgesandt.<br /> # Und was lässt dich wissen, was die Nacht des Schicksals ist?<br /> # Die Nacht des Schicksals ist besser als tausend Monate.<br /> # In ihr kommen die Engel und der Geist mit ihres Herrn Erlaubnis herab, mit jeglichem Auftrag.<br /> # Frieden ist sie bis zum Anbruch der Morgenröte. (In dieser Nacht begann die koranische Offenbarung in einer der letzten fünf ungeraden Nächte des Monats [[Ramadan]], vermutlich um 27. Ramadan des Jahres [[610]].)<br /> <br /> === Azhar / Maher (1999) ===<br /> Sure 97<br /> <br /> # Wir sandten ihn (den Koran) in der Nacht der Herrlichkeit herab.<br /> # Woher kannst du wissen, was die Nacht der Herrlichkeit ist?<br /> # Die Nacht der Herrlichkeit ist besser als tausend Monate.<br /> # Die Engel kommen mit Gabriel auf die Erde hinunter mit Gottes Befehl und Befugnis.<br /> # Sie ist voller Frieden bis zum Anbruch der Morgenröte.<br /> <br /> === Zaidan (2000) ===<br /> '''97. Sura'''<br /><br /> '''Al-qadr''' (Al-qadr ist der Eigenname der 97. Sura. Linguistisch bedeutet Al-qadr „das Bestimmen“.)''' (5 [[Āya|Ayat]])'''<br /> <br /> ''Bismillahi r-rahmani rrahim''<br /> <br /> # Gewiss, WIR sandten ihn in der Nacht von Al-qadr hinab.<br /> # Und was weißt du, was Al-qadr-Nacht ist?!<br /> # Die Al-qadr-Nacht ist besser als tausend Monate.<br /> # Die Engel und der Ruhh werden in ihr mit Zustimmung ihres HERRN wegen jeder Angelegenheit nach und nach hinabgesandt.<br /> # Salam ist sie bis zum Anbruch der Morgendämmerung.<br /> <br /> === Bubenheim & Elyas (2002) ===<br /> '''Sura 97 al-Qadr'''<br /><br /> '''Die Bestimmung'''<br /> <br /> ''Im Namen Allahs, des Allerbarmers, des Barmherzigen''<br /> # Wir haben ihn (den Quran) ja in der Nacht der Bestimmung hinabgesandt.<br /> # Und was läßt dich wissen, was die Nacht der Bestimmung ist?<br /> # Die Nacht der Bestimmung ist besser als tausend Monate.<br /> # Es kommen die Engel und der Geist in ihr mit der Erlaubnis ihres Herrn mit jeder Angelegenheit herab.<br /> # Frieden ist sie bis zum Anbruch der Morgendämmerung.<ref>{{Webarchiv|url=http://www.deredlequran.de/quran/sure/97 |wayback=20080131150044 |text=deredlequran.de }}</ref><br /> <br /> === Zirker (2003) ===<br /> '''97. Sure: Die Nacht der Bestimmung'''<br /> <br /> ::Im Namen Gottes, des Allerbarmenden und Barmherzigen.<br /> <br /> Wir haben ihn hinabgesandt in der Nacht der Bestimmung.<br /> ::Woher willst du wissen, was die Nacht der Bestimmung ist?<br /> <br /> Die Nacht der Bestimmung ist besser als tausend Monate.<br /> <br /> Die Engel und der Geist gehen in ihr hinab mit der Erlaubnis ihres Herrn wegen jeglicher Verfügung.<br /> <br /> Friede ist sie bis zum Aufgang des Morgens.<br /> <br /> === Bobzin (2005) ===<br /> '''Sure 97 (Das Schicksal – ''al-qadr'')'''<br /> <br /> Im Namen Gottes, des barmherzigen Erbarmers<br /> <br /> # Siehe wir sandten ihn herab<br /> #: In der Nacht des Schicksals.<br /> # Was läßt dich wissen, was sie ist,<br /> #: Die Nacht des Schicksals?<br /> # Die Nacht des Schicksals,<br /> #: Besser ist sie als tausend Monde,<br /> # Die Engel steigen nieder und der Geist in ihr,<br /> #: Mit der Erlaubnis ihres Herrn,<br /> #: Auf jegliches Geheiß.<br /> # Friede ist sie,<br /> #: Bis daß die Morgendämmerung anbricht.<br /> <br /> === Weidner (2007) ===<br /> '''Die Schicksalsnacht (Sure 97)'''<br /> <br /> Im Namen des gnädigen und barmherzigen Gottes!<br /> <br /> # Wir schickten ihn in der Schicksalsnacht.<br /> # Kennst Du die Schicksalsnacht?<br /> # Herrlicher als Tausend Monde ist die Schicksalsnacht:<br /> # Die Engel kommen und der Geist,<br /> #: Zu tun das Werk auf ihres Herrn Geheiß.<br /> # Friede herrscht dann, bis die Sonne gleißt.<br /> <br /> === Karimi (2009) ===<br /> '''97. Sure: Die Bestimmung (al qadr)'''<br /> <br /> Im Namen Gottes, des Barmherzigen, des Erbarmers<br /> <br /> # Wahrlich, Wir sandten ihn herab in der Nacht der Bestimmung.<br /> # Was lässt dich wissen, was ist die Nacht der Bestimmung?<br /> # Die Nacht der Bestimmung, ja sie ist herrlicher als tausend Monde.<br /> # Die Engel steigen hernieder,<br /> #: und in ihr der Geist, mit der Erlaubnis ihres Herrn,<br /> #: auf jegliches Geheiß.<br /> # Friede ist sie, bis hereinbricht die Morgenröte.<ref>Ahmad Milad Karimi (Übers.): ''Der Koran.'' Herder, Freiburg, 2009. ISBN 978-3-451-30292-3, S. 514</ref><br /> <br /> == Literatur ==<br /> <br /> === Einführende Literatur ===<br /> * [[Hartmut Bobzin]]: ''Der Koran: Eine Einführung.'' 5. Auflage. Beck, München 2004, ISBN 3-406-43309-X.<br /> * [[Hartmut Bobzin]] und Barbara Bobzin: ''Der Koran. Die wichtigsten Texte.'' 2. durchgesehene Auflage. C.H.Beck, München 2017, ISBN 978-3-406-67669-7.<br /> * [[Michael Cook]]: ''Der Koran: Eine kurze Einführung'' (= ''UB'' 18232). Reclam, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-15-018232-8.<br /> * [[Tilman Nagel]]: ''Der Koran: Einführung-Texte-Erläuterungen''. 4. Auflage. Beck, München 2002, ISBN 3-406-43886-5.<br /> * [[Hans Zirker]]: ''Der Koran: Zugänge – Strukturen – Lesarten.'' 4. Auflage. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2018, ISBN 978-3-534-27042-2.<br /> * Hans Zirker: ''Koran-Transliteration'': [https://duepublico.uni-duisburg-essen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=10802 Duisburg-Essen Publications online].<br /> <br /> === Weiterführende Literatur ===<br /> * [[Adel Theodor Khoury]]: ''Der Koran: erschlossen und kommentiert.'' Patmos, Düsseldorf 2005, ISBN 3-491-72485-6.<br /> * [[Rudi Paret]]: ''Der Koran: Kommentar und Konkordanz''. 7. Auflage. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-17-018990-5.<br /> * [[Ömer Özsoy]]: ''Vom Übersetzen zum Dolmetschen. Ein koranhermeneutischer Beitrag zur innerislamischen tarǧama al-qurʾān-Debatte''. In: Hansjörg Schmid, Andreas Renz, Bülent Ucar (Hrsg.): ''„Nahe ist dir das Wort …“ Schriftauslegung in Christentum und Islam'' ''([[Theologisches Forum Christentum – Islam]])''. Pustet, Regensburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7917-2256-6, S. 111–121.<br /> * Mahmoud Haggag: ''Die deutschen Koranübersetzungen und ihr Beitrag zur Entstehung eines Islambildes beim deutschen Leser'' (= ''Angewandte Sprachwissenschaft'', Band 22). Lang, Frankfurt am Main u.&nbsp;a. 2011, ISBN 978-3-631-59782-8 (Dissertation Universität Kassel 2009, 263 Seiten).<br /> <br /> === Übersetzungen ===<br /> * [[Max Henning]] (Übers.): ''Der Koran.'' Reclam, Leipzig 1901 ({{Digitalisat|IA=derkoran00henn}}). Neuausgabe, mit Einleitung und Anmerkungen von [[Annemarie Schimmel]]: (UB 4206) Reclam, Stuttgart 1960 u.ö., ISBN 3-15-004206-2.<br /> * Max Henning (Übers.), [[Murad Wilfried Hofmann]] (Überarb. & Komm.): ''Der Koran.'' Diederichs, München 2001, ISBN 3-7205-2188-5<br /> * [[Ludwig Ullmann]] (Übers.), [[Leo Winter]]: ''Der Koran: Das heilige Buch des Islam.'' neu bearbeitet und erläutert, W. Goldmann, München 2007, ISBN 978-3-442-21846-2<br /> * [[Adel Theodor Khoury]] (Übers.): ''Der Koran''. 3. Auflage 2001. Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 1987 (1. Auflage), ISBN 3-579-00783-1<br /> * [[Rudi Paret]] (Übers.): ''Der Koran''. 9. Auflage 2004. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1966 (1. Auflage), ISBN 3-17-018328-1<br /> * [[Muhammad Ahmad Rassoul]] (Übers.): ''Die ungefähre Bedeutung des Al-Qur'an Al-Karim''. Islamische Bibliothek, Düsseldorf 2009. (vollständige Übersetzung) ISBN 978-3-941111-09-7<br /> * [[Lazarus Goldschmidt]] (Übers.): ''El Koran, das heißt Die Lesung''. Berlin 1916; Komet Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000, ISBN 3-933366-64-X; Wunderkammer-Verlag, Melzer 2005 ISBN 978-3-937389-67-7<br /> * [[Friedrich Rückert]] (Übers.), H. Bobzin (Hrsg.): ''Der Koran in der Übersetzung von Friedrich Rückert''. 4. Auflage. Ergon, Würzburg 2001, ISBN 3-933563-70-4<br /> * [[Hans Zirker]] (Übers.): ''Der Koran.'' 6., aktualisierte Auflage. Wiss. Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2018, ISBN 978-3-534-27025-5, eBook, ePUB 2018.<br /> * [[Mirza Tahir Ahmad]] (Hrsg.): ''Koran. Der Heilige Qur-ân. Arabisch und Deutsch.''; Verlag Der Islam; Frankfurt 1954, letzte überarbeitete Auflage 1996, unv. nachgedruckt 2003, ISBN 3-921458-00-5<br /> * [[Sadr ud-Din]] (Übers. + Hrsg.): ''Der Koran. Arabisch-Deutsch''; Übersetzung, Einleitung und Erklärung von Maulana Sadr ud-Din; Verlag der Moslemischen Revue (Selbstdruck); Berlin 1939; 2. unveränderte Auflage 1964; o. ISBN<br /> * [[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Aziz]] (Hrsg.): ''Der edle Quran und die Übersetzung seiner Bedeutungen für die deutsche Sprache'', Medina 2007, o. ISBN<br /> * [[Ahmad Milad Karimi]] (Übers.): ''Der Koran.'' Herder, Freiburg, 2009, ISBN 978-3-451-30292-3<br /> <br /> === Übersetzungen Online ===<br /> ::Weblinks zu Textausgaben und Arbeitsmitteln zum arabischen Korantext finden sich unter [[Koran#Der Koran im Internet|Koran]].<br /> <br /> '''Übertragungen ins Deutsche'''<br /> <br /> * ''[https://www.corpuscoranicum.de/index/index/sure/1/vers/1 Korantext und deutsche Übersetzung]'' ([[#Paret 1966|Rudi Paret]] 1979) im Rahmen des [[Corpus Coranicum]], hg. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, auf: ''corpuscoranicum.de''.<br /> * [https://www.koransuren.com Übersetzungen] im Vergleich: Übersetzung der Ahmadiyya Gemeinde, von M. A. Rassoul, Moustafa Maher im Auftrag der Azhar-Universität sowie eine modifizierte Fassung der Übersetzung von Rudi Paret<br /> * Koranübersetzung von Muhammad A. Rassoul ([[#Rassoul|s.&nbsp;o.]]) bei [http://www.quranexplorer.com/quran/ Quran Explorer] (nebst arabischem Text und verschiedenen Rezitationen und anderen Übersetzungen) und bei [http://www.islam.de/1422.php islam.de]<br /> * [[Ahmad von Denffer]]: ''[http://www.koran-auf-deutsch.de/ Koran auf Deutsch].'' Auf ''koran-auf-deutsch.de''.<br /> * [http://www.ahmadiyya.de/der-heilige-koran/deutsche-uebersetzung.html Koranübersetzung] der [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat|Ahmadiyya Muslim Gemeinde]] ([[#Ahmadiyya|s.&nbsp;o.]])<br /> <br /> '''Übertragungen ins Englische'''<br /> * [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/7440 Übersetzung ins Englische] von George Sale, London 1734, e-Text im [[Project Gutenberg]]<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> {{Commonscat|Qur'an translation}}<br /> * Murtaza Karim-nia: [http://www.quran.org.uk/out.php?LinkID=62 Bibliography: European Studies on Translation of the Holy Qur'an]<br /> <br /> == Einzelnachweise ==<br /> <references /><br /> <br /> {{Lesenswert|12. August 2005|8401519}}<br /> <br /> {{SORTIERUNG:Koranubersetzung}}<br /> [[Kategorie:Koranübersetzer| ]]<br /> [[Kategorie:Übersetzung]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Bolgar ==<br /> <br /> {{Книга<br /> | име = Превод на Свещения Коран<br /> | име в оригинал = أَلْقُرآن<br /> | корица = <br /> | px = <br /> | корица-текст = <br /> | други-имена = <br /> | език = арабски<br /> | автор = [[Цветан Теофанов|проф. дфн Цветан Теофанов]] [[Иван Добрев (тюрколог)|проф. д-р Иван Добрев]]<br /> | издадена-година = 1997<br /> | издадена-държава = България<br /> | издателство = Главно мюфтийство на мюсюлманите в Република България<br /> | жанр = религия<br /> | вид = <br /> | произведения = <br /> | ISBN = 954-957-101-7; 978-954-92456-1-5<br /> | поредица = <br /> | предходна = <br /> | следваща = <br /> | бележки = <br /> }}<br /> '''Преводът на Свещения Коран''' представлява интерпретация на свещената книга в [[ислям]]а на език, различен от [[Арабски език|арабски]]. Въпреки срещнатите трудности при превода на [[Коран]]а, той е бил преведен на повечето [[Африкански езици|африкански]], [[Азиатски езици|азиатски]] и [[европейски езици]].<ref name="преводи">{{Cite book<br /> | last = Fatani<br /> | first = Afnan<br /> | chapter = Translation and the Qur'an<br /> | year = 2006<br /> | title = The Qur'an: an encyclopedia<br /> | editor-last = Leaman<br /> | editor-first = Oliver<br /> | pages = 657-669<br /> | place = Great Britain<br /> | publisher = Routeledge<br /> | id = }}</ref><br /> <br /> == История ==<br /> Първият превод на Корана е на [[персийски език]]. Той не е цялостен. Преведена е едва сура [[Ал-Фатиха]] през [[7 век]].<ref>An-Nawawi, Al-Majmu', (Cairo, Matbacat at-'Tadamun n.d.), 380.</ref> Други ранни преводи включват по няколко [[аят]]а за Негуса на Абисиния и за император [[Ираклий]].<ref name="преводи" /> Към [[1936]] година Коранът вече е преведен на 102 езика.<ref name="преводи" /><br /> <br /> Първият превод на европейски език е на [[Латински език|латински]] и е направен през [[1143]] година. Втори превод на латински е направен през [[1698]] година. През [[1616]] година Коранът е преведен на [[Немски език|немски]], а през [[1641]] година на [[Нидерландски език|холандски]]. Преводи на [[Френски език|френски]] са направени през [[1647]] и [[1775]] година.<ref name="преводи" /><br /> <br /> Първият академичен превод на Корана директно от арабски е направен през [[1734]] година на [[Английски език|английски]]. След това са направени още няколко важни превода през 1861, 1880, 1937 и 1955 година.<br /> <br /> == На български ==<br /> Първият опит за превеждане на Корана на [[български език]] е осъществен през 1920-те години и отпечатан от издателство „Нов живот“ като част от програмата на правителството за „пробуждане“ на [[помаци]]те и приобщаването им към българското общество.<ref>{{cite book<br /> | last = Мехмед<br /> | first = Хюсеин<br /> | title = Помаците и торбешите в Мизия, Тракия и Македония<br /> | origyear = 2007<br /> | url = http://pomak.webs.com/ptmtm/pomaks.html<br /> | location = София<br /> | lang = bg<br /> | pages = 109-110<br /> | chapter = Помаците в периода 1924-1934 г.<br /> |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110202073839/http://pomak.webs.com/ptmtm/pomaks.html|archivedate=2 февруари 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book<br /> | last = Груев<br /> | first = Михаил<br /> | coauthors = Кальонски, Алексей<br /> | title = Възродителният процес. Мюсюлманските общности и комунистическият режим<br /> | origyear = 2008<br /> | publisher = Институт за изследване на близкото минало; Фондация „Отворено общество“; Сиела<br /> | location = София<br /> | isbn = 978-954-280-291-4<br /> | pages = 17<br /> }}<br /> </ref> През 1991 година сектата на [[ахмадии]]те издава свой превод на Корана на български в разказвателна форма, а през 1993 година [[Недим Генджев]] издава първия превод от арабски на български език оригинал. Следващия в академичен стил е превод на Корана на български език е направен от професор [[Цветан Теофанов]] през 1997 година. Две години по-късно, през 1999 година е публикувано второ издание. През 2006 година излиза от печат и второто преработено и допълнено издание с обширен предговор, в който се разглежда историята на [[Мохамед]] и на [[ислям]]а, както и някои от основните му положения. На всяка страница освен превода е включен и оригиналният текст на арабски. Към някои [[аят]]и са дадени пояснения. Освен съдържание книгата има и тематичен индекс. На всяка страница освен името и номера на [[сура]]та е включен и номерът на [[джуз]]а. Това е единственият български превод на Свещения Коран, признат от Главно мюфтийство на мюсюлманите в Република България. Впоследствие в [[Истанбул]] е издадена трета редакция на превода на Цветан Теофанов в луксозен формат с калиграфия от Hizmet Vakfı Yayınları. През 2008 година издателство „Труд“ публикува четвъртата редакция на превода на Корана от Цветан Теофанов. Той е издаден с твърда и мека подвързия. В него липсва оригиналният текст на арабски, както и разделението на джузове. Изданието е насочено по-скоро към немюсюлманите, тъй като от оформлението му са изпуснати някои елементи, които не представляват интерес за немюсюлманите. През 2009 година Българска мултимедийна компания (БМК) издава нов превод на Свещения Коран, направен по Тефсир-и Тъбиян от проф. д-р Иван Добрев.<br /> <br /> Първоначално Преводът на Свещения Коран се печата в два варианта – с четене от предната корица към задната и обратно. Във второто преработено и допълнено издание, както и в третото издание на Цветан Теофанов предговорът, уводът, съдържанието и тематичният индекс са включени след предната корица и се четат нормално, а преводът започва от задната корица и се чете към предната.<br /> <br /> === Издания ===<br /> * ''„Свещеният Коран: арабски текст с български превод“''. Islam International Publications, Tilford 1991. ISBN 185-3724-33-5<br /> * ''„Свещен Коран и неговият превод на български език“'' с преводач [[Недим Генджев]]. Мюсюлмански духовен съюз, София 1997. ISBN 954-9025-01-2<br /> * ''„Превод на Свещения Коран“'' с преводач [[Цветан Теофанов]]. Тайба Ал-Хайрия, София 1997. ISBN 954-957-101-7<br /> * ''„Превод на Свещения Коран“'' с преводач Цветан Теофанов (II-ро издание, II-ра редакция на превода). [[Главно мюфтийство на мюсюлманите в Република България|Главно мюфтийство]], София 1999. ISBN 954-957-101-7<br /> * ''„Превод на Свещения Коран“'' с преводач Цветан Теофанов (II-ро преработено и допълнено издание, III-та редакция на превода). [[Главно мюфтийство на мюсюлманите в Република България|Главно мюфтийство]], София 1999. ISBN 954-957-101-7<br /> * ''„Свещен Коран“'' с преводач [[Цветан Теофанов]] (мека корица, IV-та редакция на превода). ИК „Труд“, София 2008. ISBN 978-954-528-864-7<br /> * ''„Свещен Коран“'' с преводач Цветан Теофанов (твърда корица, IV-та редакция на превода). ИК „Труд“, София 2008. ISBN 978-954-528-865-4<br /> * ''„Свещеният Коран. Съдържание на български език“'' с преводач [[Иван Добрев (тюрколог)|Иван Добрев]]. Българска мултимедийна компания, София 2009. ISBN 978-954-92456-1-5<br /> <br /> == Външни препратки ==<br /> {{commons|Qur'an translation}}<br /> * [http://www.islamforbulgaria.com/koran/quran/index.htm Свещеният Коран на Български език с оригиналния текст на Арабски език и аудио]<br /> * [http://www.way-to-allah.com/bul/quran.html Превод и статии за Корана на български]<br /> * [http://www.koranbg.com www.koranbg.com] – сайт за Корана с превод на български и оригинал на арабски<br /> <br /> == Бележки ==<br /> {{Раздел за източници в две колони}}<br /> <br /> [[Категория:Коран]]<br /> [[Категория:Превод|Коран]]<br /> [[Категория:Ислям в България]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Türkçe meâller ==<br /> <br /> {{Kur'an}}<br /> [[Kur'ân]] meâli, basit anlamda [[Kur'an]]'ı oluşturan [[sure]] ve [[ayet]]lerin tümünün [[Arapça]] dışında bir dile [[tercüme]] edilerek açıklanmış halidir. [[Arapça]] kökenli bir kelime olan "meâl"; "meydana gelen netice", "mana", "anlam", "sonuç" anlamlarına gelir.<ref>http://www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com/makaleler/sozluk/osmanlica-sozluk-m.html</ref><br /> <br /> == Tarihçe ==<br /> [[Kur'an]] yazılırken, yakın [[ulus]]/kâvimlere [[tebliğ]] amaçlı olarak çeviriler hazırlanıyor ve elçiler gönderiliyordu. Aynı zamanda değişik dillere sahip uluslar [[Müslüman]] olduklarında Kur'anı kendi dillerine çeviriyordu. Örneğin [[İran]]lı [[Selman-ı Farisi|Selman]] [[Kur'an]]'ı [[Farsça]]ya çevirmişti. İlk tercümeler [[Farsça]] ve [[Türkçe]] dillerindeydi.{{olgu}} Batı'da [[Latince]] olarak tercümenin tarihi 1143'tür. Bu tercüme 1543'te basılmıştır.<br /> <br /> Günümüze ulaşan en eski elyazması [[Türkçe]] meâl Şirazlı Hacı Devletşah oğlu Muhammed'in istinsah ettiği (1333) meâlidir ve [[Türk-İslam Eserleri Müzesi]]'ndedir. [[Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi]]'ndeki bir nüsha [[Harezm Türkçesi]]nde yapılmıştır.<br /> <br /> Günümüzde meal çalışmaları bilimsel veya toplumsal anlayışın gelişme ve değişmesi paralelinde de değişikliklere uğramaktadır. Örneğin suresi meallerinde Alak kelimesi ile ilgili olarak verilen mealler. Eski meallerde kan pıhtısı olarak verilen bu kelime insanın gelişim aşamalarından birisinin kan pıhtısı olmadığı bilgisi ile birlikte değişime uğramış ve kelimeye [[tefsir]] ve meallerde embriyonun rahim duvarına tutunması ile bağlantılı [[mucize]]vi atıflar da yapılmak suretiyle [[embriyo]] veya "asılıp tutulan şey" anlamları verilmiştir.<ref>http://www.kuranmeali.com/ayetkarsilastirma.asp?sure=23&ayet=14</ref><br /> <br /> Yine suresine ismini veren Tarık kelimesi geleneksel anlamıyla göre halk arasında Zühre, çoban yıldızı, sabah veya akşam yıldızı olarak da bilinen [[venüs]]tür. Bazıları ise bu kelimeye [[mucize]]vi bir anlam yüklemiş ve onun radyoteleskopların icadı ile 1960'larda keşfedilen nötron yıldızlarını ([[pulsar]]) anlattığını ileri sürmüşler ve o şekilde tercüme etmişlerdir.<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.kuranmeali.org/86/tarik_suresi/3.ayet/kurani_kerim_mealleri.aspx |başlık=Arşivlenmiş kopya |erişimtarihi=18 Kasım 2014 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129050838/http://www.kuranmeali.org/86/tarik_suresi/3.ayet/kurani_kerim_mealleri.aspx |arşivtarihi=29 Kasım 2014 |ölüurl=yes }}</ref><br /> <br /> [[Dosya:Venus-real color.jpg|thumb|150px|sol|Venüs'ün bir fotoğrafı]]<br /> <br /> == Mütercim ==<br /> [[Dosya:Chinese quran.jpg|thumb|[[Yasin Suresi]] 33-34'üncü âyetlerinin [[Çince]] tercümesi.]]<br /> <br /> [[Kur'an]] meâli yazarlarına ''mütercim'' adı verilir.<br /> <br /> [[Kur'an]]’daki [[âyet]]lerin bir kısmı anlamı açık, hüküm ihtivâ eden âyetler olmakla beraber, bazı âyetler ise yoruma açık âyetlerdir. Bu [[Âl-i İmrân Sûresi]]’nin yedinci âyetinde belirtilmektedir.<br /> [[Dosya:Tapurian Qur'an (Al-Kusar).PNG|thumb|300px|108'inci [[Kevser Suresi]]'nin eski bir meâli. ([[Mazenderanca]] tefsir ve tercümesi.)]]<br /> <br /> [[Kur'ân]] meâl veya tercümelerini hazırlayanların belirli dini kaygılardan uzak şekilde, sadece sosyal bilimlerin ve din bilimlerinin ışığında, [[filoloji]], [[antropoloji]], [[dinler tarihi]], [[mitoloji]] gibi donanımlara sahip olarak tercüme yapmaları [[Kur'an]]’ın anlaşılması konusuna objektif katkılar sunması açısından değerli bilgiler sunabilir.{{olgu}}<br /> <br /> == Tercüme, tefsir ve meal ==<br /> {{Ana|Tefsir}}<br /> Tercüme bir metnin hiçbir yorum katmadan diğer dile aktarılmasıdır. Kur'an'ın tercüme edilebilir olup olmadığı uzun tartışmaların konusu olmuştur. Uygulamada ise meal denilen yarı tercüme anlatımlar tercih edilmiştir. Meâl Kur'an ayetlerinin yorumlu tercümesi, tefsir ise ayrıntılı açıklamasıdır. Meal yazarları, birebir tercümedeki metne cümlelerdeki anlatım bozukluklarının giderilmesi, kapalı anlatımlar, cümle düşüklükleri, kelimelerin tam karşılığının meal yapılan dilde bulunmaması, birebir tercümenin sakıncalı bulunması veya kendi anlayışını (mezhep, tarikat, cemaat) dikte etmek, cemaat liderini [[Mesih]] veya [[Mehdi]] ilan etmek gibi amaçlarla etimolojik anlam kaydırma, ekleme veya öne çıkartma gibi uygulamalar yapar ve yalın tercümeden kaçınırlar. Bu çalışmalarda çok sayıda bir diğerinin anlayışını suçlayan yaklaşımlar görmek olasıdır.<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.haber5.com/yazar/mehmet-sevket-eygi/bozuk-mealler-tercumeler-tefsirler |başlık=Arşivlenmiş kopya |erişimtarihi=24 Ekim 2014 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024093935/http://www.haber5.com/yazar/mehmet-sevket-eygi/bozuk-mealler-tercumeler-tefsirler |arşivtarihi=24 Ekim 2014 |ölüurl=yes }}</ref><ref>http://www.hanifdostlar.net/hanifnet/hanifliknedir/carpitma.html</ref><ref>http://www.kurannediyor.org/soru.asp?id=369&baslik=KURAN%20MEALLER%DD%20SAVA%DEI</ref> Bu çerçevede anlayış ve uygulamalardaki farklılaşmaların dini metinlere, ayrıca [[şeriat]] uygulamalarına; [[abdest]], [[namaz]], [[tesettür]], [[mut'a]], [[hac]] vb. ibadetlere yansıdığı görülmektedir. Günümüzde ise Kur'andan bilim ve [[Kur'an ve bilim|bilimsel mucizeler]] türetmek amacıyla benzer uygulamaların yapıldığı sıklıkla ileri sürülmektedir.<ref>http://www.mucizeyalanlari.com/dunyanin-yercekimi-kuvveti/</ref><br /> <br /> [[Türkiye]]’de basılan meâllerin bir çoğunda sayfa orta alanı [[Arapça]] metin, sayfa kenarları ise sırası ile [[Arapça]] metnin okunuşu ve hemen altında anlamı şeklindedir.<br /> <br /> Tefsirlerde ise ayetlerin tek veya grup olarak meallerinin sonuna eklenen açıklama bölümleri bulunur.<br /> <br /> Kur'an meallerinde günümüzde orijinal metnin yanında Türkçe metin verilir. Bazıları kelime kelime çeviri yapmakta, bazıları nüzul sebepleri ve tarihsel bilgileri sunmaktadır. Bir kısmı güncel fıkhi ve siyasi meseleleri dipnotlarla vermekte, bir kısmı şiir söyleyişiyle sunmaktadır. Meallerin dili 1900'lerden beri değişen Türkçeye paralel olarak değişmiştir.<br /> <br /> == Türkçe meâller ==<br /> Matbû meallerin bazıları sadece meâl, bazıları ise meâl ve [[tefsir]]dir.<br /> {{-}}<br /> {| class="sortable wikitable"<br /> |- style="background-color: #ccddff;"<br /> ! Mütercim<br /> ! Meal adı<br /> ! Yayınevi<br /> ! Yayın yılı<br /> |-<br /> |[[A. Adnan Sütmen]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in Meâlen Manzum Açıklaması || || 1984<br /> |-<br /> |[[Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in Anlamı || || 1955 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Abdullah Âtıf Tüzüner]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Türkçe Meâli || || 1970 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Abdullah Aydın]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Meâl-i Celîlesi || || 1979 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Abdurrahman Abdullahoğlu]] || Âyetlerin iniş sırasına göre meâl || Ozan Yayıncılk || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Adem Uğur]] || [[Kur'ân]] Meâli || || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ahmed Davudoğlu]] || [[Kur'ân]] Meâli || || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ahmet Ağırakca]] – Beşir Eryarsoy || [[Kur'ân]] Meâli || Buruç Yayınları || 1995-1999 <br /> |-<br /> |Ahmet Ağırakca – Beşir Eryarsoy || Nüzul Sebepli [[Kur'ân]] Meâli || Fikir Yayınları<br /> || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ahmet Okutan]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in konularına göre ayrılmış Türkçe anlamı || || 1967 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ahmet Tekin]] || [[Kur'ân]]'ı Anlamaya Doğru -Tefsîrî Meâl- || Kelam Yayınları || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ali Bulaç]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in Türkçe anlamı || Çıra Yayınları || 1983 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ali Fikri Yavuz]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Meâli Âlîsi || || 1967 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ali Özek]]-[[Hayreddin Karaman]] vd. || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || || 1982 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ali Rızâ Sağman]] || Lafzen ve Meâlen [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in Tercemesi || || 1980 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ali Ünal]]|| [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Meâli || Define Yayınları ||<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bekir Sadak]] || Ahmet Hulusi [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || Çaprı Yayınları<br /> || 1998<br /> |-<br /> |[[Besim Atalay]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || || 1962 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Cemil Said]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Tercemesi || || 1924 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı]] || Diyanet İşleri Meâli || Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı || 1990<br /> |-<br /> |[[Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı|Diyanet]] Vakfı|| [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || Diyanet Vakfı || 1993 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Edip Yüksel]] || Mesaj: [[Kur'ân]] Çevirisi || Ozan Yayıncılk || 2000<br /> |-<br /> |[[Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi Yazır]] || [[Hak Dini Kur'an Dili]] || || 1935 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Enver Baytan]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Türkçe Meâl-i Âlîsi || || 1987 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Hacı Murad Sertoğlu]] || [[İslâm]]'ın mukaddes kitabı [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in [[Türkçe]] tercüme ve tefsîri || || 1955 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Hakkı Yılmaz]] || Nüzul Sırasına Göre Necm, Necm [[Kur'ân]]'ın Türkçe Meâli || İşaret Yayınları || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Halil Uysal]] || Kelime Meâli || Kitap Kent || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Hamdi Döndüren]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Evrensel Çağrı / Yüce Meâl ve Tefsiri || Çelik Yayınevi || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Hasan Basri Çantay]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Meâl-i Kerîm || || 1952 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Hasan Tahsin Feyizli]] || Feyzü'l Furkan [[Kur'ân]] || Server İletişim Yayınları || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Hikmet Taşkın]] || [[Kur'ân]] bize ne diyor? || Madve Yayınları || 1989 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Hüseyin Atay]]-[[Yaşar Kutluay]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Türkçe anlamı || Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı || 1961<br /> |-<br /> |[[İmam İskender Ali Mihr]] <ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.kuranmeali.org/kuran_meali.aspx |başlık=Arşivlenmiş kopya |erişimtarihi=6 Haziran 2011 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726073002/http://www.kuranmeali.org/kuran_meali.aspx |arşivtarihi=26 Temmuz 2011 |ölüurl=yes }}</ref>|| Kelime Kelime [[Kur'ân]] Meâli || Mihr Yayınları || 2000<br /> |-<br /> |[[İsmâil Hakkı Baltacıoğlu]] || [[Kur'ân]] Meâli || || 1957 <br /> |-<br /> |[[İsmâil Kazdal]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in Türkçe Meâli || Erguvan Yayınevi || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Mahmud Ustaosmanoglu]] || [[Kur'ân]]-i Mecid ve Meâl Tefsir Alisi||Ahiska Yayinevi|| <br /> |-<br /> |[[Mahmut Kısa]] <ref>http://www.mehmetkarasakal.com/mahmut-kisa-meali/</ref> ||Kısa Açıklamalı [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meali ||Armağan Kitaplar||2009<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mahmut Toptaş]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Meâli || Cantaş Yayıncılık || <br /> |-<br /> |Mehmet Zeki Duman, Prof.Dr. || Beyanu'l Hak - [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in Nüzul Sırasına Göre Tefsiri ||Fecr Yayınevi || 2006<br /> |-<br /> |[[mevdudi|Mevdûdî]] || Mevdûdî Meâli || İnkılâp Yayınları ||<br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammed Esed]] || [[Muhammed Esed]] Meâli || İşaret Yayınları ||<br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammed Fuad Abdulbâkî]] || El-Mu'cem El-Mufehres li Elfaz El-Kur'an El-Kerîm || ||1938 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammed Hamidullah]] || Kitâb-ul Azîz || Beyan Yayınları ||<br /> |-<br /> |[[Murtaza Turabi]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || Kevser Yayınları ||<br /> |- <br /> |[[Mustafa Cemil Kılıç]] || Anlamak İçin Türkçe [[Kur'ân]] || Kamer Yayınları ||<br /> |- <br /> |[[Mustafa İslamoğlu]] || Hayat Kitâbı [[Kur'ân]], Gerekçeli Meâl-Tefsir || Düşün Yayınları || 2011<br /> |- <br /> |[[Prof. Dr. Mustafa Öztürk]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli & Anlam ve Yorum Merkezli Çeviri || Düşün Yayınları || 2012<br /> |- <br /> |[[Mustafa Varlı]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in Açıklamalı Türkçe Anlatımı || Esma Yayınları ||<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mustafa Yıldız]] || Son Mesaj [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Gerekçeli Türkçe Meâli || Çıra Yayınları ||<br /> |- <br /> |[[Osman Nebioğlu]] || Türkçe [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] || || 1957 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ömer Feyzi Mardin]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] tefsirli ve fihristli || || 1950 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ömer Rızâ Doğrul]] || Tanrı Buyruğu || || 1934, 1980 <br /> |-<br /> |Prof. Dr. [[Ömer Özsoy]] – Prof. Dr. [[İlhâmi Güler]] || Konularına Göre [[Kur'ân]] Meâli || Fecr Yayınları || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Recep İhsan Eliaçık]] || Yaşayan [[Kur'an]] Türkçe Meâl || İnşa Yayınları || 2006<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sadık Türkmen]] || İniş Sırasına Göre [[Kur'ân]]; Akıl ve Bilim Işığında Türkçe Çeviri. || Sadık Türkmen Yayınları || 2006, 2009, 2010 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Sadi Irmak]] || Kutsal [[Kur'ân]] Türkçe Meâli || || 1962<br /> |-<br /> |[[Suat Yıldırım]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || Define Yayınları || 1998<br /> |-<br /> |[[Süleyman Ateş]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || Yeni Ufuk Yay. || 1975 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Şaban Piriş]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Türkçe Anlamı || Arz Yayınları || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Talat Koçyiğit]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || Hüner Yayınevi || 2004<br /> |-<br /> |[[Yaşar Nuri Öztürk]] || [http://www.kuran.gen.tr/?x=s_main&kid=2 Türkçe Kur'an çevirisi] || Sesli || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ziyâ Kazıcı]]-[[Necip Taylan]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || Çağrı Yayınları || 1977 <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Kaynakça ==<br /> {{kaynakça}}<br /> * [http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/ Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı]<br /> * [http://www.kuranmeali.tv/ Kur’ân Mealleri Araştırmaları - 27 farklı meâl]<br /> * [http://mektebisuffa.com/kuran/ Mekteb-i Suffa]<br /> <br /> [[Kategori:Kur'an|Meal]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Spanish ==<br /> <br /> {{Traducir}}<br /> Según teólogos islámicos {{¿cuáles?}} una '''traducción del [[Corán]]''' del [[Idioma árabe|árabe]] en otros idiomas no es posible, porque cada traducción ya incluye una interpretación.<br /> Se recomienda la lectura del texto original árabe.<br /> <br /> == Historia de las traducciones ==<br /> La primera traducción del Corán en Europa fue al latín, y se realizó en España en 1143 por encargo del abad de [[Cluny]] [[Pedro el Venerable]]. La realizaron el inglés [[Robert de Ketton]], entonces archidiácono de [[Pamplona]], el monje [[Hermann von Carinthia]] y otros colaboradores hispanos. Fue impresa por primera vez en 1543 en [[Basilea]], con un prólogo de [[Martín Lutero]]. El objetivo específico de Pedro el Venerable al ordenar esta traducción era deshonrar al [[Islam]] a través de una traducción sesgada y malintencionada de su libro sagrado. Desde entonces, algunas traducciones realizadas por orientalistas europeos se hicieron con el mismo propósito. Por ello, para acercarse al verdadero mensaje coránico es necesario buscar una traducción literal realizada por verdaderos eruditos islámicos, creyentes o no. La segunda versión al latín, más literal y menos difundida, la hizo el canónigo de la catedral de Toledo [[Marcos de Toledo]] en 1210 por orden del arzobispo [[Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada]].<br /> <br /> Debe tenerse en cuenta que para los islamistas solo el texto original en árabe, que ha sido preservado intacto por más de 14 siglos, es considerado el [[Corán]] o la palabra de Dios revelada al [[profeta]] Muhammad / [[Mahoma]] a través del ángel [[Gabriel]]. Toda traducción es sólo un acercamiento al mensaje coránico, por lo que ningún estudio del Corán puede ser considerado serio si no se funda en el texto árabe original.<br /> <br /> == Comparación entre diversas traducciones del Corán al español==<br /> <br /> Comparación de traducciones de los significados del Sagrado Corán al idioma español (Capítulo 97):<br /> <br /> === Corán aljamiado (1606) ===<br /> <br /> El acora de la Cantidad. Es cinco aleas.<br><br /> <br /> :En el nombre de Allah piadoso de piedad. / Dixo Allah / que: "Nos lo deballemos / el Alcorán / en la noche de la Gran Cantidad. ¿Y no sabes / ye Muhamed / que es la noche de la Gran Cantidad? La noche de la Grande Cantidad es mejor que mil meses: deballan los almalaques y Chibril en ella con licencia de su Sennor a todo mandamiento. / Dicen los almalaques: / "La salbación sea a vosotros en ella hasta el sallir del alba".<ref>[https://archive.org/download/coran-aljamiado/coran-aljamiado-ocr.pdf Corán aljamiado]</ref><br><br /> <br /> === [[Joaquín García Bravo]] (1907) ===<br /> <br /> SURA XCVII<br /> <br /> ALKADR <sup>1</sup><br><br /> Dado en la Meca. ‑ 5 versículos<br><br /> <br /> En nombre del Dios clemente y misericordioso<br><br /> <br /> # ¿Nosotros hemos hecho descender el Corán en la noche de ALKADR?.<sup>2</sup><br /> # ¿Quién te hará conocer lo que es la noche de Alkadr?<br /> # La noche de Alkadr vale más que mil meses.<br /> # En esa noche los ángeles y el espíritu descienden al mundo con permiso de Dios para vigilar todas las cosas.<sup>3</sup><br /> # La paz acompaña a esa noche hasta el nacer de la aurora.<br /> <br /> (notas)<br><br /> # Es decir, sentencias inmutables.<br /> # Kadr significa sentencias inmutables. Se puede comparar este pasaje con los versículos 1 y 3 del sura XLIV. En la noche de Alkader, que se cree sea la del 23 ó 24 del mes del Ramadán, es cuando el Corán fue revelado por entero a Mahoma. En aquella noche los negocios del universo quedan fijados y resueltos para todo el año.<br /> # Véase el sura LXX, 4, nota.<ref>[https://archive.org/download/JGBravoCoran/JGBravo-Coran.pdf Traducción de Joaquín García Bravo]</ref><br /> <br /> === [[Rafael Cansinos Assens]] (1951) ===<br /> <br /> Sura 97 – El destino (Al-Kadr)<br /> <br /> ¡En el nombre de Alá, el Piadoso, el Apiadable! <br /> # En verdad, lo hicimos bajar en la noche del Decreto.<br /> # ¿Y qué te hará comprender lo que [es] la noche del Decreto?<br /> # La noche del Al-Kadr [es] mejor que mil meses.<br /> # Descienden los almalaques y el Espíritu en ella, por permisión de su Señor, para disponer todo asunto.<br /> # ¡Paz [en] ella hasta que suba la aurora!<ref>[http://www.cansinos.com/content/el-koran-el-coran Arca Ediciones] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cansinos.com/content/el-koran-el-coran |date=20110527175616 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Ahmed Abboud (1952)===<br /> <br /> XCVII<br><br /> SURA DE ALQADR<br><br /> O DEL DECRETO<br><br /> <br /> En el nombre de Dios, graciabilísimo, misericordioso.<br /> # Por cierto que, revelamos el ''Corán'' en la noche del decreto. <br /> # ¿Y qué te hará entender lo que es la noche del decreto?<br /> # La noche del decreto es mejor que mil meses.<br /> # En ella descienden los ángeles con el Espíritu (''el arcángel Gabriel''), con la anuencia de su Señor, para ejecutar todas sus órdenes:<br /> # ¡Paz! ¡Es ella hasta el despuntar de la aurora!<ref>[http://www.archive.org/download/ElCoranTraducidoPorAbboud/coran.pdf Traducción de Ahmed Abboud]</ref><br /> <br /> === [[Julio Cortés Soroa|Julio Cortés]] (1979) ===<br /> <br /> Sura 97. Al-Qadr (EL Destino)<br /> <br /> ¡En el nombre de Alá, el Compasivo, el Misericordioso!<br /> # Lo hemos revelado en la noche del Destino.<br /> # Y ¿cómo sabrás qué es la noche del Destino?<br /> # La noche del Destino vale más de mil meses.<br /> # Los ángeles y el Espíritu descienden en ella, con permiso de su Señor, para fijarlo todo.<br /> # ¡Es una noche de paz, hasta el rayar del alba!<ref>Las versiones disponibles libremente en la red han sido alteradas sin consentimiento del traductor [https://books.google.co.cr/books?id=x6rpRf5dqVoC]<br />[http://www.kuran.gen.tr/?x=s_main&y=s_middle&kid=6&sid=97 Kuran-i Kerim]<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20071229194835/http://www.al-shia.com/html/spa/quran/qur_tran/97.html El Centro de Informática Aalulbayt]<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20071109213755/http://www.coran.org.ar/castellano/indices/coran.php?sura=97 Corán-i-Karím]<br />[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ESL0024/_P4O.HTM IntraText CT]</ref><br /> <br /> === [[Comunidad Ahmadía|Ahmadiyya]] (1988) ===<br /> <br /> En el nombre del Al-har el Clemente, el Misericordioso. <br /> # En verdad, lo revelamos en la Noche del Destino.<br /> # Y ¿qué podía darte a conocer qué es la Noche del Destino?<br /> # La Noche del Destino es mejor que un millar de meses.<br /> # En ella descienden ángeles y el Espíritu con el decreto de su Señor en relación con todos los asuntos.<br /> # Paz: así será incluso cuando despunte la aurora.<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://www.islamahmadiyya.es/ |título=Comunidad Musulmana Ahmadía |fechaacceso=19 de enero de 2020 |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522052339/http://www.islamahmadiyya.es/ |fechaarchivo=22 de mayo de 2018 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Abdel Ghani Melara Navío (1995) ===<br /> <br /> 97. Sura del Decreto<br /> <br /> En el nombre de Allah, el Misericordioso, el Compasivo.<br /> # Es cierto que lo hicimos descender en la noche del Decreto.<br /> # ¿Y cómo hacerte saber qué es la noche del Decreto?<br /> # La noche del Decreto es mejor que mil meses.<br /> # En ella descienden los ángeles y el espíritu con las órdenes de tu Señor para cada asunto.<br /> # Paz, ella dura hasta el despuntar del alba.<ref>[http://qurancomplex.gov.sa/Quran/Targama/Targama.asp?nSora=97&l=esp&nAya=1#97_1 El Complejo del Rey Fahd para la Edición del Noble Corán]</ref><br /> <br /> ===[[Muhammad Asad]] (2001)===<br /> <br /> SURA 97<br /> Al-Qadr (El Destino)<br /> <br /> En el Nombre de Dios, el Más Misericordioso, el Dispensador de Gracia:<br /> # Ciertamente, hemos hecho descender esta [escritura divina] en la Noche del Destino.<br /> # ¿Y qué puede hacerte concebir lo que es esa Noche del Destino?<br /> # La Noche del Destino es mejor que mil meses:<br /> # los ángeles descienden en ella en huestes, portando la inspiración divina con la venia de su Sustentador;<br /> # contra todo lo [malo] que pueda ocurrir da indemnidad, hasta que despunta el alba.<ref>[http://www.way-to-allah.com/es/camino/leopold.html Muhammad Asad alias Leopold Weiß]</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=http://www.webislam.com/?idc=922 |título=WebIslam |fechaacceso=22 de noviembre de 2007 |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119163332/http://www.webislam.com/?idc=922 |fechaarchivo=19 de enero de 2008 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Bahige Mulla Huech (2004) ===<br /> <br /> En el nombre de Allah, Clemente, Misericordioso<br /> # Hemos (comenzado) a revelar el Corán en la Noche Más Digna.<br /> # Pero, ¿quién es capaz de evaluar el valor trascendental de la Noche Más Digna?<br /> # (La remuneración de un bien hecho en) la Noche Más Digna vale más que (su equivalente llevado a cabo a lo largo) de mil meses.<br /> # Esta Noche, el arcángel (Gabriel), junto con otros ángeles, descienden cada año - previo permiso del Señor - a la tierra con todos los Decretos divinos (para el año siguiente).<br /> # Es una Noche de paz (para todo creyente, porque las bendiciones de Dios) rigen su curso hasta el rayar del alba.<ref>http://www.mezquitadealicante.com/es/libros/ Descarga de varias traducciones, incluyendo la de Bahige Mulla Huech.</ref><br /> <br /> ===International Islamic Publishing House (2004) ===<br /> <br /> Sura 97 – El Decreto<br /> <br /> En el nombre de Allah, Clemente, Misericordioso<br /> # Por cierto que comenzamos la revelación [del Corán] en la noche del decreto.<br /> # ¿Y qué te hará comprender [la importancia] de la noche del decreto?<br /> # [Adorar a Allah] La noche del decreto es mejor que [hacerlo] mil meses.<br /> # Esa noche descienden los Ángeles y el espíritu [el Ángel Gabriel] con la anuencia de su Señor para ejecutar todas Sus órdenes.<br /> # En ella hay paz hasta el comienzo del alba.<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://www.nurelislam.com/coran/index.htm |título=Nurelislam |fechaacceso=4 de septiembre de 2010 |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916114445/http://www.nurelislam.com/coran/index.htm |fechaarchivo=16 de septiembre de 2010 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Isa García (2014) ===<br /> <br /> Capítulo 97 – La Predestinación<br /> <br /> En el nombre de Allah, Clemente, Misericordioso<br /> # Comencé la revelación [del Corán] en la noche de la predestinación.<br /> # ¿Y qué te hará comprender la importancia de la noche de la predestinación?<br /> # [Adorar a Dios] la noche de la predestinación es superior en recompensa a hacerlo durante mil meses.<br /> # Esta noche descienden los ángeles y el espíritu [el ángel Gabriel] con órdenes de su Señor para todos los asuntos.<br /> # Es una noche de paz y seguridad hasta el comienzo del alba.<ref>[http://www.islamhouse.com/735228/es/es/books/El_Corán,_traducción_comentada IslamHouse]</ref><br /> <br /> === Texto original árabe ===<br /> * {{lang|ar|بسم الله الرحمان الرحيم<br /> <br /> *إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَاهُ فِي لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ <br /> *وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ <br /> *ªæk<br /> <br /> *تَنَزَّلُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ وَالرُّوحُ فِيهَا بِإِذْنِ رَبِّهِم مِّن كُلِّ أَمْرٍ <br /> *سَلَامٌ هِيَ حَتَّى مَطْلَعِ الْفَجْرِ}} <br /> <br /> ==== Texto original transliterado ====<br /> 97) Sūrat Al-Qadr<br /> <br /> Bismi-llāhi-r-raĥmāni-r-raĥīmi<br /> <br /> # 'Innā 'anzalnāhu fī laylati al-qadri<br /> # Wa mā 'adrāka mā lailatu al-qadri<br /> # Lailatu al-qadri khayrun min 'alfi shahrin<br /> # Tanazzalu al-Mmalā'ikatu wa ar-rūĥu fīhā bi'idhni rabbihim min kulli 'amrin<br /> # Salāmun hiya ĥatta maţla`i al-fajri<ref>[http://transliteration.org/quran/WebSite_CD/MixSpanish/097.asp transliteration.org]</ref><br /> <br /> ==Referencias==<br /> {{listaref}}<br /> <br /> ==Enlaces externos==<br /> {{Commons|Qur'an translation}}<br /> <br /> * [http://www.islamhouse.com/735228/es/es/books/El_Corán,_traducción_comentada El Corán, traducción comentada], traducción de Isa García.<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100916114445/http://www.nurelislam.com/coran/index.htm El Sagrado Corán, traducción de su contenido al idioma español], traducción de la IIPH.<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080515194053/http://www.muslimbridges.org/images/stories/pdfs/ElSagradoCoran.pdf El Sagrado Corán], versión castellana basada en la de Julio Cortés. Las versiones disponibles libremente en la red han sido alteradas sin consentimiento del traductor. [https://books.google.co.cr/books?id=x6rpRf5dqVoC]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170922022839/http://quran-online.net/ Online Quran Project: Texto en árabe y traducciones a 20 idiomas] (la versión castellana está basada en la de Julio Cortés (ver entrada previa)).<br /> * [http://www.alislam.org/quran/Holy-Quran-Spanish.pdf Traducido por Comunidad Ahmadia con comentario].<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121029093427/http://www.islamahmadia.com/quran Noble Corán En español y árabe con búsqueda ] La traducción ahmadiyya.<br /> * [http://www.flashquran.com/es/index.html#1 El Corán], versión flash de la traducción de Isa García.<br /> * [http://www.archive.org/details/ElCoranTraducidoPorAbboud El Sagrado Corán] traducido por Ahmed Abboud y Rafael Castellanos.<br /> * [http://www.searchtruth.com/list.php Texto en árabe y traducciones a 8 idiomas], entre ellas, en castellano.<br /> * [http://www.globalquran.com Texto y búsqueda por las suras en varios idiomas].<br /> * [http://mensajesenlaruta.blogspot.com/2009/11/es-traducible-el-coran.html ¿Es traducible el Corán?].<br /> * [http://www.libreria-mundoarabe.com/Boletines/n%BA72%20Jun.09/CoranTraducciones.htm El Corán y sus traducciones] en revista Alif Nûn nº 72, junio de 2009.<br /> * [http://mensajesenlaruta.blogspot.com/2011/03/el-coran-su-lectura-recopilacion-y.html El Corán: su lectura, recopilación y preservación en la historia].<br /> * [http://www.trans.uma.es/pdf/Trans_11/T.261-272J.P.A.Torres.pdf Bibliografía sobre las traducciones del Alcorán en el ámbito hispano].<br /> * [http://siguiendoelcaminorecto.blogspot.com/2014/10/del-arabe-al-espanol-transliterar.html Del árabe al español: ¿transliterar, transcribir o traducir?]<br /> * [[George Grigore]], [http://www.academia.edu/4048918/George_Grigore_Les_contraires_-_al-_a_dad_-_dans_le_Coran_et_leur_equivalence_dans_les_traductions_in_Romano-Arabica_no._4._Bucharest_Center_for_Arab_Studies._2004_33-46 Les contraires - al-aDdad - dans le Coran et leur equivalence dans les traductions, Bucarest, 2004]<br /> <br /> ==Literatura==<br /> * ''El Corán'', traducido por Lic. Muhammad Isa García con revisión de Lic. Anas Amer Quevedo y Said Abdunur Pedraza; Bogotá, Colombia, 2014, ISBN 9789933496913<br /> * ''El Sagrado Corán'', traducido por Lic. ‘Abdul Qader Mouheddine y Sirhan ‘Ali Sanchez con revisión de un equipo de expertos y la supervisión de Lic. Muhammad Isa García , International Islamic Publishing House, Riyadh, Arabia Saudita, 2004, ISBN 9960953319<br /> * ''El Korán'', traducido por [[Rafael Cansinos Assens]], Arca Ediciones: edición en papel, Madrid, España, 2006, ISBN 9788493497651; edición en digital, Madrid, 2011, ISBN 9788493951306<br /> * ''El Corán'', traducido por [[Julio Cortés Soroa|Julio Cortés]], Editorial Herder, Barcelona, España, 2002, ISBN 84-254-1594-2, Barcelona 2005, ISBN 84-254-1570-5<br /> * ''El Sagrado Corán. Con texto en árabe y traducción al español'', publicado bajo los auspicios de Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Editorial Islam International Publications Ltd., Tilford UK 2003, ISBN 1-85372-793-8<br /> * ''Al-Qur'ān. A Contemporary Translation by Ahmed Ali'', en árabe con versión en inglés de Orooj Ahmed Ali, [[Princeton University Press]], Princeton-New Jersey, 1993, ISBN 0-691-07499-2<br /> * ''El Corán. Religión, hombre y sociedad: Antología temática''. Edición y traducción de Carlos A. Segovia. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 2007. ISBN 978-84-9742-657-2<br /> {{Control de autoridades}}<br /> [[Categoría:Traducciones]]<br /> [[Categoría:Corán]]<br /> [[Categoría:Traductores del Corán| ]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=List_of_translations_of_the_Quran_Langs&diff=188 List of translations of the Quran Langs 2020-05-04T02:58:07Z

<p>Hqaweb: Новая страница: « == Türkçe meâller == {{Kur'an}} Kur'ân meâli, basit anlamda Kur'an'ı oluşturan sure ve ayetlerin tümünün Arapça dışında bir di…»</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Türkçe meâller ==<br /> <br /> {{Kur'an}}<br /> [[Kur'ân]] meâli, basit anlamda [[Kur'an]]'ı oluşturan [[sure]] ve [[ayet]]lerin tümünün [[Arapça]] dışında bir dile [[tercüme]] edilerek açıklanmış halidir. [[Arapça]] kökenli bir kelime olan "meâl"; "meydana gelen netice", "mana", "anlam", "sonuç" anlamlarına gelir.<ref>http://www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com/makaleler/sozluk/osmanlica-sozluk-m.html</ref><br /> <br /> == Tarihçe ==<br /> [[Kur'an]] yazılırken, yakın [[ulus]]/kâvimlere [[tebliğ]] amaçlı olarak çeviriler hazırlanıyor ve elçiler gönderiliyordu. Aynı zamanda değişik dillere sahip uluslar [[Müslüman]] olduklarında Kur'anı kendi dillerine çeviriyordu. Örneğin [[İran]]lı [[Selman-ı Farisi|Selman]] [[Kur'an]]'ı [[Farsça]]ya çevirmişti. İlk tercümeler [[Farsça]] ve [[Türkçe]] dillerindeydi.{{olgu}} Batı'da [[Latince]] olarak tercümenin tarihi 1143'tür. Bu tercüme 1543'te basılmıştır.<br /> <br /> Günümüze ulaşan en eski elyazması [[Türkçe]] meâl Şirazlı Hacı Devletşah oğlu Muhammed'in istinsah ettiği (1333) meâlidir ve [[Türk-İslam Eserleri Müzesi]]'ndedir. [[Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi]]'ndeki bir nüsha [[Harezm Türkçesi]]nde yapılmıştır.<br /> <br /> Günümüzde meal çalışmaları bilimsel veya toplumsal anlayışın gelişme ve değişmesi paralelinde de değişikliklere uğramaktadır. Örneğin suresi meallerinde Alak kelimesi ile ilgili olarak verilen mealler. Eski meallerde kan pıhtısı olarak verilen bu kelime insanın gelişim aşamalarından birisinin kan pıhtısı olmadığı bilgisi ile birlikte değişime uğramış ve kelimeye [[tefsir]] ve meallerde embriyonun rahim duvarına tutunması ile bağlantılı [[mucize]]vi atıflar da yapılmak suretiyle [[embriyo]] veya "asılıp tutulan şey" anlamları verilmiştir.<ref>http://www.kuranmeali.com/ayetkarsilastirma.asp?sure=23&ayet=14</ref><br /> <br /> Yine suresine ismini veren Tarık kelimesi geleneksel anlamıyla göre halk arasında Zühre, çoban yıldızı, sabah veya akşam yıldızı olarak da bilinen [[venüs]]tür. Bazıları ise bu kelimeye [[mucize]]vi bir anlam yüklemiş ve onun radyoteleskopların icadı ile 1960'larda keşfedilen nötron yıldızlarını ([[pulsar]]) anlattığını ileri sürmüşler ve o şekilde tercüme etmişlerdir.<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.kuranmeali.org/86/tarik_suresi/3.ayet/kurani_kerim_mealleri.aspx |başlık=Arşivlenmiş kopya |erişimtarihi=18 Kasım 2014 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129050838/http://www.kuranmeali.org/86/tarik_suresi/3.ayet/kurani_kerim_mealleri.aspx |arşivtarihi=29 Kasım 2014 |ölüurl=yes }}</ref><br /> <br /> [[Dosya:Venus-real color.jpg|thumb|150px|sol|Venüs'ün bir fotoğrafı]]<br /> <br /> == Mütercim ==<br /> [[Dosya:Chinese quran.jpg|thumb|[[Yasin Suresi]] 33-34'üncü âyetlerinin [[Çince]] tercümesi.]]<br /> <br /> [[Kur'an]] meâli yazarlarına ''mütercim'' adı verilir.<br /> <br /> [[Kur'an]]’daki [[âyet]]lerin bir kısmı anlamı açık, hüküm ihtivâ eden âyetler olmakla beraber, bazı âyetler ise yoruma açık âyetlerdir. Bu [[Âl-i İmrân Sûresi]]’nin yedinci âyetinde belirtilmektedir.<br /> [[Dosya:Tapurian Qur'an (Al-Kusar).PNG|thumb|300px|108'inci [[Kevser Suresi]]'nin eski bir meâli. ([[Mazenderanca]] tefsir ve tercümesi.)]]<br /> <br /> [[Kur'ân]] meâl veya tercümelerini hazırlayanların belirli dini kaygılardan uzak şekilde, sadece sosyal bilimlerin ve din bilimlerinin ışığında, [[filoloji]], [[antropoloji]], [[dinler tarihi]], [[mitoloji]] gibi donanımlara sahip olarak tercüme yapmaları [[Kur'an]]’ın anlaşılması konusuna objektif katkılar sunması açısından değerli bilgiler sunabilir.{{olgu}}<br /> <br /> == Tercüme, tefsir ve meal ==<br /> {{Ana|Tefsir}}<br /> Tercüme bir metnin hiçbir yorum katmadan diğer dile aktarılmasıdır. Kur'an'ın tercüme edilebilir olup olmadığı uzun tartışmaların konusu olmuştur. Uygulamada ise meal denilen yarı tercüme anlatımlar tercih edilmiştir. Meâl Kur'an ayetlerinin yorumlu tercümesi, tefsir ise ayrıntılı açıklamasıdır. Meal yazarları, birebir tercümedeki metne cümlelerdeki anlatım bozukluklarının giderilmesi, kapalı anlatımlar, cümle düşüklükleri, kelimelerin tam karşılığının meal yapılan dilde bulunmaması, birebir tercümenin sakıncalı bulunması veya kendi anlayışını (mezhep, tarikat, cemaat) dikte etmek, cemaat liderini [[Mesih]] veya [[Mehdi]] ilan etmek gibi amaçlarla etimolojik anlam kaydırma, ekleme veya öne çıkartma gibi uygulamalar yapar ve yalın tercümeden kaçınırlar. Bu çalışmalarda çok sayıda bir diğerinin anlayışını suçlayan yaklaşımlar görmek olasıdır.<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.haber5.com/yazar/mehmet-sevket-eygi/bozuk-mealler-tercumeler-tefsirler |başlık=Arşivlenmiş kopya |erişimtarihi=24 Ekim 2014 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024093935/http://www.haber5.com/yazar/mehmet-sevket-eygi/bozuk-mealler-tercumeler-tefsirler |arşivtarihi=24 Ekim 2014 |ölüurl=yes }}</ref><ref>http://www.hanifdostlar.net/hanifnet/hanifliknedir/carpitma.html</ref><ref>http://www.kurannediyor.org/soru.asp?id=369&baslik=KURAN%20MEALLER%DD%20SAVA%DEI</ref> Bu çerçevede anlayış ve uygulamalardaki farklılaşmaların dini metinlere, ayrıca [[şeriat]] uygulamalarına; [[abdest]], [[namaz]], [[tesettür]], [[mut'a]], [[hac]] vb. ibadetlere yansıdığı görülmektedir. Günümüzde ise Kur'andan bilim ve [[Kur'an ve bilim|bilimsel mucizeler]] türetmek amacıyla benzer uygulamaların yapıldığı sıklıkla ileri sürülmektedir.<ref>http://www.mucizeyalanlari.com/dunyanin-yercekimi-kuvveti/</ref><br /> <br /> [[Türkiye]]’de basılan meâllerin bir çoğunda sayfa orta alanı [[Arapça]] metin, sayfa kenarları ise sırası ile [[Arapça]] metnin okunuşu ve hemen altında anlamı şeklindedir.<br /> <br /> Tefsirlerde ise ayetlerin tek veya grup olarak meallerinin sonuna eklenen açıklama bölümleri bulunur.<br /> <br /> Kur'an meallerinde günümüzde orijinal metnin yanında Türkçe metin verilir. Bazıları kelime kelime çeviri yapmakta, bazıları nüzul sebepleri ve tarihsel bilgileri sunmaktadır. Bir kısmı güncel fıkhi ve siyasi meseleleri dipnotlarla vermekte, bir kısmı şiir söyleyişiyle sunmaktadır. Meallerin dili 1900'lerden beri değişen Türkçeye paralel olarak değişmiştir.<br /> <br /> == Türkçe meâller ==<br /> Matbû meallerin bazıları sadece meâl, bazıları ise meâl ve [[tefsir]]dir.<br /> {{-}}<br /> {| class="sortable wikitable"<br /> |- style="background-color: #ccddff;"<br /> ! Mütercim<br /> ! Meal adı<br /> ! Yayınevi<br /> ! Yayın yılı<br /> |-<br /> |[[A. Adnan Sütmen]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in Meâlen Manzum Açıklaması || || 1984<br /> |-<br /> |[[Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in Anlamı || || 1955 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Abdullah Âtıf Tüzüner]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Türkçe Meâli || || 1970 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Abdullah Aydın]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Meâl-i Celîlesi || || 1979 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Abdurrahman Abdullahoğlu]] || Âyetlerin iniş sırasına göre meâl || Ozan Yayıncılk || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Adem Uğur]] || [[Kur'ân]] Meâli || || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ahmed Davudoğlu]] || [[Kur'ân]] Meâli || || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ahmet Ağırakca]] – Beşir Eryarsoy || [[Kur'ân]] Meâli || Buruç Yayınları || 1995-1999 <br /> |-<br /> |Ahmet Ağırakca – Beşir Eryarsoy || Nüzul Sebepli [[Kur'ân]] Meâli || Fikir Yayınları<br /> || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ahmet Okutan]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in konularına göre ayrılmış Türkçe anlamı || || 1967 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ahmet Tekin]] || [[Kur'ân]]'ı Anlamaya Doğru -Tefsîrî Meâl- || Kelam Yayınları || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ali Bulaç]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in Türkçe anlamı || Çıra Yayınları || 1983 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ali Fikri Yavuz]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Meâli Âlîsi || || 1967 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ali Özek]]-[[Hayreddin Karaman]] vd. || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || || 1982 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ali Rızâ Sağman]] || Lafzen ve Meâlen [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in Tercemesi || || 1980 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ali Ünal]]|| [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Meâli || Define Yayınları ||<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bekir Sadak]] || Ahmet Hulusi [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || Çaprı Yayınları<br /> || 1998<br /> |-<br /> |[[Besim Atalay]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || || 1962 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Cemil Said]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Tercemesi || || 1924 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı]] || Diyanet İşleri Meâli || Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı || 1990<br /> |-<br /> |[[Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı|Diyanet]] Vakfı|| [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || Diyanet Vakfı || 1993 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Edip Yüksel]] || Mesaj: [[Kur'ân]] Çevirisi || Ozan Yayıncılk || 2000<br /> |-<br /> |[[Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi Yazır]] || [[Hak Dini Kur'an Dili]] || || 1935 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Enver Baytan]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Türkçe Meâl-i Âlîsi || || 1987 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Hacı Murad Sertoğlu]] || [[İslâm]]'ın mukaddes kitabı [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in [[Türkçe]] tercüme ve tefsîri || || 1955 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Hakkı Yılmaz]] || Nüzul Sırasına Göre Necm, Necm [[Kur'ân]]'ın Türkçe Meâli || İşaret Yayınları || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Halil Uysal]] || Kelime Meâli || Kitap Kent || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Hamdi Döndüren]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Evrensel Çağrı / Yüce Meâl ve Tefsiri || Çelik Yayınevi || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Hasan Basri Çantay]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Meâl-i Kerîm || || 1952 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Hasan Tahsin Feyizli]] || Feyzü'l Furkan [[Kur'ân]] || Server İletişim Yayınları || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Hikmet Taşkın]] || [[Kur'ân]] bize ne diyor? || Madve Yayınları || 1989 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Hüseyin Atay]]-[[Yaşar Kutluay]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Türkçe anlamı || Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı || 1961<br /> |-<br /> |[[İmam İskender Ali Mihr]] <ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.kuranmeali.org/kuran_meali.aspx |başlık=Arşivlenmiş kopya |erişimtarihi=6 Haziran 2011 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726073002/http://www.kuranmeali.org/kuran_meali.aspx |arşivtarihi=26 Temmuz 2011 |ölüurl=yes }}</ref>|| Kelime Kelime [[Kur'ân]] Meâli || Mihr Yayınları || 2000<br /> |-<br /> |[[İsmâil Hakkı Baltacıoğlu]] || [[Kur'ân]] Meâli || || 1957 <br /> |-<br /> |[[İsmâil Kazdal]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in Türkçe Meâli || Erguvan Yayınevi || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Mahmud Ustaosmanoglu]] || [[Kur'ân]]-i Mecid ve Meâl Tefsir Alisi||Ahiska Yayinevi|| <br /> |-<br /> |[[Mahmut Kısa]] <ref>http://www.mehmetkarasakal.com/mahmut-kisa-meali/</ref> ||Kısa Açıklamalı [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meali ||Armağan Kitaplar||2009<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mahmut Toptaş]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Meâli || Cantaş Yayıncılık || <br /> |-<br /> |Mehmet Zeki Duman, Prof.Dr. || Beyanu'l Hak - [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in Nüzul Sırasına Göre Tefsiri ||Fecr Yayınevi || 2006<br /> |-<br /> |[[mevdudi|Mevdûdî]] || Mevdûdî Meâli || İnkılâp Yayınları ||<br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammed Esed]] || [[Muhammed Esed]] Meâli || İşaret Yayınları ||<br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammed Fuad Abdulbâkî]] || El-Mu'cem El-Mufehres li Elfaz El-Kur'an El-Kerîm || ||1938 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammed Hamidullah]] || Kitâb-ul Azîz || Beyan Yayınları ||<br /> |-<br /> |[[Murtaza Turabi]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || Kevser Yayınları ||<br /> |- <br /> |[[Mustafa Cemil Kılıç]] || Anlamak İçin Türkçe [[Kur'ân]] || Kamer Yayınları ||<br /> |- <br /> |[[Mustafa İslamoğlu]] || Hayat Kitâbı [[Kur'ân]], Gerekçeli Meâl-Tefsir || Düşün Yayınları || 2011<br /> |- <br /> |[[Prof. Dr. Mustafa Öztürk]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli & Anlam ve Yorum Merkezli Çeviri || Düşün Yayınları || 2012<br /> |- <br /> |[[Mustafa Varlı]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]]'in Açıklamalı Türkçe Anlatımı || Esma Yayınları ||<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mustafa Yıldız]] || Son Mesaj [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] ve Gerekçeli Türkçe Meâli || Çıra Yayınları ||<br /> |- <br /> |[[Osman Nebioğlu]] || Türkçe [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] || || 1957 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ömer Feyzi Mardin]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] tefsirli ve fihristli || || 1950 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ömer Rızâ Doğrul]] || Tanrı Buyruğu || || 1934, 1980 <br /> |-<br /> |Prof. Dr. [[Ömer Özsoy]] – Prof. Dr. [[İlhâmi Güler]] || Konularına Göre [[Kur'ân]] Meâli || Fecr Yayınları || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Recep İhsan Eliaçık]] || Yaşayan [[Kur'an]] Türkçe Meâl || İnşa Yayınları || 2006<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sadık Türkmen]] || İniş Sırasına Göre [[Kur'ân]]; Akıl ve Bilim Işığında Türkçe Çeviri. || Sadık Türkmen Yayınları || 2006, 2009, 2010 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Sadi Irmak]] || Kutsal [[Kur'ân]] Türkçe Meâli || || 1962<br /> |-<br /> |[[Suat Yıldırım]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || Define Yayınları || 1998<br /> |-<br /> |[[Süleyman Ateş]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || Yeni Ufuk Yay. || 1975 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Şaban Piriş]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Türkçe Anlamı || Arz Yayınları || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Talat Koçyiğit]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || Hüner Yayınevi || 2004<br /> |-<br /> |[[Yaşar Nuri Öztürk]] || [http://www.kuran.gen.tr/?x=s_main&kid=2 Türkçe Kur'an çevirisi] || Sesli || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Ziyâ Kazıcı]]-[[Necip Taylan]] || [[Kur'ân-ı Kerîm]] Meâli || Çağrı Yayınları || 1977 <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Kaynakça ==<br /> {{kaynakça}}<br /> * [http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/ Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı]<br /> * [http://www.kuranmeali.tv/ Kur’ân Mealleri Araştırmaları - 27 farklı meâl]<br /> * [http://mektebisuffa.com/kuran/ Mekteb-i Suffa]<br /> <br /> [[Kategori:Kur'an|Meal]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Spanish ==<br /> <br /> {{Traducir}}<br /> Según teólogos islámicos {{¿cuáles?}} una '''traducción del [[Corán]]''' del [[Idioma árabe|árabe]] en otros idiomas no es posible, porque cada traducción ya incluye una interpretación.<br /> Se recomienda la lectura del texto original árabe.<br /> <br /> == Historia de las traducciones ==<br /> La primera traducción del Corán en Europa fue al latín, y se realizó en España en 1143 por encargo del abad de [[Cluny]] [[Pedro el Venerable]]. La realizaron el inglés [[Robert de Ketton]], entonces archidiácono de [[Pamplona]], el monje [[Hermann von Carinthia]] y otros colaboradores hispanos. Fue impresa por primera vez en 1543 en [[Basilea]], con un prólogo de [[Martín Lutero]]. El objetivo específico de Pedro el Venerable al ordenar esta traducción era deshonrar al [[Islam]] a través de una traducción sesgada y malintencionada de su libro sagrado. Desde entonces, algunas traducciones realizadas por orientalistas europeos se hicieron con el mismo propósito. Por ello, para acercarse al verdadero mensaje coránico es necesario buscar una traducción literal realizada por verdaderos eruditos islámicos, creyentes o no. La segunda versión al latín, más literal y menos difundida, la hizo el canónigo de la catedral de Toledo [[Marcos de Toledo]] en 1210 por orden del arzobispo [[Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada]].<br /> <br /> Debe tenerse en cuenta que para los islamistas solo el texto original en árabe, que ha sido preservado intacto por más de 14 siglos, es considerado el [[Corán]] o la palabra de Dios revelada al [[profeta]] Muhammad / [[Mahoma]] a través del ángel [[Gabriel]]. Toda traducción es sólo un acercamiento al mensaje coránico, por lo que ningún estudio del Corán puede ser considerado serio si no se funda en el texto árabe original.<br /> <br /> == Comparación entre diversas traducciones del Corán al español==<br /> <br /> Comparación de traducciones de los significados del Sagrado Corán al idioma español (Capítulo 97):<br /> <br /> === Corán aljamiado (1606) ===<br /> <br /> El acora de la Cantidad. Es cinco aleas.<br><br /> <br /> :En el nombre de Allah piadoso de piedad. / Dixo Allah / que: "Nos lo deballemos / el Alcorán / en la noche de la Gran Cantidad. ¿Y no sabes / ye Muhamed / que es la noche de la Gran Cantidad? La noche de la Grande Cantidad es mejor que mil meses: deballan los almalaques y Chibril en ella con licencia de su Sennor a todo mandamiento. / Dicen los almalaques: / "La salbación sea a vosotros en ella hasta el sallir del alba".<ref>[https://archive.org/download/coran-aljamiado/coran-aljamiado-ocr.pdf Corán aljamiado]</ref><br><br /> <br /> === [[Joaquín García Bravo]] (1907) ===<br /> <br /> SURA XCVII<br /> <br /> ALKADR <sup>1</sup><br><br /> Dado en la Meca. ‑ 5 versículos<br><br /> <br /> En nombre del Dios clemente y misericordioso<br><br /> <br /> # ¿Nosotros hemos hecho descender el Corán en la noche de ALKADR?.<sup>2</sup><br /> # ¿Quién te hará conocer lo que es la noche de Alkadr?<br /> # La noche de Alkadr vale más que mil meses.<br /> # En esa noche los ángeles y el espíritu descienden al mundo con permiso de Dios para vigilar todas las cosas.<sup>3</sup><br /> # La paz acompaña a esa noche hasta el nacer de la aurora.<br /> <br /> (notas)<br><br /> # Es decir, sentencias inmutables.<br /> # Kadr significa sentencias inmutables. Se puede comparar este pasaje con los versículos 1 y 3 del sura XLIV. En la noche de Alkader, que se cree sea la del 23 ó 24 del mes del Ramadán, es cuando el Corán fue revelado por entero a Mahoma. En aquella noche los negocios del universo quedan fijados y resueltos para todo el año.<br /> # Véase el sura LXX, 4, nota.<ref>[https://archive.org/download/JGBravoCoran/JGBravo-Coran.pdf Traducción de Joaquín García Bravo]</ref><br /> <br /> === [[Rafael Cansinos Assens]] (1951) ===<br /> <br /> Sura 97 – El destino (Al-Kadr)<br /> <br /> ¡En el nombre de Alá, el Piadoso, el Apiadable! <br /> # En verdad, lo hicimos bajar en la noche del Decreto.<br /> # ¿Y qué te hará comprender lo que [es] la noche del Decreto?<br /> # La noche del Al-Kadr [es] mejor que mil meses.<br /> # Descienden los almalaques y el Espíritu en ella, por permisión de su Señor, para disponer todo asunto.<br /> # ¡Paz [en] ella hasta que suba la aurora!<ref>[http://www.cansinos.com/content/el-koran-el-coran Arca Ediciones] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cansinos.com/content/el-koran-el-coran |date=20110527175616 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Ahmed Abboud (1952)===<br /> <br /> XCVII<br><br /> SURA DE ALQADR<br><br /> O DEL DECRETO<br><br /> <br /> En el nombre de Dios, graciabilísimo, misericordioso.<br /> # Por cierto que, revelamos el ''Corán'' en la noche del decreto. <br /> # ¿Y qué te hará entender lo que es la noche del decreto?<br /> # La noche del decreto es mejor que mil meses.<br /> # En ella descienden los ángeles con el Espíritu (''el arcángel Gabriel''), con la anuencia de su Señor, para ejecutar todas sus órdenes:<br /> # ¡Paz! ¡Es ella hasta el despuntar de la aurora!<ref>[http://www.archive.org/download/ElCoranTraducidoPorAbboud/coran.pdf Traducción de Ahmed Abboud]</ref><br /> <br /> === [[Julio Cortés Soroa|Julio Cortés]] (1979) ===<br /> <br /> Sura 97. Al-Qadr (EL Destino)<br /> <br /> ¡En el nombre de Alá, el Compasivo, el Misericordioso!<br /> # Lo hemos revelado en la noche del Destino.<br /> # Y ¿cómo sabrás qué es la noche del Destino?<br /> # La noche del Destino vale más de mil meses.<br /> # Los ángeles y el Espíritu descienden en ella, con permiso de su Señor, para fijarlo todo.<br /> # ¡Es una noche de paz, hasta el rayar del alba!<ref>Las versiones disponibles libremente en la red han sido alteradas sin consentimiento del traductor [https://books.google.co.cr/books?id=x6rpRf5dqVoC]<br />[http://www.kuran.gen.tr/?x=s_main&y=s_middle&kid=6&sid=97 Kuran-i Kerim]<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20071229194835/http://www.al-shia.com/html/spa/quran/qur_tran/97.html El Centro de Informática Aalulbayt]<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20071109213755/http://www.coran.org.ar/castellano/indices/coran.php?sura=97 Corán-i-Karím]<br />[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ESL0024/_P4O.HTM IntraText CT]</ref><br /> <br /> === [[Comunidad Ahmadía|Ahmadiyya]] (1988) ===<br /> <br /> En el nombre del Al-har el Clemente, el Misericordioso. <br /> # En verdad, lo revelamos en la Noche del Destino.<br /> # Y ¿qué podía darte a conocer qué es la Noche del Destino?<br /> # La Noche del Destino es mejor que un millar de meses.<br /> # En ella descienden ángeles y el Espíritu con el decreto de su Señor en relación con todos los asuntos.<br /> # Paz: así será incluso cuando despunte la aurora.<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://www.islamahmadiyya.es/ |título=Comunidad Musulmana Ahmadía |fechaacceso=19 de enero de 2020 |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522052339/http://www.islamahmadiyya.es/ |fechaarchivo=22 de mayo de 2018 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Abdel Ghani Melara Navío (1995) ===<br /> <br /> 97. Sura del Decreto<br /> <br /> En el nombre de Allah, el Misericordioso, el Compasivo.<br /> # Es cierto que lo hicimos descender en la noche del Decreto.<br /> # ¿Y cómo hacerte saber qué es la noche del Decreto?<br /> # La noche del Decreto es mejor que mil meses.<br /> # En ella descienden los ángeles y el espíritu con las órdenes de tu Señor para cada asunto.<br /> # Paz, ella dura hasta el despuntar del alba.<ref>[http://qurancomplex.gov.sa/Quran/Targama/Targama.asp?nSora=97&l=esp&nAya=1#97_1 El Complejo del Rey Fahd para la Edición del Noble Corán]</ref><br /> <br /> ===[[Muhammad Asad]] (2001)===<br /> <br /> SURA 97<br /> Al-Qadr (El Destino)<br /> <br /> En el Nombre de Dios, el Más Misericordioso, el Dispensador de Gracia:<br /> # Ciertamente, hemos hecho descender esta [escritura divina] en la Noche del Destino.<br /> # ¿Y qué puede hacerte concebir lo que es esa Noche del Destino?<br /> # La Noche del Destino es mejor que mil meses:<br /> # los ángeles descienden en ella en huestes, portando la inspiración divina con la venia de su Sustentador;<br /> # contra todo lo [malo] que pueda ocurrir da indemnidad, hasta que despunta el alba.<ref>[http://www.way-to-allah.com/es/camino/leopold.html Muhammad Asad alias Leopold Weiß]</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=http://www.webislam.com/?idc=922 |título=WebIslam |fechaacceso=22 de noviembre de 2007 |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119163332/http://www.webislam.com/?idc=922 |fechaarchivo=19 de enero de 2008 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Bahige Mulla Huech (2004) ===<br /> <br /> En el nombre de Allah, Clemente, Misericordioso<br /> # Hemos (comenzado) a revelar el Corán en la Noche Más Digna.<br /> # Pero, ¿quién es capaz de evaluar el valor trascendental de la Noche Más Digna?<br /> # (La remuneración de un bien hecho en) la Noche Más Digna vale más que (su equivalente llevado a cabo a lo largo) de mil meses.<br /> # Esta Noche, el arcángel (Gabriel), junto con otros ángeles, descienden cada año - previo permiso del Señor - a la tierra con todos los Decretos divinos (para el año siguiente).<br /> # Es una Noche de paz (para todo creyente, porque las bendiciones de Dios) rigen su curso hasta el rayar del alba.<ref>http://www.mezquitadealicante.com/es/libros/ Descarga de varias traducciones, incluyendo la de Bahige Mulla Huech.</ref><br /> <br /> ===International Islamic Publishing House (2004) ===<br /> <br /> Sura 97 – El Decreto<br /> <br /> En el nombre de Allah, Clemente, Misericordioso<br /> # Por cierto que comenzamos la revelación [del Corán] en la noche del decreto.<br /> # ¿Y qué te hará comprender [la importancia] de la noche del decreto?<br /> # [Adorar a Allah] La noche del decreto es mejor que [hacerlo] mil meses.<br /> # Esa noche descienden los Ángeles y el espíritu [el Ángel Gabriel] con la anuencia de su Señor para ejecutar todas Sus órdenes.<br /> # En ella hay paz hasta el comienzo del alba.<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://www.nurelislam.com/coran/index.htm |título=Nurelislam |fechaacceso=4 de septiembre de 2010 |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916114445/http://www.nurelislam.com/coran/index.htm |fechaarchivo=16 de septiembre de 2010 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Isa García (2014) ===<br /> <br /> Capítulo 97 – La Predestinación<br /> <br /> En el nombre de Allah, Clemente, Misericordioso<br /> # Comencé la revelación [del Corán] en la noche de la predestinación.<br /> # ¿Y qué te hará comprender la importancia de la noche de la predestinación?<br /> # [Adorar a Dios] la noche de la predestinación es superior en recompensa a hacerlo durante mil meses.<br /> # Esta noche descienden los ángeles y el espíritu [el ángel Gabriel] con órdenes de su Señor para todos los asuntos.<br /> # Es una noche de paz y seguridad hasta el comienzo del alba.<ref>[http://www.islamhouse.com/735228/es/es/books/El_Corán,_traducción_comentada IslamHouse]</ref><br /> <br /> === Texto original árabe ===<br /> * {{lang|ar|بسم الله الرحمان الرحيم<br /> <br /> *إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَاهُ فِي لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ <br /> *وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ <br /> *ªæk<br /> <br /> *تَنَزَّلُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ وَالرُّوحُ فِيهَا بِإِذْنِ رَبِّهِم مِّن كُلِّ أَمْرٍ <br /> *سَلَامٌ هِيَ حَتَّى مَطْلَعِ الْفَجْرِ}} <br /> <br /> ==== Texto original transliterado ====<br /> 97) Sūrat Al-Qadr<br /> <br /> Bismi-llāhi-r-raĥmāni-r-raĥīmi<br /> <br /> # 'Innā 'anzalnāhu fī laylati al-qadri<br /> # Wa mā 'adrāka mā lailatu al-qadri<br /> # Lailatu al-qadri khayrun min 'alfi shahrin<br /> # Tanazzalu al-Mmalā'ikatu wa ar-rūĥu fīhā bi'idhni rabbihim min kulli 'amrin<br /> # Salāmun hiya ĥatta maţla`i al-fajri<ref>[http://transliteration.org/quran/WebSite_CD/MixSpanish/097.asp transliteration.org]</ref><br /> <br /> ==Referencias==<br /> {{listaref}}<br /> <br /> ==Enlaces externos==<br /> {{Commons|Qur'an translation}}<br /> <br /> * [http://www.islamhouse.com/735228/es/es/books/El_Corán,_traducción_comentada El Corán, traducción comentada], traducción de Isa García.<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100916114445/http://www.nurelislam.com/coran/index.htm El Sagrado Corán, traducción de su contenido al idioma español], traducción de la IIPH.<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080515194053/http://www.muslimbridges.org/images/stories/pdfs/ElSagradoCoran.pdf El Sagrado Corán], versión castellana basada en la de Julio Cortés. Las versiones disponibles libremente en la red han sido alteradas sin consentimiento del traductor. [https://books.google.co.cr/books?id=x6rpRf5dqVoC]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170922022839/http://quran-online.net/ Online Quran Project: Texto en árabe y traducciones a 20 idiomas] (la versión castellana está basada en la de Julio Cortés (ver entrada previa)).<br /> * [http://www.alislam.org/quran/Holy-Quran-Spanish.pdf Traducido por Comunidad Ahmadia con comentario].<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121029093427/http://www.islamahmadia.com/quran Noble Corán En español y árabe con búsqueda ] La traducción ahmadiyya.<br /> * [http://www.flashquran.com/es/index.html#1 El Corán], versión flash de la traducción de Isa García.<br /> * [http://www.archive.org/details/ElCoranTraducidoPorAbboud El Sagrado Corán] traducido por Ahmed Abboud y Rafael Castellanos.<br /> * [http://www.searchtruth.com/list.php Texto en árabe y traducciones a 8 idiomas], entre ellas, en castellano.<br /> * [http://www.globalquran.com Texto y búsqueda por las suras en varios idiomas].<br /> * [http://mensajesenlaruta.blogspot.com/2009/11/es-traducible-el-coran.html ¿Es traducible el Corán?].<br /> * [http://www.libreria-mundoarabe.com/Boletines/n%BA72%20Jun.09/CoranTraducciones.htm El Corán y sus traducciones] en revista Alif Nûn nº 72, junio de 2009.<br /> * [http://mensajesenlaruta.blogspot.com/2011/03/el-coran-su-lectura-recopilacion-y.html El Corán: su lectura, recopilación y preservación en la historia].<br /> * [http://www.trans.uma.es/pdf/Trans_11/T.261-272J.P.A.Torres.pdf Bibliografía sobre las traducciones del Alcorán en el ámbito hispano].<br /> * [http://siguiendoelcaminorecto.blogspot.com/2014/10/del-arabe-al-espanol-transliterar.html Del árabe al español: ¿transliterar, transcribir o traducir?]<br /> * [[George Grigore]], [http://www.academia.edu/4048918/George_Grigore_Les_contraires_-_al-_a_dad_-_dans_le_Coran_et_leur_equivalence_dans_les_traductions_in_Romano-Arabica_no._4._Bucharest_Center_for_Arab_Studies._2004_33-46 Les contraires - al-aDdad - dans le Coran et leur equivalence dans les traductions, Bucarest, 2004]<br /> <br /> ==Literatura==<br /> * ''El Corán'', traducido por Lic. Muhammad Isa García con revisión de Lic. Anas Amer Quevedo y Said Abdunur Pedraza; Bogotá, Colombia, 2014, ISBN 9789933496913<br /> * ''El Sagrado Corán'', traducido por Lic. ‘Abdul Qader Mouheddine y Sirhan ‘Ali Sanchez con revisión de un equipo de expertos y la supervisión de Lic. Muhammad Isa García , International Islamic Publishing House, Riyadh, Arabia Saudita, 2004, ISBN 9960953319<br /> * ''El Korán'', traducido por [[Rafael Cansinos Assens]], Arca Ediciones: edición en papel, Madrid, España, 2006, ISBN 9788493497651; edición en digital, Madrid, 2011, ISBN 9788493951306<br /> * ''El Corán'', traducido por [[Julio Cortés Soroa|Julio Cortés]], Editorial Herder, Barcelona, España, 2002, ISBN 84-254-1594-2, Barcelona 2005, ISBN 84-254-1570-5<br /> * ''El Sagrado Corán. Con texto en árabe y traducción al español'', publicado bajo los auspicios de Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Editorial Islam International Publications Ltd., Tilford UK 2003, ISBN 1-85372-793-8<br /> * ''Al-Qur'ān. A Contemporary Translation by Ahmed Ali'', en árabe con versión en inglés de Orooj Ahmed Ali, [[Princeton University Press]], Princeton-New Jersey, 1993, ISBN 0-691-07499-2<br /> * ''El Corán. Religión, hombre y sociedad: Antología temática''. Edición y traducción de Carlos A. Segovia. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 2007. ISBN 978-84-9742-657-2<br /> {{Control de autoridades}}<br /> [[Categoría:Traducciones]]<br /> [[Categoría:Corán]]<br /> [[Categoría:Traductores del Corán| ]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=List_of_translations_of_the_Quran&diff=187 List of translations of the Quran 2020-05-04T02:51:49Z

<p>Hqaweb: Новая страница: «{{short description|Wikipedia list article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}} {{Quran|all}} {{Translation sidebar}} :''This is a sub-article to Qur'an transl…»</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Quran|all}}<br /> {{Translation sidebar}}<br /> :''This is a sub-article to [[Qur'an translations]].''<br /> <br /> ==Historical (up to the 21st century)==<br /> <br /> ===7th–10th centuries===<br /> * [[Salman the Persian]] translated the first chapter of the Qur'an, [[Al-Fatiha]], from Arabic to [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>An-Nawawi, Al-Majmu', (Cairo, Matbacat at-'Tadamun n.d.), 380.</ref><br /> * [[Greek language|Greek]]: The purpose is unknown but it is confirmed to be the first ever complete translation of the Quran. We know of it (and substantial fragments are preserved) because it was used by [[Nicetas Byzantius]], a scholar from [[Constantinople]], in his 'Refutatio' written between 855 and 870.<ref>Christian Høgel, "An early anonymous Greek translation of the Qur'an. The fragments from Niketas Byzantios' Refutatio and the anonymous Abjuratio", ''Collectanea Christiana Orientalia'' 7 (2010), pp. 65–119; [[Kees Versteegh]], "Greek translations of the Quran in Christian polemics (9th century)", ''Zeitschrift der Deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft'' 141 (1991); Astérios Argyriou, "Perception de l'Islam et traductions du Coran dans le monde byzantin grec", ''Byzantion'' 75 (2005); Christian Høgel, The Greek Qur'an: scholarship and evaluations. Orientalia Suecana, 61 (Suppl.) (2013), pp. 173–180.</ref><br /> *Although not existing today, a [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] translation was completed in 994 in Alwar (present-day [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]), which had been commissioned by Abdullah bin Umar bin Abdul Aziz.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monthlycrescent.com/understanding-the-quran/english-translations-of-the-quran/ |title=English Translations of the Quran " Crescent |publisher=Monthlycrescent.com |accessdate=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429213509/http://www.monthlycrescent.com/understanding-the-quran/english-translations-of-the-quran/ |archive-date=29 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> This is inferred from two references:<br /> "… an anonymous early 9th century Kashmiri Hindu king ..." wrote a letter to Amir Abdullah bin Umar bin Abdul Aziz of Mansura, requesting him to dispatch a scholar to his court who could explain the tenets of the Islamic shariah in the language "al-Hindia".<ref>Directorate of Information, Kashmir Today, Srinagar: Government of Jammu and Kashmir, 1998, pp. 113–14.</ref><br /> The 9th century Persian traveller Buzurg bin Shahryar mentions in his travelogue, Ajaib-ul Hind [The Wonders of India], that the Hindu king of Mehroke in Kashmir had commissioned the preparation of a Kashmiri translation of the Quran.<ref>Khwaja Muhammad 'Azam Didamari, Waqi'at-i-Kashmir (The History of Kashmir) [translated by Khwaja Hamid Yazdani], Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Islamic Research Center, 1998, p. 117.</ref><br /> <br /> *An incomplete [[Berber languages|Berber]] translation may have been promulgated by the [[Barghawata]] King [[Salih ibn Tarif]] in the 8th century, radically expanded with original, non-Quranic material which he claimed had been [[Revelation|revealed]] [[Prophet|to him]].<br /> <br /> ===10th century===<br /> *''Tafsir-e Tabari'': The first complete translation of the Quran in [[Persian literature|Persian]], along with its [[tafsir]], which has survived till today. The book is a translation of [[Tafsir al-Tabari]] in Arabic.<br /> <br /> ===11th century===<br /> * Persian translation which is called "Qur'an Quds" which was translated by an unknown translator.<ref>{{cite web |title=Qur'an Quds |url=http://www.al-shia.com/html/far/books/quran&olum/quran_paju/q_pagh04.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830093923/http://www.al-shia.com/html/far/books/quran%26olum/quran_paju/q_pagh04.htm |archivedate=30 August 2011 }}</ref><br /> *''Kashf al-Israr wa 'Eddat al-Abrar'': Complete translation and tafsir of Quran in Persian by one of the students of [[Khwaja Abdullah Ansari|Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari]]. The book is available and has been published.<br /> <br /> ===12th century===<br /> *1143, [[Latin]], ''[[Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete]]'', by a group led by [[Robert of Ketton]], under direction of [[Peter the Venerable]]<br /> *''Tafsir Nasafi'': Complete Persian translation, along with the Quran exegesis, by [[Abu Hafs Omar al-Nasafi|Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi]]. The work has recently been published.<br /> <br /> ===13th century===<br /> *1193–1216, [[Latin]], an improved Latin translation from Arabic by [[Mark of Toledo]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1193–1216)<br /> <br /> ===16th century===<br /> *1543 reprint Latin text of ''Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete'' (1143), edited by [[Theodor Bibliander]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Qur'an translation by T. Bibliander, etc. from msgr.ca |url=http://www.msgr.ca/msgr-2/Koran%20-%20Nativity%20-%2001.htm |access-date=12 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228105904/http://www.msgr.ca/msgr-2/Koran%20-%20Nativity%20-%2001.htm |archive-date=28 December 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br /> *1547 enigmatical Italian edition, printed at [[Venice]]<br /> *Belarusian Tatars` manuscripts ([[kitabs]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Kitabs, the unique highlight of the Belarusian language |url=http://www.pravapis.org/art_kitab1_en.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020830171327/http://www.pravapis.org/art_kitab1_en.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 August 2002 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===17th century===<br /> * 17th century [[Malay language|Malay]], ''Tafsir Tarjuman al-Mustafid'' by Shaikh Abdur Ra'uf al-Fansuri from [[Aceh Sultanate]]. This is the first translation in [[Malay language]]. The translation is in the classical Malay language (not to be confused with [[Malaysian language]]) before it evolved into the [[Indonesian language]] and the [[Malaysian language]] in recent times. This translation was written with [[Jawi alphabet|Jawi script]].<ref name="ulama-nusantara.blogspot.com">[http://ulama-nusantara.blogspot.com/2007/09/syeikh-abdur-rauf-fansuri-pentafsir-al.html Syeikh Abdur Rauf Fansuri pentafsir al-Quran pertama dalam bahasa Melayu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225134/http://ulama-nusantara.blogspot.com/2007/09/syeikh-abdur-rauf-fansuri-pentafsir-al.html |date=3 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Tarjuman al-Mustafid">[http://wahyunishifaturrahmah.wordpress.com/2010/02/16/mempertimbangkan-tarjuman-al-mustafid-telaah-atas-kemurnian-tafsir-karya-abd-rauf-sinkel/ Tarjuman al-Mustafid] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305232533/http://wahyunishifaturrahmah.wordpress.com/2010/02/16/mempertimbangkan-tarjuman-al-mustafid-telaah-atas-kemurnian-tafsir-karya-abd-rauf-sinkel/ |date=5 March 2016 }}</ref><br /> *1616, German, ''Alcoranus Mahometicus'' from Italian by [[Salomon Schweigger]], Nuremberg.<br /> *1632, Latin, ''Turcarum Alcoranus'' from Arabic by Johann Zechendorff (1580-1662), unpublished manuscript<ref>Roberto Tottoli: The Latin Translation of the Qurʾān by Johann Zechendorff (1580-1662) discovered in Cairo Dār al-Kutub. Oriente Moderno, 95.2015, S. 5–31</ref><br /> *1647, French, ''[[L'Alcoran de Mahomet]]'' from Arabic by [[Andre du Ryer]], the third from the original Arabic directly into a European language, the first two being to Latin (12th century, 13th century).<br /> *1649, English, ''Alcoran of Mahomet'' from the French by [[Alexander Ross (writer)|Alexander Ross]].<br /> *1657, [[Dutch language|Dutch]], ''Mahomets Alkoran'' translated from the French by [[Jan Hendriksz Glazemaker]].<br /> *1686, [[Polish language|Polish]], the “[https://pl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefsir_miński Minsk tafsir]”, first suras were written in Turkish, but from the 19th and onwards they were written in Polish language using Arabic alphabet, translation by Tatars.<br /> *1698, [[Latin]], a third Latin translation from Arabic, extensively annotated, sometimes from a Christian perspective, preceded by a biography of the Prophet and a discussion of Islamic doctrines, by Father [[Louis Maracci]], Padua.<ref name=msgrpage2>{{cite web |title=Qur'an translation by T. Bibliander, etc. from msgr.ca |url=http://www.msgr.ca/msgr-2/Koran%20-%20Nativity%20-%2002.htm |access-date=12 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112001936/http://www.msgr.ca/msgr-2/Koran%20-%20Nativity%20-%2002.htm |archive-date=12 January 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===18th century===<br /> *1716, Russian, «Алкоран о Магомете, или Закон турецкий» (Al-Koran of Mahomet, or the Turkish Law) by P. V. Postnikov.<ref name="ReferenceA">П. В. Густерин. Первый переводчик и первое издание Корана на русском языке // Исламоведение. — 2011. — № 1.</ref><br /> *1734, English, ''The Koran'' by [[George Sale]], Translated into English immediately from the original Arabic with explanatory notes and commentaries and evidently making use of the Latin translation of Maracci (1698).<ref>One of the copies owned by American Founding Father [[Thomas Jefferson]], on which [[Keith Ellison (politician)|Keith Ellison]], the first [[Muslim]] elected to [[110th Congress|Congress]], was sworn.</ref><br /> *1749, [[Sindh]], "Tafsir-e-Hashmi" by [[Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi]]. First commentary of the Quran in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and the most ancient translation of [[Quran]] in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] that could be found. Popularly called as the first Sindhi translation that got to be known also.<br /> *1790, Russian, "Книга Аль-Коран аравлянина Магомета …" by M. I. Veryovkin.<br /> *1792, Russian, "Ал-Коран Магомедов …" by A. V. Kolmakov.<br /> <br /> ===19th century===<br /> *1834, [[Gustav Leberecht Flügel]]'s text formed the foundation of modern Qur'an research and the basis for several new translations into European languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Information about Qur'an's translations from website idc.nl in pdf format |url=http://www.idc.nl/pdf/dissemination_quran.pdf}}</ref><br /> *1858, Polish, ''Quran (al Quran)'' by Jan Murza Tarak Buczacki.<br /> *1861, English, ''The Koran'' by [[John Medows Rodwell]].<ref name=msgrpage2/><br /> *1864, Russian, "Коран Магомеда" by K. Nikolayev.<br /> *1871 (issued 1995), Russian, "Коран Магомеда" by D. N. Boguslavsky.<br /> *1878 (reissued a lot of times), Russian, "Коран, законодательная книга мохаммеданского вероучения" by G. S. Sablukov.<br /> *1880, English, ''The Koran'', by [[Edward Henry Palmer]].<br /> *1886, [[Bengali language|Bengali]], by [[Girish Chandra Sen]]<br /> <br /> ===20th century===<br /> *1912, [[Urdu]], ''[[Kanzul Iman]]'' by [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Ala Hazrat Imam Ahmad Raza Khan Qadri, Barkaati, Muhaddith e Bareilly, Bareilly, UP, India]].<br /> later translated into various other languages including English.<br /> *1902, [[Urdu]], ''Tarjamul Quran'' by Maulana Aashiq Ilahi Meeruti.<br /> *1905, [[Urdu]], ''Bayanul Quran'' by [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi|Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi]].<br /> *1915–19, [[Urdu]], ''Tarjama Shaikhul Hind'' by Shaikhul Hind Maulana Deobandi.<br /> *1961 [[Urdu]], ''Mafhoom-ul-Quran'' by [[Ghulam Ahmed Perwez]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/mq.pdf |title=Mafhoom'ul Quran |publisher=Tolueislam.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-23}}</ref><br /> *1930, English, ''[[The Meaning of the Glorious Koran]]'', by [[Marmaduke Pickthall]].({{ISBN|1-879402-51-3}})<br /> *1934, English, ''[[The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary]]'', by [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]].({{ISBN|0-915957-76-0}})<br /> *1936, [[Bosnian Language|Bosnian]], ''Kur'an'' by Hafiz Muhamed Pandža and [[Džemaludin Čaušević]]<br /> *1936, [[Hebrew]], ''AlQur'an'', by Josef Rivlin.<br /> *1943-1955/1980, Turkish, Tanrı Buyruğu: Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in Tercüme ve Tefsiri (İstanbul 1943, 1947, 1955, 1980), by Ömer Rıza Doğrul<br /> *1955, English, ''[[The Koran Interpreted|The Koran Interpreted: A Translation]]'', by [[Arthur John Arberry]].({{ISBN|0-684-82507-4}})<br /> *1963 (reissued a lot of times), Russian, "Коран" by I. Yu. Krachkovsky.<br /> *1971, English, ''The Quran'', by Muhammad Zafrulla Khan.<br /> *1971, Hebrew, ''HaQur'an'', by [[Aharon Ben-Shemesh]].<br /> *1974, English, ''The Message of the Qur'an : Presented in Perspective'' by Dr. [[Hashim Amir Ali]] (Hyderabad, Deccan, India). He translated the Qur'an into English and arranged it according to chronological order.<br /> *1978, [[Kannada language]], ''Divya Qur'an, Qur'an Majid'', (An effort of six scholars: Mawlana Shah Abd al-Qadir, Mawlana Sayyid, Abu Raihan Ahmed Noori, Abd Allah Sahib, I’jaz al-Din and Abd al-Ghaffar), 2 volumes, Bangalore.<br /> *1980, English, ''The Message of The Qur'an'' by [[Muhammad Asad]] (born as Leopold Weiss a Polish Jew, converted to Islam in 1926).<br /> *1981, English, ''Al Qur'aan'', by As Sayyid Imam Isa Al Haadi Al Mahdi, founder of the Ansaaru Allah Community of the West.<br /> *1985, English, ''[[Noble Quran (Hilali-Khan)|Noble Qur'an]]'', by [[Muhammad Muhsin Khan]].<br /> *1985, English, ''The Qur'an: First American Version'', by [[T. B. Irving]].<br /> *1986, Polish ''Koran'' by [[Józef Bielawski]].<br /> *1987, Hungarian ''Korán'' by Róbert Simon.<br /> *1989-05, English, ''The Qur'an'', by [[Muhammad Habib Shakir]].<br /> *1990s, [[Khowar language]] also known as Chitrali Language, spoken in the North West of Pakistan bordering Afghanistan, by ''Qari Syed Bazurg Shah Al-Azhari'' (Sitara Imtiaz).<br /> *1990, [[Belarusian language]], ''Свяшчэнны Каран. Анталогія'', by Tomasz Tamaszewicz, Hrodna, Belarus<br /> *1991, English, ''The Clarion Call of the Eternal Qur-aan'', by Muhammad Khalilur Rahman from Dhaka, Bangladesh.<br /> *1991, Hindi, ''Quran Sharif: Anuwad awr Vyakhya'' by Jamiat Ulama Hind, New Delhi, India.<br /> *1993, [[Sindhi language]], ''Kanzul-i-iman'' by Mufti Muhammad Raheem Sikandri Pir jo Goth Dargah Shareef Pir Pagara.<br /> *1993, English, ''A Simple Translation of The Holy Qur'an'' (with notes on Topics of Science), by [[Mir Aneesuddin|Dr. Mir Aneesuddin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Translation |url=http://quranicresources.com/Translation.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331143639/http://quranicresources.com/Translation.htm |archivedate=31 March 2012 }}</ref><br /> *1995, Russian, «Коран» by T. A. Shumovsky.<br /> *1995, Russian, «Коран» by M.-N. O. Osmanov.<br /> *1996, English, El's Holy Qur'an, by ''[[Malachi Z. York]]'' for the Holy Tabernacle Ministries.<br /> *1997, Russian, "Коран" by V. M. Porokhova.<br /> *1998, [[Swedish language]], ''Koranens budskap'', by [[Mohammed Knut Bernström]]<br /> *1998, [[Urdu Language]], English Language ''Bayan-ul-Quran'' by [[Israr Ahmed]]<br /> <br /> ===21st century===<br /> *2002, Russian, "Коран" by E. R. Kuliyev.<br /> *2005 (January), Bengali Language, "Al-Qur-aa-nul-Hakeem" '''<code>(আলকুরআ-নুল হাকীম)</code>''' by [[Professor Maulana Hafez Shaikh Ainul Bari Aliavee,]] Published by Sufia Prakashani, Kolkata (INDIA). {{ISBN|978-81-941079-0-3}}<br /> *2007, Urdu Language, "Noor e Imaan" by Moulana Syed Abid Khundmeeri<br /> *2010, Telugu Language, ''Divya Quran Sandesham ''by Dr. Abdul-Raheem Mohammed Moulana<br /> *2011, English, "AL Quran: By Allah" by [[Muhammad Kamran Khan]].{{ISBN|978-0-359-61611-4}}<br /> *2013, Bengali Language, "Tafseerul Quran" by [[Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib]], Published by Hadeeth Foundation Bangladesh, can be downloaded in pdf from: {{URL| http://www.ahlehadeethbd.org/books.html| ahlehadeethbd.org }}<br /> *2013, Georgian "The Quran" by [[Giorgi Lobzhanidze]].<ref name="festiveart.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festiveart.com/NewsDetails.aspx?ID=1997 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140805133042/http://www.festiveart.com/NewsDetails.aspx?ID=1997 |url-status=dead |title=Art News, Festive Art . com |date=5 August 2014 |archivedate=5 August 2014 |website=archive.is}}</ref><br /> *2014, URDU Language, "MUTALAEH QURAN مطالعہ قرآن" by ABDULLAH can be downloaded in pdf from [[Google]]<ref name="google.com">{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/myquranpak |title=MY QURAN PAK |website=sites.google.com}}</ref><br /> *2014, URDU Language "Mukammal Tafseerul Quran" by Mufti shaukat Ali Fehmi, Published by Din Dunia Publishing Co. jama masjid Delhi<br /> *2016, English," Selected collections of Holy Quran in English: A companion for Young Muslims to understand the Divine Messages of Prophet Mohammad" by Syed N Asad, MD {{ISBN|978-1523877645}}<br /> *2016, English, "The Quran: A Complete Revelation" by [[Sam Gerrans]].<br /> *2016, "The Holy Quran and its meaning translation in Georgian language" by {{ill|Emamqoli Batvani|fa|امامقلی باتوانی}}<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/1185339/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626051334/http://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/1185339/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 June 2016 |title=ترجمه قرآن به زبان گرجی |date=26 June 2016 }}</ref><br /> 2018, Polish, "Koran" by Musa Çaxarxan Czachorowski, Polish Tatar, {{ISBN|9788365802088}}, <ref>http://mzr.pl/koran-nowy-przeklad/</ref>.<br /> <br /> === Quran in Excel Format ===<br /> {{advert|section|date=February 2017}}<br /> * ''In 2013'', Quran translation in different languages, Word-by-Word and learning with Grammar {All in Excel (.xlsx) Format}. Roots, words or topic search by links, prepared by Muhammad Arshad Naseem, can be downloaded<ref>{{cite web |url=https://quranexcel.com |title=Quran-excel |website=Quran-excel}}</ref><br /> <br /> ==By writer and language==<br /> <br /> ===[[Acehnese language|Acehnese]]===<br /> * Translation in [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]] poem,<ref>[http://samanui.wordpress.com/2007/09/25/peluncuran-al-quran-terjemahan-aceh/ Peluncuran Al-Qur'an Terjemahan Aceh] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313131603/http://samanui.wordpress.com/2007/09/25/peluncuran-al-quran-terjemahan-aceh/ |date=13 March 2016 }}</ref> by Teungku Mahyiddin Yusuf in 1995.<ref>[http://rambideun.blogspot.com/2007/09/p3ki-luncurkan-alquran-terjemahan.html P3KI Luncurkan Alquran Terjemahan Bahasa Aceh] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095954/http://rambideun.blogspot.com/2007/09/p3ki-luncurkan-alquran-terjemahan.html |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> The manuscript is written in [[Jawi script]] but later converted into [[Latin script]] in printed version.<ref>[http://bangcut.blogspot.com/2008/09/kembalikan-budaya-dengan-al-quran.html Kembalikan Budaya dengan Al-Qur'an] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104170721/http://bangcut.blogspot.com/2008/09/kembalikan-budaya-dengan-al-quran.html |date=4 January 2014 }}</ref> (see pdf)<br /> <br /> ===Afrikaans===<br /> * ''Die Heilige Qur'ān'', by Imam Muhammad A Baker. First edition 1961. The style of Afrikaans dates from the 1940s–1960s. The author deliberately used spelling which mimicks Arabic pronunciation even if those words have been taken up into mainstream Afrikaans with a different spelling or pronunciation. It is a literal translation, but the text reads like normal, idiomatic Afrikaans, with a few errors. The word "surah" was translated "hoofstuk" (meaning "chapter"). The book does not contain the Arabic text.<br /> * A newer Afrikaans translation of the Qur'an was made using the principles of [[Dynamic and formal equivalence|dynamic equivalence]], but that version is not popular among Afrikaans Muslims.<br /> <br /> ===Albanian===<br /> * Ilo Mitke Qafëzezi, 1921.<br /> * Feti Mehdiu, 1985.<br /> * Hasan Efendi Nahi, 1988.<br /> * H. Sherif Ahmeti, 1988.<br /> *''Kurani Kerim'', by Muhammad Zakria Khan. First published in UK in 1990. Second revised edition in 2003. Islam International Publications.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page%3D-53%26region%3DAL |title=Archived copy |accessdate=26 May 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226083813/http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=-53&region=AL |archivedate=26 December 2016 }}</ref> ({{ISBN|978-1-85372-324-7}}).<br /> <br /> ===[[Assamese language|Assamese]]===<br /> * [[Zohurul Hoque]]. Second revised edition published in 2007 by Bina Library. The book has parallel transliteration of Arabic text into Assamese language.<br /> <br /> ===[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]===<br /> *Mir Məhəmməd Kərim ağa (1906)<ref name="muallim.edu.az">[http://www.muallim.edu.az/arxiv/2012/39/45.htm İstedadın Vasim Məmmədəliyev zirvəsi ]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} muallim.edu.az, 5 October 2012</ref><br /> *[[Mahammad Hasan Movlazadeh Shakavi]] (1908)<ref name="muallim.edu.az"/><br /> *[[Vasim Mammadaliyev]] (1971)<ref name="muallim.edu.az"/><br /> *[[Ziya Bunyadov]]<br /> *[[Alikhan Musayev]]<br /> <br /> ===Balochi===<br /> * by Moulana Huzoor Bakhsh<br /> * Mawlana Khair Ali Nadwiجمال القرآن by Mawlana Khair Mohammad Nadwi<br /> * by Shaikh Abdul Gaffar Zamurani<br /> * Allama Qazi Abdul Samad Sarbazi and Mawlana Khair Mohammad Nadwi<br /> <br /> ===Belarusian===<br /> * [[Kitabs]] written in [[Belarusian Arabic alphabet]] during 15th — 19th centuries.<br /> * Tomasz Tamaszewicz<ref>СВЯШЧЭННЫ КАРАН. АНТАЛОГІЯ. Пераклад Томаша Тамашэвіча. Друкаванне дазволена Муфціятам Еўрапейскай часткі СССР і Сібіры — 1990, Гродна</ref><br /> <br /> ===Bengali===<br /> * Maulana [[Maulana Muhiuddin Khan|Muhiuddin Khan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Maulana Mohiuddin Khan passes away |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/147163/Maulana-Mohiuddin-Khan-passes-away |accessdate=1 July 2016 |agency=The Daily Sun |publisher=The Daily Sun}}</ref><br /> * Abbas Ali (West Bengal).<br /> * Mustafizur Rahman.<br /> * Nurur Rahman, 1984, (Bengali translation of the work by Ashraf Ali Thanvi).<br /> * 2005 (January), Bengali Language, "Al-Qur-aa-nul-Hakeem" '''<code>(আলকুরআ-নুল হাকীম)</code>''' by [[Professor Maulana Hafez Shaikh Ainul Bari Aliavee,]] Published by Sufia Prakashani, Kolkata (INDIA). {{ISBN|978-81-941079-0-3}}<br /> *Rafiqur Rahman Chowdhury, 2011, (Bengali translation of the English translation of Quran by [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ahsanpublication.com/index.php?main_page%3Dproduct_book_info%26cPath%3D65_69%26products_id%3D524 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=3 February 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004752/http://ahsanpublication.com/index.php?cpath=65_69&main_page=product_book_info&products_id=524 |archivedate=5 March 2016 }}</ref><br /> * Justice Habibur Rahman{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}<br /> * 2013: [[Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib]],"Tafseerul Quran" Published by Hadeeth Foundation Bangladesh, can be downloaded in pdf from: {{URL| http://www.ahlehadeethbd.org/books.html| ahlehadeethbd.org }}<br /> * Dr Zōhurul Hoque {{citation needed|date=July 2016}}<br /> * Muhammad Mujibur Rahman. Published bt Darus Salam.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}<br /> * Dr Abubakar Muhammad Zakaria<br /> <br /> ===[[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]===<br /> * [[Džemaludin Čaušević]] and [[Muhamed Pandža]]: Kur'an. Translated from Turkish (Ömer Rıza Doğrul). Sarajevo, 1937, Zagreb (editors: [[Omer Mušić]] and [[Alija Nametak]]), 1969, 1972, 1978, 1984, 1985, 1989, 1990, Dubai, 1993, Sarajevo, 2011, 2012, 2014.<br /> * [[Ali Riza Karabeg]]: Kur'an. A compilation of the Serbian translation ([[Mićo Ljubibratić]]). Mostar, 1937, Sarajevo, 1942, Zagreb, 1991. <br /> * [[Besim Korkut]]: Kur'an. Sarajevo, 1977, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1991, 2000, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2012, 2017, Medina, 1991, Tuzla, 1993, Novi Pazar, 2011. <br /> *[http://mlivo.com Mustafa Mlivo]: Kur'an. Bugojno, 1994, 1995, 2004.<br /> * [[Enes Karić]]: Kur'an. Sarajevo, 1995, Bihać, 2006, 2008, 2013.<br /> * [[Esad Duraković]]: Kur'an. Sarajevo, 2004.<br /> * [[Ramo Atajić]]: Kur'an. Translated from German. München, 2001.<br /> * [[Hilmo Ćerimović]]: Kur'an. Translated from English ([[Muhammad Asad]]). Sarajevo, 2004.<br /> * [[Fahrija Avdić]] and [[Wasim Ahmad]]: Kur'an. Translated from English ([[Maulvi Sher Ali Ranjha]]). Frankfurt am Main, 2007.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramić |first=Jusuf |date=2009 |title=Naši prijevodi kur’ana urađeni posredstvom drugih jezika |language=Bosnian |journal=Glasnik Rijaseta Islamske zajednice u Bosni i Hercegovini |volume=LXXI |issue=11–12 |pages=1061–1083 |url=http://www.islamskazajednica.ba/images/stories/GLASNIK/11-12-2009/NasiPrijevodi.pdf}}</ref><br /> <br /> ===[[Burushaski|Brushaski]]===<br /> *Alwaiz Ghulam-ud-Din Ghulam Hunzai <br /> *In 2002<br /> *The scholar is amongst the founding fathers of Brushaski. He has the credit of being the first scholar to give script to the Brushaski and writing around twenty books in the same language.<br /> *Burushaski is a linguistic isolate (i.e., it is unrelated to or unlike any known language of the world), spoken in the Hunza, Nagar and Yasin valleys in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan, and (by a small number of people) in Srinagar, the summer capital of the Indian administered state of Jammu & Kashmir.<br /> <br /> ===Buginese===<br /> * 1994: [[Tafsir]] by K.H. Abdul Muin Yusuf et al. in [[Lontara alphabet|Lontara script]].<ref>[http://www.rappang.com/2009/11/tafsir-al-quran-bahasa-bugis.html Tafsir Al-Qur'an Bahasa Bugis] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322203554/http://www.rappang.com/2009/11/tafsir-al-quran-bahasa-bugis.html |date=22 March 2016 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===[[Bulgarian language|Bulgaria]]n===<br /> * Tzvetan Teophanov: 1997, 1999, 2006. ({{ISBN|954-9571-01-7}}).<br /> <br /> ===[[Catalan language|Catalan]]===<br /> * Mikel de Epalza: 2001. ({{ISBN|978-8-48256-958-1}}).<br /> <br /> ===Chinese===<br /> * The Holy Quran with Chinese translation and Commentary. Printed by Bestprint Printing Company, Singapore. Published by Islam International Publications 1990.<ref>[http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=-21&region=CN Chinese translation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226095020/http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=-21&region=CN |date=26 December 2016 }}</ref> ({{ISBN|978-1-85372-278-3}}).<br /> * [[Yusuf Ma Dexin]], 宝命真经直解 (True Revealed Scripture)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://eg.china-embassy.org/eng/dsxx/t76988.htm |title=His Excellency Ambassador Wu Sike interviewed by the Egyptian Gazette |date=10 January 2004 |accessdate=16 February 2007 |author=Hala Fawzy |publisher=Egyptian Gazette}}</ref><br /> * [[Muhammad Ma Jian]]<br /> * A [[Dachang Hui Autonomous County|Dachang]] Hui Imam, Ma Zhenwu, wrote a Qur'an translation into Chinese including Chinese characters and [[Xiao'erjing]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garnaut |first1=Anthony|last2= |first2= |date=March 2006 |title=The Islamic Heritage in China: A General Survey |url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/islamic-heritage-china |journal=China Heritage Newsletter |volume= |issue=5 |pages= |doi= |access-date= }}</ref><br /> <br /> === Czech ===<br /> * some excerpts are translated in polemic treatise ''Antialkorán'' (Counter-Quaran) by Václav Budovec z Budova, 1614 and 1989.<br /> * ''Korán'', translated by Ignác Veselý, 1912.<br /> * ''Korán'', translated by [[Alois Richard Nykl]], 1938.<br /> * ''Korán'', translated by Ivan Hrbek, 1972, 1991, 2000, 2006, 2007 and 2012 (the most widely used translation today).<br /> <br /> ===Danish===<br /> * Ellen Wulff (translated in 2006)<br /> * ''Koranen med dansk oversaettelse og noter'' (Qur'an with Danish translation and notes) by Abdul Salam Madsen. Published by Islam International Publications Limited.<ref>[http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=-13&region=DA Danish translation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226061434/http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=-13&region=DA |date=26 December 2016 }}</ref> ({{ISBN|978-1-85372-034-5}}).<br /> <br /> ===Dutch===<br /> (in chronological order of publication)<ref>Based on [http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/koran.htm Nederlandse vertalingen van de Koran: Een bibliografisch overzicht (in Dutch)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100512/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/koran.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}.</ref><br /> <br /> * Barent Adriaensz Berentsma, 1641, ''De Arabische Alkoran, Door de Zarazijnsche en de Turcksche Prophete Mahometh, In drie onderscheyden deelen begrepen'', Hamburg [= Amsterdam], Barent Adriaensz Berentsma. Based on the German translation (1616) by [[Salomon Schweigger]].<br /> * Jan Hendriksz Glazemaker, 1657, ''Mahomets Alkoran, Door de Heer Du Ryer uit d'Arabische in de Fransche taal gestelt'', Amsterdam, Jan Rieuwertsz. Based on the French translation (1647) by [[André du Ryer]]; reprinted in 1658, 1696, 1698, 1707, 1721 and 1743.<br /> * Ludovicus Jacobus Antonius Tollens, 1859, ''Mahomed's Koran, gevolgd naar de Fransche vertaling van Kasimirski, de Engelsche van Sale, de Hoogduitsche van Ullmann en de Latijnsche van Maracci'', Batavia, Lange en Co.<br /> * Salomon Keyzer, 1860, ''De Koran, voorafgegaan door het leven van Mahomet, eene inleiding omtrent de godsdienstgebruiken der Mahomedanen, enz.'', Haarlem, J.J. van Brederode. Reprinted in 1879, 1905, 1916 and 1925.<br /> * Sudewo Partokusomo Kertohadinegoro, 1934, ''De Heilige Qoer-an, vervattende den Arabischen tekst met ophelderende aanteekeningen en voorrede'', Batavia, Drukkerij Visser & Co. Based on the English translation (1917) by Muhammad Ali. Also includes the Arabic text; reprinted in 1968, 1981 and 1996.<br /> * Nasirah B. Zimmermann, 1953, ''De Heilige Qor'aan, met Nederlandse vertaling'', Rabwah/[The Hague]: "The Oriental & Religious Publishing Corporation"/Zuid-Hollandse Uitgevers Maatschappij. Also includes the Arabic text; reprinted in 1969, 1983 and 1991.<br /> * Johannes Hendrik Kramers, 1956, ''De Koran uit het Arabisch vertaald'', Amsterdam/Brussels, Elzevier. Many reprints.<br /> * Fred Leemhuis, 1989, ''De Koran: Een weergave van de betekenis van de Arabische tekst'', Houten, Het Wereldvenster. Also includes the Arabic text; many reprints.<br /> * Sofjan S. Siregar, 1996, ''De Edele Koran, en een vertaling van betekenissen ervan in de Nederlandse taal'', The Hague, Islamitische Cultureel Centrum Nederland. Also includes the Arabic text; reprinted in 1998, 2000 and 2001.<br /> * Jeroen Rietberg, 2004, ''De Heilige Korān, Nieuwe Nederlandse Vertaling: Arabische Tekst met Nederlandse Vertaling en Commentaar'', Ohio: Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha‘at Islam Lahore Inc. U.S.A., 2004. Based on the English translation (1951) by Muhammad Ali. Also includes the Arabic text.<br /> * [[Kader Abdolah]], 2008, ''De Koran: Een vertaling'', Breda, De Geus. Reprinted in 2010.<br /> * Rafiq Ahmed Fris, Mehmet Fatih Özberk & Mohammed Aarab, 2013, ''De Glorieuze Qorʼān En De Nederlandse Vertaling Ervan'', Istanbul, Hayrât Neşriyat. Also includes the Arabic text.<br /> * Özcan Hıdır & Fatih Okumuş, 2013, ''De Levende Koran: Een Nederlandse vertaalversie met weergave van de Arabische tekst en met commentaar'', Rotterdam, IUR Press/Stichting Lezen & Leven. Also includes the Arabic text.<br /> * Aboe Ismail [= Jamal Ahajjaj] & Studenten, 2013, ''De interpretatie van de betekenissen van de Koran'', The Hague, Stichting as-Soennah. Also includes the Arabic text; reprinted in 2014.<br /> * Stichting OntdekIslam, 2013, ''Interpretatie van de betekenis van de Heilige Koran'', Rotterdam/Alexandria, Stichting OntdekIslam/Conveying Islamic Message Society.<br /> * Ali Soleimani, 2014, ''De Koran: Een woordelijke vertaling uit het Arabisch'', Drachten, Het Talenhuis.<br /> * Eduard Verhoef, 2015, ''De Koran, heilig boek van de Islam'', Maartensdijk, Uitgeverij Verhoef.<br /> *Ali Ünal, 2018, ''De Koran'', Rotterdam, Uitgeverij de Rijn.<br /> <br /> ===English===<br /> {{see also| English translations of the Quran}}<br /> (In chronological order of publication)<br /> * [[Alexander Ross (writer)|Alexander Ross]], 1649, ''The Alcoran of Mahomet: Translated out of Arabique into French by the Sieur Du Ryer''.<br /> * [[George Sale]], 1734, ''Koran'', Commonly called ''The Alcoran of Mohammed'', Translated into English immediately from the Original Arabic; with Explanatory Notes, taken from the most approved Commentators. To which is prefixed a Preliminary Discourse.<br /> * John Meadows Rodwell, 1861, ''The Koran''. ({{ISBN|0-8041-1125-1}}).<br /> * [[E.H. Palmer]], 1880, ''The Qur'an: [[The Sacred Books of the East]] Part Nine''. ({{ISBN|1-4179-3010-1}}).<br /> * Mohammad Abdul Hakim Khan, 1905, ''The Holy Qur'an'', Patiala.<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff writer |url=http://www.soundvision.com/info/quran/english.asp |title=A Survey of English Translations of the Quran |publisher=Soundvision.com |accessdate=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015234925/http://www.soundvision.com/Info/quran/english.asp |archive-date=15 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> * Hairat Dehlawi, 1912, ''The Koran Prepared'', Delhi.<br /> * [[Mirza Abul Fazl]], 1911, ''The Qur'an, Arabic Text and English Translation Arranged Chronologically with an Abstract'', Allahabad.<br /> * [[Maulana Muhammad Ali]], 1917 ''The Holy Qur'an: Text''.<ref>[http://www.muslim.org/english-quran/quran.htm "The Holy Quran: Arabic Text with English Translation, Commentary and comprehensive Introduction by Maulana Muhammad Ali"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202033554/http://www.muslim.org/english-quran/quran.htm |date=2 December 2016 }}</ref> ({{ISBN|0-913321-11-7}}).<br /> * Al-Hajj Hafiz Ghulam Sarwar, 1929, ''Translation of the Holy Qur'an'', Singapore and Woking, England.<br /> * [[Marmaduke Pickthall]], 1930, ''The Meaning of the Glorious Qu'ran''. ({{ISBN|1-879402-51-3}}).<br /> * [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]], 1934, ''The Meaning of the Holy Qur'an'', Lahore. ({{ISBN|0-915957-76-0}}).<br /> * [[Maulvi Sher Ali]], 1936, ''The Holy Quran with English translation''.<ref>[https://www.alislam.org/quran/Holy-Quran-English.pdf Translation, Sher Ali] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226091419/https://www.alislam.org/quran/Holy-Quran-English.pdf |date=26 December 2016 }}</ref> ({{ISBN|1-85372-314-2}}).<br /> * [[Richard Bell (Arabist)|Richard Bell]], 1937–39, ''The Qur'an. Translated, with a critical re-arrangement of the Surahs''.<br /> * [[Abdul Majid Daryabadi]], 1941, ''The Holy Qur'an, English Translation'', Lahore.<br /> * [[Arthur John Arberry]], 1955, ''The Koran Interpreted: A Translation''. ({{ISBN|0-684-82507-4}}).<br /> * [[N. J. Dawood]], 1956, "The Koran". ({{ISBN|0-14-044558-7}})<br /> * Khadim Rahmani Nuri, 1964. "The Running Commentary of the Holy Qur-an". Shillong<br /> * [[Muhammad Zafrulla Khan]], 1970, "The Qur'an: The Eternal Revelation vouchsafed to Muhammad the Seal of the Prophets".({{ISBN|1-56656-255-4}})<br /> * [[Muhammad Asad]], 1980, ''[[The Message of The Qur'an]]''.({{ISBN|1-904510-00-0}}).<br /> * [[M. H. Shakir]], 1981, ''The Quran, Arabic and English''. ({{ISBN|0-940368-16-1}}). (''Controversial, see [[M. H. Shakir#English translation controversy|English translation controversy]]'')<br /> * [[T. B. Irving]], 1985, ''The Qur'an: First American Version''. ({{ISBN|0-911119-33-7}}).<br /> * [[Zafar Ishaq Ansari]], 1988 ''[[Towards Understanding the Qur'an]]'', translated from Abul Ala Maududi's Urdu translation ''Tafhim al Qur'an''.<br /> * [[Rashad Khalifa|Dr. Rashad Khalifa]], (died on 31 January 1990), ''Quran: The Final Testament'', Universal Unity, ({{ISBN|0-9623622-2-0}}).<br /> * Allamah Nooruddin, Amatul Rahman Omar and Abdul Mannan Omar 1990, ''The Holy Qur'an - Arabic Text and English Translation''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Quran-Arabic-English-Translation/dp/0976697238 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=30 October 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082123/http://www.amazon.com/Holy-Quran-Arabic-English-Translation/dp/0976697238 |archivedate=5 March 2016 }} Amatul Rahman Omar, the First Woman to Translate the Qur'an into English</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamusa.org/?page_id%3D2 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=14 December 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020191339/http://islamusa.org/?page_id=2 |archivedate=20 October 2016 }} The Holy Qur'an - Arabic Text and English Translation - About the Translators Allamah Nooruddin, Amatul Rahman Omar and Abdul Mannan Omar</ref> ({{ISBN|0976697238}}).<br /> * [[T. B. Irving]], 1991 ''Noble Qur'an: Arabic Text & English Translation'' ({{ISBN|0-915597-51-9}})<br /> * AbdalHaqq and Aisha Bewley, 1999&2005 ''The Noble Qur'an: A New Rendering of its Meaning in English'', Bookwork. ({{ISBN|0-9538639-3-X}}).<br /> * Emily Assami, Mary Kennedy, Amatullah Bantley: 1997, [[The Qur’ān]] Saheeh International Translation <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/03/25/how-u-s-women-created-isis-s-favorite-quran|title=How Three American Women Translated One of the World’s Most Popular Qurans|first=Katie|last=Zavadski|date=26 March 2017|publisher=|via=www.thedailybeast.com}}</ref><br /> * [[Muhammad Muhsin Khan|Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan]] and [[Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali|Dr. M. Taqi-ud-Din Al-Hilali]], 1999. ''[[Noble Qur'an (Hilali-Khan)|The Noble Quran]]'' ({{ISBN|1-59144-000-9}})<br /> * [[Zohurul Hoque|Dr. Zohurul Hoque]], 2000, ''Translation and Commentary on The Holy Quran'', Holy Qur'An Pub. Project. ({{ISBN|0-9678304-0-0}}).<br /> * Dr. S.M. Afzal-ur-Rahman, 2001, ''The Holy Quran''.<br /> * [[Ahmad Ali|Ahmed Ali]], 2001, ''Al-Qur'an, a Contemporary Translation''.({{ISBN|0-691-07499-2}}) ({{ISBN|978-0-691-07499-3}}).<br /> * Muhammad Taqiuddin Sarwar, 2001, ''The Holy Qur'an'', Islamic Seminary Inc. ({{ISBN|0-941724-00-X}}).<br /> * [[Shabbir Ahmed (writer)|Shabbir Ahmed]], 2003, Galaxy.<br /> * ''The Message: God's Revelation to Humanity'', 2003, by ProgressiveMuslims.Org, iUniverse, Inc.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Progressivemuslims Org |title=The Message: God's Revelation to Humanity |date=1 October 2003 |publisher=Iuniverse Inc |isbn=978-0-595-29035-2 |url=https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Message.html?id=VmR9dzANfdIC |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204082505/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Message.html?id=VmR9dzANfdIC |archivedate=4 December 2015}}</ref>({{ISBN|0-595-29035-3}})({{ISBN|978-0-595-29035-2}})<br /> * * {{cite book |last=Ali |first=Muhammad Mohar |author-link=Muhammad Mohar Ali |year=2003 |title=A Word for Word Meaning of the Qur'an | url=https://archive.org/details/WordForWordMeaningOfQuran3VolumeSet/page/n23|location=Ipswich, Suffolk |publisher=[[Jamiat Ihyaa Minhaaj al-Sunnah]] |oclc=660023946}}<br /> * [[Kanzul Iman]] by Professor Shah faridul Haque, 1990, ''The Qur'an'' "Kanzul Iman" With a Phrase-by-Phrase English Translation, from Pakistan.<br /> * Ali Quli Qara'i, 2005, ''The Qur'an'' With a Phrase-by-Phrase English Translation, ICAS Press. ({{ISBN|1-904063-20-9}}).<br /> * [[Muhammad Abdel-Haleem]], 2004, ''The Qur'an'' (Oxford World Classics). ({{ISBN|0-19-283193-3}}).<br /> * [[Thomas Cleary]], 2004, ''The Qur'an: A New Translation''.({{ISBN|1-929694-44-X}})<br /> * [[Ali Ünal]], 2006 ''The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English''. ({{ISBN|978-1-59784-000-2}}).<br /> * [[Alan Jones (translator)|Alan Jones]], 2007, ''The Qur'an Translated into English'', Oxford, Gibb Memorial Trust. ({{ISBN|978-0-906094-63-1}}).<br /> * [[Edip Yüksel]], Layth al-Shaiban, Martha Schulte-Nafeh, 2007 ''Quran: a Reformist Translation (Non-sexist, non-sectarian translation)''. ({{ISBN|0-9796715-0-7}}).<br /> * [[Laleh Bakhtiar]], 2007 ''The Sublime Quran''.<br /> * Syed Vickar Ahamed, 2007, The Glorious Qur'an (Interpretation of the Meaning of).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al-quran.info/#&&sura=76&trans=en-syed_ahamed&show=both,quran-uthmani&format=rows&ver=1.00 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=25 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013152107/http://al-quran.info/#&&sura=76&trans=en-syed_ahamed&show=both,quran-uthmani&format=rows&ver=1.00 |archivedate=13 October 2016 }}</ref>({{ISBN|978-1-879402-68-3}})<br /> * [[Tahereh Saffarzadeh]], translated Qur'an in Persian and English (bilingual).<br /> * Justice Mufti Taqi Usmani, 2008, ''Translation of Quran'', ({{ISBN|978-969-564-000-5}}).<br /> * Usama Dakdok, 2009, The Generous Qur'an, Usama Dakdok Publishing. ({{ISBN|0-9824137-0-X}}).<br /> * [[Tarif Khalidi]], 2009, The Qur'an: A new Translation, Penguin Classics. ({{ISBN|978-0-14-310588-6}}).<br /> * P. JainulAbideen, 2010, ''Al-Quran, (Beta Translation)''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://onlinepj.com/quranenglishtranslation/quran-english-translation-index |title=Archived copy |accessdate=22 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423201157/http://onlinepj.com/quranenglishtranslation/quran-english-translation-index/ |archivedate=23 April 2013 }}</ref><br /> * [[Tahir-ul-Qadri]], 2011, ''The Glorious Qur'an'', Minhaj-ul-Qur'an publications. ({{ISBN|978-1-908229-00-7}}).<br /> * Mufti Afzal Hoosen Elias, 2007, Quran Made Easy - Arabic & English.<br /> <br /> <br /> * Talal Itani, 2012, Quran in Modern English: Clear and Easy to Read, ClearQuran Publishing. ({{ISBN|1467948748}}).<br /> * Syed Vickar Ahamed, March 2015, The Glorious Qur'an (Interpretation of the Meaning of)Arabic and English, side by side, 673 pages, Library of Congress Control Number 2004096319, {{ISBN|978-1-87940-296-6}}.<br /> * [[The Study Quran|The Study Quran Translation]], [[Seyyed Hossein Nasr]] (editor-in-chief), Translation by Maria Dakake, Caner K. Dagli and [[Joseph E. B. Lumbard]] (HarperOne: New York and San Francisco, 2015) ({{ISBN|978-0061125867}}).<br /> * ''The Clear Quran: A Thematic English Translation'' by Dr. Mustafa Khattab (Al-Azhar University), 2015. Pleasant to read, easy to understand. Published by SirajPublications.com ({{ISBN|978-0-9948895-0-8}})<br /> * The Quran: God's message to mankind New Millennium Exposition. English, by Paigham Mustafa, Xeitre-Signat Publication {{ISBN|978-0-9955098-9-4}}. Without cultural or traditional bias, uniquely this exposition is consistent in its use of the classical Arabic root rules of the language and carries a chapter to explain them. It is authoritative, accessible and fully annotated throughout. There are two editions: The International Edition (2020) and The Oxford Edition (220) published especially for the Oxford Institute of British Islam (OIBI).<br /> * Sam Gerrans, 2016, The Quran: A Complete Revelation. ({{ISBN|978-0995492004}}).<br /> * ''The Division by Division English Interpretation of the Holy Qur'an In The Order of Revelation''(2015) by Hakkı Yılmaz. Published by Hakkı Yılmaz <ref>{{cite web |url=http://presentationofislamandquran.com |title= Division by Division English Translation of The Quran In the Order of Revelation |website=presentationofislamandquran.com}}</ref><br /> * Dr Musharraf Hussain al Azhari, 2018, The Majestic Quran: A plain English Translation. Published by Invitation Publishing. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.majesticquran.co.uk/|title=The Majestic Quran}}</ref> ({{ISBN|978-1-902248-65-3}}).<br /> <br /> ===[[Esperanto]]===<br /> * Italo Chiussi, ''La Nobla Korano''.<br /> * [[Muztar Abbasi]], ''La traduko de la Sankta Kuraano''.<br /> <br /> ===Estonian===<br /> * [[Haljand Udam]], ''Koraan''. ({{ISBN|978-9985-2-1314-8}}).<br /> <br /> ===Finnish===<br /> * [[Georg Pimenoff]], '' Koraani'' Ahsen Böre,1943<br /> *[[Jussi Aro]], [[Armas Salonen]] ja [[Knut Tallqvist]]. ''Koraani'' WSOY, 1957<br /> * [[Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila]], '' Koraani'' Basam Books, 1995 (re published in 2005). ({{ISBN|952-9842-05-8}}).<br /> <br /> ===French===<br /> * ''[[L'Alcoran de Mahomet|L'Alcoran de Mahomet / translaté d'arabe françois par le Sieur Du Ryer, Sieur de la Garde Malezair.]]'', 1647, 1649, 1672, 1683, 1719, 1734, 1770, 1775, [[Andre du Ryer|André Du Ryer]], Paris.<br /> * ''Le Coran / traduit de l'arabe, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un abrégé de la vie de Mahomet, tiré des écrivains orientaux les plus estimés'', M. Savary, 1787, 1821, 1826, Paris.<br /> * ''Le Koran: traduction nouvelle faite sur le texte arabe / par M. Kasimirski interprète de la legation Française en Perse; revue et précédée d'une introduction par G. Pauthier.'', 1840, 1841, 1844 Biberstein-Kasimirski, Paris, 1970 Garnier Flamarion. Nouvelle édition. ''Le Coran'', traduction de Kasimirski, suivie du ''Petit dictionnaire de l'islam'' par Thomas Decker, Maxi-livres, 2002.<br /> * ''Le Coran'', translated by [[Régis Blachère]], Maisonneuve et Larose, 1950 reedited en 2005, ({{ISBN|2-7068-1861-1}}).<br /> * ''Le Coran'', translated by [[Muhammad Hamidullah]] and Michel Leturmy, 1959, first French translation from the Arab text made by a Muslim ({{ISBN|2-84161-085-3}}).<br /> * ''Le Coran'', translation and notes by [[Denise Masson]], Gallimard, 1967, ({{ISBN|2-07-010009-X}}).<br /> * ''Le Saint Coran'', Arabic text with French translation. First Edition published in 1985 by the [[London Mosque]], second and present edition published by Islam International Publications Limited (1998), 'Islamabad', Sheephatch Lane, Tilford, Surrey.<ref>[http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=-1&region=FR French translation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226091443/http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=-1&region=FR |date=26 December 2016 }}</ref> ({{ISBN|978-1-85372-635-4}}).<br /> * ''Le Coran, l'appel'', translation by [[André Chouraqui]], Robert Laffont, 1990, ({{ISBN|2-221-06964-1}}).<br /> * ''Le Coran'', trial at translation by [[Jacques Berque]], Albin Michel, 1995, ({{ISBN|2-226-07739-1}}).<br /> * ''Le Coran'', translation by [[Hamza Boubakeur]], Maisonneuve et Larose, 1995, 2 volumes ({{ISBN|2-7068-1134-X}}).<br /> * ''Le Coran'', translation by Malek Chebel, Payot, 2001, 2 volumes ({{ISBN|2-228-89480-X}}).<br /> * ''Le Coran : Nouvelle traduction française du sens de ses versets'', translation by Mohamed Chiadmi, prefaced by par Tariq Ramadan, Shaykh Zakaria, Shaykh Yusuf Ibram, 2005, ({{ISBN|2-84862-085-4}}).<br /> <br /> ===Georgian===<br /> * [[Giorgi Lobzhanidze]], Tbilisi, 2013.<ref name="festiveart.com"/><br /> * [[:fa:امامقلی باتوانی|Emamqoli Batvani]], 2016<ref name="archive.org"/><br /> <br /> ===German===<br /> * ''Alcoranus Mahometicus: das ist, der Türcken Alcoran, Religion und Aberglauben: auss welchem zu vernemen wann unnd woher ihr falscher Prophet Machomet seinen Ursprung oder Anfang genommen, mit was Gelegenheit derselb diss sein Fabelwerck, lächerliche und närrische Lehr gedichtet und erfunden ... / erstlich auss der arabischen in die italianische, jetzt aber inn die teutsche Sprach gebracht durch'', 1616, [[Salomon Schweigger|S. Schweigger]], [[Nuremberg]].<br /> * Die türkische Bibel, oder der Koran. Megerlin, 1772.<br /> * ''Der Koran, oder Das Gesetz für die Muselmänner, durch Muhammed den Sohn Abdall. Nebst einigen feyerlichen koranischen Gebeten unmittelbar aus dem Arabischen übersetzt''. Friedrich Eberhard Boysen, 1773.<br /> * ''Der Koran, oder Das Gesetz für die Moslemer, durch Muhammed den Sohn Abdall … übersetzt''. Friedrich Eberhard Boysen, 1775.<br /> * Henning, Max. Der Koran. Übers. Leipzig, Reclam, (1901) 1968.<br /> * Theodor Friedrich Grigull, Der Koran, Otto Hendel, Halle 1901.<br /> * Sadr ud-Din (Übers. + Hrsg.): Der Koran. Arabisch-Deutsch; Übersetzung, Einleitung und Erklärung von Maulana Sadr ud-Din; Verlag der Moslemischen Revue (Selbstdruck); Berlin 1939; 2. unveränderte Auflage 1964;<br /> * Der Koran, Kommentar und Konkordanz vor Rudi Paret, Kohlhammerverlag, Stuttgart Berlin Köln, 1971.<br /> * Der Koran, Übersetzung von Rudi Paret, Kohlhammerverlag, Stuttgart Berlin Köln, 1979.<br /> * Khoury, Adel Theodor. Der Koran. Übersetzung von Adel Theodor Khoury. Unter Mitwirkung von Muhammad Salim Abdullah. Mit einem Geleitwort von Inamullah Khan. Gütersloher Verlagshaus G. Mohn: Gütersloh, 1987<br /> * Die Bedeutung des Korans. 5 Bände. München: SKD Bavaria. 1996 und 1997<br /> * Rassoul, Abu-r-Rida' Muhammad Ibn Ahmad. Die ungefähre Bedeutung des Al-Qur'an al-Karim in deutscher Sprache. Hrsg. von der Muslim-Studenten-Vereinigung in Deutschland e.V. 9. Aufl. Marburg, 1997<br /> * Al-Muntakhab : Auswahl aus den Interpretationen des Heiligen Koran ; arabisch-deutsch / Arabische Republik Ägypten, Al-Azhar, Ministerium für Awqâf, Oberster Rat für Islamische Angelegenheiten. [Übersetzt von Moustafa Maher]. – Kairo : Ministerium für Awqâf / Oberster Rat für Islamische Angelegenheiten, 1999. – [46], [2104] S.<br /> * Ömer Öngüt, Der Quran, Hakikat, Istanbul 1999<br /> * Amir M.A. Zaidan. At-Tafsir. Eine philologisch, islamologisch fundierte Erläuterung des Quran-Textes. ADIB Verlag Offenbach 2000<br /> * Ahmad von Denffer. Der Koran. Die Heilige Schrift des Islam in deutscher Übertragung mit Erläuterungen nach den Kommentaren von Dschalalain, Tabari und anderen hervorragen-den klassischen Koranauslegern. 8. verbesserte Auflage. München: Islam. Zentrum, 2001<br /> * Max Henning (Übers.), Murad Wilfried Hofmann (Überarb. & Komm.): Der Koran. Diederichs, München 2001<br /> * Nadeem Ata Elyas und Scheich Abdullah as-Samit Frank Bubenheim. Der edle Qur'an und die Übersetzung seiner Bedeutungen in die deutsche Sprache. Medina, 1422/1423 A.H. (2002)<br /> * Mirza Tahir Ahmad (Hrsg.): Koran. Der Heilige Qur-ân. Arabisch und Deutsch.; Verlag Der Islam; Frankfurt 1954, letzte überarbeitete Auflage 1996, unv. nachgedruckt 2003<br /> * Maulana Muhammad Ali, Der Heilige Koran, aus dem Englischen übersetzt v. Dr. Petewr Willmer, Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha'at Islam Lahore Inc. Dublin OH/USA; 2006<br /> * Ali Ünal: Der Koran und seine Übersetzung mit Kommentar und Anmerkungen. Englische Originalausgabe: The Qur´an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English (2006). Übersetzung ins Deutsche: [[Fatima Grimm]] / Wilhelm Willecke. Lektorat: Muhammed Mertek / Wilhelm Willeke. Offenbach: Fontäne 2009,<br /> * Der Koran : das heilige Buch des Islam / [nach der Übertragung von Ludwig Ullmann neu bearbeitet und erläutert von L. W.-Winter]. – 1. Auflage. – München : Goldmann, 2007. – 506 S.<br /> * Amir M.A. Zaidan. At-tafsiir - Der Quraan-Text und seine Transkription und Übersetzung, Islamologisches Institut, 2009,<br /> * Der Koran / vollständig und neu übersetzt von Ahmad Milad Karimi. Mit einer Einführung herausgegeben von Bernhard Uhde. – Freiburg, Breisgau [u.a.] : Herder, 2009. – 575 S.<br /> * Die Botschaft des Koran : Übersetzung und Kommentar / Muhammad Asad. Übersetzt von Ahmad von Denffer ; Yusuf Kuhn. – Düsseldorf : Patmos, 2009. – 1262 S.<br /> * Der Koran / aus dem Arabischen neu übertragen von Hartmut Bobzin unter Mitarbeit von Katharina *Bobzin. [121 Kalligraphen von Shahid Alam]. – München : Beck, 2010. – 821 S. (Neue orientalische Bibliothek)<br /> * Der Koran / übersetzt und eingeleitet von Hans Zirker. – 4., überarbeitete Auflage. -[Darmstadt] : Lambertus-Schneider-Verlag, 2014. – 387 S.<br /> <br /> ===Gorontalo===<br /> * Translation by team in 2007.<ref>[http://nu.or.id/page/id/dinamic_detil/1/9029/Warta/Al_Quran_Terjemahan_Bahasa_Gorontalo_Segera_Terbit.html Al-Quran Terjemahan Bahasa Gorontalo Segera Terbit] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322172306/http://nu.or.id/page/id/dinamic_detil/1/9029/Warta/Al_Quran_Terjemahan_Bahasa_Gorontalo_Segera_Terbit.html |date=22 March 2016 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Greek===<br /> * ''Το Ιερό Κοράνιο'' (Greek). Islam International Publications Limited (1989).<ref>[http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=1&region=GK Greek translation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226034211/http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=1&region=GK |date=26 December 2016 }}</ref> ({{ISBN|978-1-85372-322-3}}).<br /> <br /> ===Gujarati===<br /> * ''Kanz-ul-Imaan wa Khazain-ul Irfan *Quran-e-Karim Saral Gujarati Tarjuma-Tafseer : This Gujrati translation is based on Urdu Translation by Fazil-e-Barelvi Imam Ahmed Raza Khan. This was translated by Maulana Hasan Aadam Kolvanvi, (Fazil-e-Dar-ul-Uloom Sha-e-Aalam) and published by Darul Uloom Moinul Uloom, Raza Nagar, At & post: Tham, Dist: Bharuch, Gujarat, INDIA.<br /> * ''Kanz-ul-Imaan: Based on Urdu Translation by Fazil-e-Barelvi Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Gujarati Translation by Ghulam Razique Shaikh published From Himmatnagar, Gujarat, INDIA.<br /> * ''Quran Majeed Gujarati Tarjuma Sathe"* (Means The holy Quran with Gujarati Translation) Ahmedbhai Sulaiman Jumani had translated the holy Quran. Its first edition was published from Karachi, Pakistan, in 1930.<br /> * ''Divya Quran: This is a Gujarati translation of Maulana Abul Aala Maudoodi's Urdu Translation. Its eight editions published by Islami Sahitya Prakashan, Kalupur, Ahmedabad-380 001. Gujarat, INDIA.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/GujaratiQuran ]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]===<br /> * ''Der Koran / aus dem Arabischen ins Hebräische übersetzt und erläutert von Herrmann Reckendorf.'', 1857 H. Reckendorf, Leipzig.<br /> * [[Josef Rivlin]].<br /> * [[Aharon Ben-Shemesh]].<br /> * [[Uri Rubin]], ''HaQur'an'', 2005.<br /> * [[Subhi 'Ali 'Adwi]], ''HaQur'an BeLashon Akher'', 2015.<br /> <br /> ===[[Hindi]]===<br /> * [[Kanzul Iman]] by [[Ahmad Raza Khan|Ala Hazrat Imam Ahmad Raza Khan Alaihirrahma]]<ref name="SkresletSkreslet2006">{{cite book |author1=Paula Youngman Skreslet |author2=Rebecca Skreslet |title=The Literature of Islam: A Guide to the Primary Sources in English Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2wqYq2299YC&pg=PA232 |accessdate=15 September 2013 |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8108-5408-6 |pages=232–}}</ref> translated in the early 1910<br /> * ''Quran Sharif: Anuwad awr Vyakhya by Arshad Madani & Pro Sulaiman.'', 1991 H. Jamiat Ulama Hind, New Delhi, India.<br /> * Hindi Translitration of "Quran Shareef" By Allama, Dr. Syed Ali Imam Zaidi (Gauhar lucknavi)" Great Grand Son Mir Baber Ali Anees" Published by:- Nizami press, Victoria Street Lucknow-226003.<br /> * ''Irfan-ul-Quran'' Urdu Translation by [[Tahir-ul-Qadri]], Anuwad and Hindi Translation by Ghulam Razique Shaikh published on 18 February 2011 From Minhaj-ul-Quran International India, Umaj Road, At & Post Karjan, Dist: Vadodara, Gujarat, INDIA.<br /> <br /> ===Hungarian===<br /> * ''Kassai Korán'', 19th century.<br /> * ''A Korán szemelvényekben'' by Hollósi Somogyi József, Officina, 1947.<br /> * ''Korán'' translated by Róbert Simon. Budapest: Helikon, 1987.<br /> * ''Kurán – The Holy Quran'' by Mihálffy Balázs, Edhi International Foundation Inc., Karachi, Pakistan.<br /> <br /> ===[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]===<br /> * [[Helgi Hálfdanarson]], (1993 and revised 10 years later), publisher: Mál og menning, [[Reykjavík]] ({{ISBN|9979-3-2408-2}}).<br /> <br /> ===Indonesian/Malay===<br /> * Tafsir Tarjuman al-Mustafid by Shaikh Abdur Ra'uf al-Fansuri in the 17th century from [[Aceh Sultanate]]. This is the first translation in [[Malay language]]. The translation is in classical Malay language (not to be confused with [[Malaysian language]]) before it evolved into [[Indonesian language]] and [[Malaysian language]] in modern time. This translation was written with [[Jawi script]].<ref name="ulama-nusantara.blogspot.com"/><ref name="Tarjuman al-Mustafid"/><br /> * Translation by A. Hasyim in 1936, but not complete.<ref name="fastion.multiply.com">[http://fastion.multiply.com/journal/item/9/MAKALAH_TAFSIR Sejarah Tafsir dan Asal Usul Perkembangannya] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171319/http://fastion.multiply.com/journal/item/9/MAKALAH_TAFSIR |date=3 March 2016 }}</ref><br /> * Tafsir al-Nur by Prof. T. M. Hasbi Ash-Shiddiqi in 1956.<ref name="fastion.multiply.com"/><ref>[http://hasunmax.blogspot.com/2010/02/tafsir-nur.html Tafsir an-Nur] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063726/http://hasunmax.blogspot.com/2010/02/tafsir-nur.html |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><br /> * Tafsir al-Azhar by [[Hamka]].<ref>[http://mtamim.wordpress.com/2008/02/29/download-e-book-tafsir-al-azhar-hamka/ Tafsir al-Azhar] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306180938/http://mtamim.wordpress.com/2008/02/29/download-e-book-tafsir-al-azhar-hamka/ |date=6 March 2016 }}</ref><br /> * [[Tafsir Al-Mishbah]] by [[Quraish Shihab]].<ref>[http://www.lentera-hati.com/crn/TafsirAl-Mishbah.shtml Tafsir al-Mishbah] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310082034/http://www.lentera-hati.com/crn/TafsirAl-Mishbah.shtml |date=10 March 2009 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Italian===<br /> * Ventura, Alberto, Milano, 2010. p. LXXII+900 (traduzione di Ida Zilio-Grandi).<br /> *[[Hamza Roberto Piccardo|Piccardo, Hamza Roberto]], 1994: Saggio di Traduzione Interpretativa del Santo Corano inimitabile.<br /> * Bausani, Alessandro, Firenze 1955, p.lxxix+779, Firenze 1978, p. lxxix+771.<br /> * Bonelli, Luigi, new ed. Milano 1929, p.&nbsp;31+524, reprint 2nd rev. ed., Milano: Ulrico Hoepli 1972, p.&nbsp;614. (4)<br /> * Branchi, Eugenio Camillo, Roma 1913, p.&nbsp;437.<br /> * Calza, Caval. Vincenzo, Bastia 1847, p. xiv+330.<ref>[[:s:it:Corano|Read on Wikisource in Italian language]]</ref><br /> * Aquilio, Milano 1914, p.lxx+[6]+340+359.<br /> * Moreno, Martino Mario, Torino 1967, p. viii+605, Torino 1969, p. viii+605\ 2nd ed. [n.p.] 1971, p. vii+608.<br /> * Violante, Alfredo, Rome: Casa Ed. Latina 1912.<br /> * Il Corano, Milano 1882/ Milano 1913.<ref>[http://www.quran.org.uk/articles/ieb_quran_translators.htm The Qur'an and its Translators Il Corano] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621190007/http://www.quran.org.uk/articles/ieb_quran_translators.htm |date=21 June 2012 }}</ref><br /> * ''L'Alcorano di Macometto: nel qual si contiene la dottrina, la vita, i costumi, et le leggi sue / tradotto nuovamente dall' Arabo in lingua Italiana.'', 1547, Venise.<br /> <br /> ===Japanese===<br /> There are at least seven complete translations of Qur'an:<br /> * Sakamoto, Ken-ichi, 1920, ''Kōran Kyō'' (コーラン經), in ''Sekai Seiten Zenshū'' 14–15 (Sacred Writings of the World), Tokyo: Sekai Seiten Zenshū Kankoukai. (translated from Rodwell's English version)<br /> * Takahashi, Goro, et al. 1938, ''Sei Kōran Kyō'' (聖香蘭經), Tokyo: Sei Kōran Kyō Kankoukai.<br /> * [[Shūmei Ōkawa|Okawa, Shumei]], 1950, ''Kōran'' (古蘭), Tokyo: Iwasaki Shoten.<br /> * [[Toshihiko Izutsu|Izutsu, Toshihiko]], 1957, rev. 1964, ''Kōran'' (コーラン), 3 vol. Tokyo: [[Iwanami Shoten, Publishers|Iwanami Shoten]]. (translated from Arabic)<br /> * Fujimoto, Katsuji, et al. 1970, ''Kōran'' (コーラン), in ''Sekai no Meicho'' 15 (Masterpieces of the World), Tokyo: [[Chuokoron-Shinsha]]. (republished in 2002, in ''Chūkō Classics'' E6-7, 2 vol.)<br /> * Mita, Ryoichi, 1972, ''Sei Kurān'' (聖クラーン), Tokyo: Japan Muslim Association; 2nd. ed. 1983, ''Sei Kuruān'' (聖クルアーン) (bilingual in Arabic and Japanese)<br /> * Holy Quran with Japanese translation. Islam International Publications Limited.<ref>[http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=-8&region=JP Japanese translation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226082745/http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=-8&region=JP |date=26 December 2016 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===[[Javanese language|Javanese]]===<br /> * Maulana Muhammad Ali, ''Qur'an Suci Jarwa Jawi'', Darul Kutubil Islamiyah, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2001.<br /> <br /> ===[[Kannada language|Kannada]]===<br /> There are at least three complete translations of Qur'an:<br /> * Divya Qur'an, Qur'an Majid, (An effort of six scholars: Mawlana Shah Abd al-Qadir, Mawlana Sayyid, Abu Raihan [[Ahmed Noori]], Abd Allah Sahib, I'jaz al-Din and [[Shaikh Abdul Gaffar Sullia]]), 2 vol. Bangalore 1978, p.&nbsp;1400.<br /> * Pavitra Qur'an by [[Shaikh Abdul Gaffar Sullia]].(online version available<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kannadaquran.com |title=Archived copy |accessdate=12 November 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021064843/http://kannadaquran.com/ |archivedate=21 October 2016 }}</ref>)<br /> * Qur'an Vyakhyana by [[Shaikh Abdul Gaffar Sullia]]<br /> * Kannada Meaning of Holy Qur'an, Part 30 (Juz 'Amma) by Iqbal Soofi. (online version<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kanquran.blogspot.com |title=Archived copy |accessdate=22 January 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203232906/http://kanquran.blogspot.com/ |archivedate=3 December 2016 }}</ref> and <ref>{{cite web |url=https://kannadaquran.wordpress.com/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0-%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D-30-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF-%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=7 December 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142320/https://kannadaquran.wordpress.com/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0-%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D-30-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF-%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97/ |archivedate=4 March 2016 }}</ref>)<br /> * Sarala Quran: Surah Al Fatihah, Al-Baqarah, Ali Imran, An-Nisaa, Al-Maaidah, Al-An'aam and Al-Aaraf by Iqbal Soofi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kn.wikipedia.org/s/1z0p|script-title=kn:ಸರಳ ಕುರ್‌ಆನ್|trans-title=Simple Qur'an|work=[[Kannada Wikipedia]]}}</ref> The web version also contains translation of all the 37 Surahs of last/30th part of Qur'an. Translation of Al-Baqarah, Ali Imran An-Nisaa, Al-Maaidah and Al-An'aam is also published to the web. (ongoing project, online edition<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saralaquran.blogspot.com |title=Sarala Quran |accessdate=1 October 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120923/https://kannadaquran.wordpress.com/ |archivedate=16 March 2016 }}</ref>)<br /> * Holy Qur'an is a free Kannada Quran applet for Android smartphones / tablets. The original Arab pages are derived from <nowiki>http://tanzil.net</nowiki> and translated into Kannada transliteration by Muhammed Hamza Puttur, Umar Ibn Ahmed Madini, Ahmad SM and Abu Bakr Nazir Salafi reviewed 'PAVETHRA QURAN' Complete Kannada Meaning' (publisher: Salafi Publishing House Mangalore ).<br /> * "Pavithra Quran" Kannada translation quran: all quran (translator and publisher South karnataka salafi movement ® ( SKSM) Mangalore 2016)<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/public/Sksm-Mangalore ]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br /> <br /> *Pavithra Qur'an - Translated by Muhammad Yusuf Sahib of Mangalore. Edited by M.P. Ibrahim Sahib of Manjeshwer.<br /> <br /> ===Kashmiri===<br /> * Kashmiri translation published in Saudi Arabia<br /> * translation in Kashmiri is also available by Mirwaiz Mohammad Yousuf Shah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maktabah.org/quran/translations/798-the-noble-quran-with-translation-in-kashmiri-language-saudi-edition.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125130301/http://maktabah.org/quran/translations/798-the-noble-quran-with-translation-in-kashmiri-language-saudi-edition.html |archivedate=25 November 2012 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]===<br /> * by [[Musa Bigiev]], 1912, unpublished<br /> * by Aqıt Ulimjiulı, lost<br /> * by [[Sadwaqas Ghylmani]], 1970s<br /> * by Ğazez Aqıtulı & Maqaş Aqıtulı, 1990, Arabic script<br /> * by [[Halife Altay]], 1991<br /> * by [[Ratbek Nysanbayev]], 1991<br /> * by Nuralı Öserulı, 1991<br /> <br /> === [[Khowar language|Khowar/Chitrali]] ===<br /> * Qari Syed Bazurg Shah Al-Azhari (Sitara Imtiaz) in the early 1990s.<br /> <br /> ===Latin===<br /> * First translation (1141–1143) under the auspices of [[Peter the Venerable]], made by a group led by [[Robert of Ketton]] (or Roberto Ketenese, or Robertus Retenensis), known as the ''[[Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete]]''; much later much criticized.<br /> * Second translation (c. 1193–1216) by [[Mark of Toledo]], regarded as a noticeable improvement.<br /> * First printing ( [[Bibliander]] ) of the ''[[Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete]]'' made in [[Bâle]] (1543), during the Protestant Reformation. ''Machumetis Saracenorum Principis, eiusque successorum vitae, ac doctrina, ipseqve Alcoran: quo uelut authentico legum diuinarum codice Agareni & Turcae, alijq[ue] Christo aduersantes populi regu[n]tur, quae ante annos CCCC ... D. Petrus Abbas Cluniacensis per uiros eruditos ... ex Arabica lingua in Latinam transferri curauit: his adiunctae sunt confutationes multorum, & quidem probatissimorum authorum, Arabum, Graecorum, & Latinorum, unà cum ... Philippi Melanchthonis praemonitione ... : adiunctae sunt etiam, Turcaru[m] ... res gestae maximè memorabiles, à DCCCC annis ad nostra usuq[ue] tempora: haec omnia in unum uolumen redacta sunt'', 1543, I. Oporinus, Basileae.<ref>[http://sites.univ-lyon2.fr/lesmondeshumanistes/category/dialogue-chretiens-islam/ Bibliander's Qu'ran online] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621061209/http://sites.univ-lyon2.fr/lesmondeshumanistes/category/dialogue-chretiens-islam/ |date=21 June 2011 }}</ref><br /> * Third translation from Arabic 1691–1698, by [[Ludovico Marracci]] (Padua).<ref>These volumes remain available to scholars; some claim "it was in Spanish and not Arab". {{cite web |url=http://www.destee.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-36212.html |title=According to... |accessdate=18 January 2007 |last=York |first=Malachi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008013425/http://www.destee.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-36212.html |archive-date=8 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Macedonian===<br /> * Hasan Džilo, 1997, ''Курʼан со превод'' ("the Qurʼan with a Translation"), [[King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Quran]] ([[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]]).<br /> * Elena Trenčevska–Čekoviḱ, Mersiha Smailoviḱ, Jasmin Redžepi, 2011, ''Превод на значењето на Благородниот Куран'' ("Translation of the meaning of the Noble Qurʼan"), ArtBooks ([[Skopje]], [[North Macedonia]]) ({{ISBN|978-9989-190-49-0}}).<br /> <br /> ===Madura===<br /> * Translation by Jamaah Pengajian Surabaya (JPS) led by K.H. Sattar.<ref>[http://nu.or.id/page/id/dinamic_detil/1/16433/Warta/Tashih_Al_Qur_an_Madura_Molor.html Tashih Al-Qur'an Madura Molor] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308102808/http://nu.or.id/page/id/dinamic_detil/1/16433/Warta/Tashih_Al_Qur_an_Madura_Molor.html |date=8 March 2016 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===[[Malayalam]]===<br /> * Cheriyamundam Abdul Hameed Madani and Kunhi Mohammed Parappoor with online links.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hameedmadani.hudainfo.com |title=Archived copy |accessdate=17 April 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008145934/http://hameedmadani.hudainfo.com/ |archivedate=8 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hudainfo.com/Translation.asp |title=Archived copy |accessdate=26 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405214405/http://hudainfo.com/Translation.asp |archivedate=5 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malayalamquransearch.com |title=Archived copy |accessdate=4 April 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502180658/http://www.malayalamquransearch.com/ |archivedate=2 May 2016 }}</ref><br /> * 'Albayan Fee Ma’anil Quran' by Sayyid Ahmed Shihabuddeen Imbichikkoya Thangal, former Chief Qazi of Kozhikode.<ref name="malayalamquransearch.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.malayalamquransearch.com/docs/?p%3D6 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=24 April 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428083811/http://www.malayalamquransearch.com/docs/?p=6 |archivedate=28 April 2015 }}</ref><br /> * 'Fathahu-rahman Fee Thafseeril Quran’ by KV Muhammed Musliyar Koottanad, former Joint Secretary of [[Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama]]<ref name="malayalamquransearch.com"/><br /> * ''Tafheem ul Quran'' by Abul Aála Maudoodi with online links.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thafheem.net/Sura_Index.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=21 August 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207203010/http://thafheem.net/Sura_Index.html |archivedate=7 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abulala.com |title=Archived copy |accessdate=21 October 2008 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402143717/http://www.abulala.com/ |archivedate=2 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jihkerala.org/htm/malayalam/Quran_Bashyam/Quran_Bashyam.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=22 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830135530/http://www.jihkerala.org/htm/malayalam/Quran_Bashyam/Quran_Bashyam.htm |archivedate=30 August 2010 }}</ref><br /> * Quran Lalitha Saram Translation By Sheik Muhammed Karakunnu and Vanidas Elayavur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lalithasaram.net |title=Archived copy |accessdate=20 January 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023224348/http://www.lalithasaram.net/ |archivedate=23 October 2016 }}</ref><br /> * Quran Bodhanam By TK Ubaid.<br /> * Translation by Muttanisseri Koyakutty Maulavi.<br /> * Translation by K. Abdul Rahiman and P.A. Karim and K.A. Raoof (D.C. Books).<br /> * Translation by Adonne Publishing Group, Thiruvananthapuram.<br /> * Translation by Current Books Kottayam.<br /> * Translation by [[Rahmathullah Qasimi]]<br /> * Translated by Muhammad Abul Wafa Sahib (Marhoom) of Kozhikode. Edited by Moulvi Muhammad Ismail Saheb of Aleppey and some distinguished Quran Scholars.<br /> <br /> ===Maldivian===<br /> * Quran Tharujamaa by Shaikh Abu Bakr Ibrahim Ali. This is the first translation in [[Maldivian language]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicfoundationofthemaldives.org |title=Archived copy |accessdate=20 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001649/http://islamicfoundationofthemaldives.org/ |archivedate=4 March 2016 }}"</ref><br /> <br /> ===[[Mandar language|Mandar]]===<br /> * Translation by Muh. Idham Kholid Budi in 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alquran-batak.blogspot.de/2009/11/terjemahan-al-quran-ke-dalam-bahasa.html |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120630231717/http://alquran-batak.blogspot.de/2009/11/terjemahan-al-quran-ke-dalam-bahasa.html |url-status=dead |title=Blog nicht gefunden. |date=30 June 2012 |archivedate=30 June 2012 |website=archive.is}}</ref> available online.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rappang.com/2010/02/alquran-bahasa-mandar-indonesia.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=27 May 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319162537/http://www.rappang.com//2010/02/alquran-bahasa-mandar-indonesia.html |archivedate=19 March 2016 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===[[Mande languages|Mande]]===<br /> * [[Souleymane Kante]]<br /> * Moulana Abul A'la Moudoodhi{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}<br /> <br /> ===Manipuri===<br /> * The Holy Quran, Arabic text with Manipuri translation. Translated into Manipuri from English translation by Ahmad Hasan (Manipuri) under the auspices of [[Mirza Tahir Ahmad]].<ref>[http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=-10&region=MP MAnipuri translation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226091439/http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=-10&region=MP |date=26 December 2016 }}</ref> ({{ISBN|978-1-85372-436-7}}).<br /> <br /> ===Norwegian===<br /> * Einar Berg, [[Universitetsforlaget]], 1980. ({{ISBN|82-00-05371-7}}).<br /> <br /> ===Pashto===<br /> There are numerous translations of the [[Qur'an]] in [[Pashto language|Pashto]]. Some of the most famous are listed below:<br /> * Mawlana Muhammad Ilyas (Akhunzada): The most first translation of Quran as well as ''Fakhr-ut-Tafseer'' was written by him in the 18th century in Afghanistan (original versions are placed in [[Kandahar]]), He then came to Peshawar (warsak road mathra kochian) & wrote many more Islamic books as well as search prescription of different kind of diseases, he was a Mowlana as well as a complete doctor & chemist.<br /> * ''Fakhr-ut-Tafaaseer' and ''Mukhzin-ut-Tafeer'' by Mawlana Muhammad Ilyas Akhunzada Peshawari Kochiani is considered one of the famous Tafseers of the Quran in Pashto.<br /> * Muhammad Fathullah Khan Kandahari's translation: Printed in the 18th century, [[Bhopal]], India, Translates the Quran in [[Pashto language|Pashto]]. It was translated from Shah Abdul Qadar Dehlavi's Urdu translation of the Quran. The hand-written versions of this translation are saved in Raza library of Rampur and Idara-e-Adabyat-e-Urdu library of Deccan, Hyderabad, India.<br /> * ''[[Mulavi Murad Ali Khan Sahibzada|Tafseer Yaseer]]'' by Mulavi Murad Ali Khan Sahibzada, it was the first Tafseer and second translation in the Pashto language. The first volume of this Tafseer was completed in 1912 and the second in 1917 It was the most famous Tafseer of its time. Murad Ali Sahebzada was born in 1223 H.q. He studied the traditional subjects of that time like Sarf, Nahwa, Hekmat, Fiqh & Meerath, Tafseer, Hadith, Uruz and Literature and he was also the Hafiz of the Quran. He was a good writer, author, teacher, and Poet of his time. His son Mohammad Sahebzada writes about him "He has written unlimited number of poems in Pashto, Dari, Arabic and Hindi. Writing poem was such easy for him, that he won't feel any difference between poem and prose. He has written a lot of Ghazals on Monotheism and Wisdom. His handwriting was very good and quick." <Akser Al Qoloub></Mohammad Sahibzadah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/mulavi-murad-ali-khan-sahibzada#ixzz3TFisLHFH |title=Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |website=Answers.com}}</ref><br /> * Mawlana Abdullah and Mawlana Abdul Aziz: It is a translation of the Tafseer of Mawlana Abdul Haq Darbangawi and Mawlana Wa'iz Kashifi. Translated by Mawlana Abdullah and Mawlana Abdul Aziz, it was printed in 1930 in Mumbai, India.<br /> * Dr. Din Muhammad Khan: It is a word by word translation of the Quran printed in early years.<br /> * Mawlana Janbaz Sarfaraz Khan: It is printed in early years and is considered of the famous translation.<br /> * ''Aziz-ut-Tafaaseer'' by Mulavi Sultan Aziz Khan.<br /> * Mulavi Farooq Khan Ghalzi: It is a Pashto translation of the Quran printed in early years.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}<br /> <br /> ===Persian===<br /> There are more than 60 complete translations of Qur'an in Persian and many partial translations. In the past some [[Tafsir]]s which had included Qur'an were translated like translation of [[Tafsir al-Tabari]] in 10 CE.<ref>[http://www.al-shia.com/html/far/books/quran&olum/quran_paju/q_pagh04.htm قرآن و قرآن پژوهى] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830093923/http://www.al-shia.com/html/far/books/quran%26olum/quran_paju/q_pagh04.htm |date=30 August 2011 }}</ref><br /> <br /> * [[Salman the Persian]] (7th century) (partial translation)<br /> * ''Qur'an Quds'', translator unknown – (before the 10th century)<br /> * A translation in 556 AH<br /> * Saiyad Makhdoom Ashraf Jahangir Simnani (1308–1405 CE) Original Manuscript at Mukhtar Ashraf Library in Kichoucha Shareef (U.P.)<br /> * Shah Waliullah (1703–1762)<br /> * Mahdi Elahi-Ghomshei, (مهدی الهی‌قمشه‌ای).<br /> * Mahdi Fouladvand (مهدی فولادوند) available online.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawzah.net/Per/Q/QA/Quran.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=16 March 2007 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223090019/http://www.hawzah.net/per/Q/QA/Quran.htm |archivedate=23 February 2014 }}</ref><br /> * [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]] (ناصر مكارم‌شيرازی), translation includes his inline tafsir within parenthesis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andisheqom.com/page.php?pg%3Dquran%26sor%3D1 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=16 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502021701/http://www.andisheqom.com/page.php?pg=quran |archivedate=2 May 2007 }}</ref><br /> * Malik Fahd Council, [[Sunni]] branch.<br /> * Ghodratollah Bakhtiarinejad (قدرت الله بختياری نژاد) available online.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quran-farsi.net |title=Archived copy |accessdate=16 March 2007 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205075516/http://www.quran-farsi.net/ |archivedate=5 December 2014 }}</ref><br /> * [[Tahere Saffarzadeh]], translated Qur'an in Persian and English (Bilingual) in 2001.<br /> <br /> ===Polish===<br /> * Jan Murza Tarak Buczacki.<br /> * [[Józef Bielawski (arabist)|Józef Bielawski]].<br /> * Musa Çaxarxan Czachorowski, Polish Tatar.<br /> <br /> ===Portuguese===<br /> * [[Helmi Nasr]], ''Tradução do Sentido do Nobre Alcorão''. Medina (Arábia Saudita), Complexo de Impressão do Rei Fahd, 2005 (1426 A.H.), edição bilíngüe (árabe/português).<br /> * [[Samir El Hayek]], ''O Significado dos Versículos do Alcorão Sagrado''. São Paulo, Ed. Marsam, 1994. [1ª ed. 1974].<br /> * [[Mansour Challita]], ''O Alcorão – Livro Sagrado do Islã''. Rio de Janeiro, Ed. Record, 2013.<br /> * [[José Pedro Machado]], ''Alcorão''. Lisboa, Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar 1979.<br /> * [[Américo de Carvalho]], ''Alcorão''. Mem Martins, Publicações Europa-América, 1978.<br /> * [[M. Yiossuf Mohamed Adamgy]], ''Alcorão Sagrado''. Loures, Al Furqán, 1991, edição bilíngüe (árabe/português).<br /> * [[Bento de Castro]], ''Alcorão / Muhamad''. Lourenço Marques (Moçambique), Oficinas Gráficas de J. A. Carvalho, 1964.<br /> <br /> ===Romanian===<br /> * [[Silvestru Octavian Isopescul]], ''Coranul'', 1912 (first edition)<br /> * Islamic and Cultural League of Romania, ''Traducerea Sensurilor Coranului Cel Sfânt în Limba Română'', 1997 (first edition)<br /> * [[George Grigore]], ''Coranul'', 2000 (first edition)<br /> * Mustafa Ali Mehmed, ''Coran: Ultima Carte Sfântă'', 2003 (first edition)<br /> <br /> ===Romani===<br /> * [[Muharem Serbezovski]] is known as a singer in [[North Macedonia]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] where he issued his translation.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1062583.htmlRomany Koran Published In Bosnia] {{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Russian===<br /> * P. V. Postnikov.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><br /> * M. I. Veryovkin.<br /> * A. V. Kolmakov.<br /> * K. Nikolayev.<br /> * D. N. Boguslavsky.<br /> * G. S. Sablukov.<br /> * I. Yu. Krachkovsky.<br /> * T. A. Shumovsky.<br /> * Sh. B. Yakovlevna.<br /> * M.-N. O. Osmanov.<br /> * V. M. Porokhova.<br /> * E. R. Kuliev.<br /> <br /> === Sanskrit ===<br /> <br /> === Saraiki ===<br /> There are more than twenty translations of Quran in [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]].{{citation needed|date = October 2016}} <br /> * Hafizur Rahman, in the 1930s<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shackle |first=Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle |title=Siraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan |journal=Modern Asian Studies |issn=0026-749X |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=379–403 |date=1977 |jstor=311504 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00014190}}</ref>{{rp|391}}<br /> * Dr. Meher Abdul Haq.<br /> *[[:ur:دلشاد_کلانچوی|Prof. Dilshad Klanchvi]], in the 2000. Published by [[:ur:ابن_کلیم|Ibn-e-Kaleem]] titled as [https://www.scribd.com/document/377489119/Complete-Quran-Arabic-with-Saraiki-Translation "SAUKH-E-SARAIKI TARJAMAY WALA QURAN SHAREEF"]<br /> * Riaz Shahid.<br /> * Dr. Sadeeque Shakir.<br /> * G. R. Sevra.<br /> * Dr. Tahir Khakwani, complete video translation in Saraiki.<br /> <br /> ===Serbian===<br /> * [[Mićo Ljubibratić]]: Koran. Translated from Russian or French. Beograd, 1895, Sarajevo, 1990 (reprint), 2016.<br /> <br /> ===Sindhi===<br /> * According to Sindhi tradition the first translation was made by in 270/883 by an [[Arabs|Arab]] scholar. This one might be the same as the one mentioned above. The first extant [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] translation was done by [[Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi]] (1160-1240/1747-1824) and first published in [[Gujarat]] in 1870. The first to appear in print was by Muhammad Siddiq (Lahore 1867).<ref>[http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1391 The Holy Qur'an and its Translators] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115045637/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1391 |date=15 January 2016 }}</ref><br /> * First ever translation of Quran to any other language was in [[Sindhi language]] by [[Imam Abul Hassan bin Mohammad Sadiq Al-Sindhi Al-Madni]].<br /> * [[Maulana Abdul Waheed Jan Sirhindi]], a contemporary scholar and writer of [[Sunni Islam]].<ref>[http://sirhindi.info/books.html Translation of Quran in Sindhi by Maulana Abdul Waheed Jan Sirhindi] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012003115/http://sirhindi.info/books.html |date=12 October 2014 }}</ref><br /> * [[Allama Ali Khan Abro]], wrote Sindhi translation of [[Quran]] and intended to give the Qur'an a practical contemporary interpretation also wrote separate translation for non-Muslims from the request of Sindh's great freedom fighter [[Maulana Taj Mohammad Amrothi]].<br /> * [[Allama Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi]]<br /> * Maulana Ghullam Mustafa Qasmi's Sindhi Translation of the Quran.<br /> * [[Maulvi Ahmad Mallah]]'s poetic Sindhi Translation of the Quran.<br /> * [[Maulana Abdul Karim Qureshi of Bair Shareef]] District [[Qamber Shahdadkot District|Kambar Shahdadkot]]- Sindhi Translation of the Quran.<br /> * [[Maulana Taj Mohammad Amrothi|Maulana Taj Mohammad Amroti]]'s Sindhi Translation of the Quran.<br /> * Amir Bakhsh Channa's Sindhi Translation of the Quran.<br /> * [[Mufti Muhammad Raheem Sikandri]] resident of [[Pir jo Goth]] Dargah Shareef Pagara [[Sindh]],<br /> * [Molana Abdul Salam soomro Advocate (khanpur District shikarpur) Sindhi Translation of the Quran word by word in fist time, published by sindhica Academy, Karachi, in year 2017. and second publication was made in 2018 with translation of molana taj mohammad Amroti, [[Pakistan]]<br /> <br /> === Sinhala ===<br /> <br /> ===[[Spanish language|Spanish]]===<br /> * Anonymous ''morisco'''s translation, made in 1606,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/coran-aljamiado |title=Corán aljamiado |first=570-632 |last=Mahoma |date=6 March 2018 |publisher= |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> published in 2001 by Reial Acadèmia de Bones Lletres de Barcelona.<br /> * Julio Cortes translation ''El Coran'' is widely available in North America, being published by New York-based ''Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an'' publishing house.<br /> * Ahmed Abboud and Rafael Castellanos, two converts to Islam of Argentine origin, published ''El Sagrado Coran'' (El Nilo, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1953).<br /> * Kamal Mustafa Hallak fine deluxe Hardback print ''El Coran Sagrado'' is printed by Maryland-based Amana Publications.<br /> * Abdel Ghani Melara Navio a Spaniard who converted to Islam in 1979, his ''Traduccion-Comentario Del Noble Coran'' was originally published by Darussalam Publications, Riyadh, in December 1997. The King Fahd Printing Complex has their own version of this translation, with editing by Omar Kaddoura and Isa Amer Quevedo.<br /> * "El Sagrado Corán", translated by Antonio Carrillo Robles and published in 1988 by the [[Ahmadiyya]] Muslim Community (considered heretic by orthodox Muslims) in Córdoba, Spain.<br /> <br /> ===[[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]===<br /> * ''Tafsir Al-Foerqan Basa Sunda'' by A. Hassan, 1937.<br /> * ''Nurul-Bajan: Tafsir Qur’an Basa Sunda'' by H. Mhd. Romli and H.N.S. Midjaja, 1960.<br /> * ''Al-Amin: Al-Qur’an Tarjamah Sunda'' by K.H. Qamaruddin Shaleh, H.A.A. Dahlan, and Yus Rusamsi, 1971.<br /> * Translation and commentary by K.H. Anwar Musaddad, K.H. Mhd. Romli, K.H. Hambali Ahmad, K.H.I. Zainuddin, K. Moh. Salmon et al., 1978.<br /> * ''Tafsir Ayat Suci Lenyepaneun'' by Moh. E. Hasim, 1984.<br /> * ''Nur Hidayah: Saritilawah Basa Sunda'' in Sundanese poem by H.R. Hidayat Surayalaga, 1994.<br /> * ''Al-Munir: Al-Qur’an Tarjamah Basa Sunda'' by H.M. Djawad Dahlan, 2005.<ref>[http://sundaislam.wordpress.com/2008/01/09/alquran-dan-tafsir-sunda/ Alquran dan Tafsir Sunda] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315191021/http://sundaislam.wordpress.com/2008/01/09/alquran-dan-tafsir-sunda/ |date=15 March 2016 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Swahili===<br /> At least 7 complete translations in Swahili have appeared and dozens of partial translations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/150/1/Chesworth08PhD.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=24 December 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102173947/http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/150/1/Chesworth08PhD.pdf |archivedate=2 January 2013 }}</ref><br /> * [[Tafsiri ya Kurani ya Kiarabu kwa lugha ya Kiswahili pamoja na Dibaji na maelezo Machache]] by [[Godfrey Dale]], 1923<br /> * [[Kurani Tukufu]] by [[Mubarak Ahmad Ahmadi]], 1953<br /> * [[Qur' ani Takatifu]] by [[Abdallah Saleh al-Farsy]], 1969<br /> * [[Tarjama ya al-muntakhab katika tafsiri ya Qur' ani tukufu]] by [[Ali Muhsin Al-Barwani]], 1995<br /> * [[Kitabu kinachobainisha]] by [[Ali Juma Mayunga]], 2003<br /> * [[Asili ya Uongofu]] by Said Moosa al-Kindy, 1992–2013 (final volume expected 2014)<br /> * [[Al-Kashif]] by [[Muhammad Jawad Mughniyya]] translated in Swahili by Hasan Mwalupa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al-islam.org/sw/al-kashif-juzuu-ya-kwanza/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=24 December 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529130124/http://www.al-islam.org/sw/al-kashif-juzuu-ya-kwanza |archivedate=29 May 2016 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Swedish===<br /> * Carl Johan Tornberg, 1875.<ref>[[:sv:Carl Johan Tornberg]]</ref><br /> * [[Karl Vilhelm Zetterstéen]], 1917.<ref>[http://www.fomi.nu/files/islam_koranen.php Evaluation of Zetterstéens translation (in Swedish)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928084252/http://www.fomi.nu/files/islam_koranen.php |date=28 September 2007 }}</ref><br /> * [[Mohammed Knut Bernström]]<br /> <br /> ===[[Tamil language|Tamil]]===<br /> * Iqbal Madani<br /> * A.K. Abdhul Hameed Bakavi, 1929, [[Madras]]<br /> * K.A. Nizamudeen Manbavee<br /> * Moulavi P. Jainulabdeen Ulavi<br /> * MOHAMED RIFASH.O<br /> <br /> ===Tatar===<br /> * [[Musa Bigiev]]<br /> <br /> ===Telugu===<br /> * Divya Quran Sandesham<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugu-quran.com/en/index.html |title=Telugu Quran|website=www.telugu-quran.com}}</ref> by Dr. Abdul-Raheem Mohammed Moulana<br /> *Divya Quran by [http://thechoice.one/noble-quran-telugu-తెలుగు-translation-audio-mp3/ JANAB HAMIDULLAH SHARIEF SAHEB] first translator of Telugu Quran<br /> *BHAVAMRUTAM by JANAB [http://www.islamic-resource-centre.org/irc-publication.html ABUL IRFAN] SAHEB<br /> *Quran AVAGAHANAM by JANAB S M MALLICK SAHEB. This is translation of [[Tafhim-ul-Quran|TAFHEEMUL]] QURAN by MAULANA [[Abul A'la Maududi|SAYYED ABUL ALA MAUDOODI]]<br /> *<br /> <br /> ===Thai===<br /> *King Fahad Quran Complex [http://tanzil.net/#trans/th.thai/19:1]<br /> * Abu Israfil al-Fatani, 2009 [http://archive.org/details/thaiquranabuisrafil20190721]<br /> <br /> ===Turkish===<br /> Over fifty translations of the Koran have appeared in Turkish.<ref>[http://www.quran.org.uk/articles/ieb_quran_translators.htm ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516042333/http://www.quran.org.uk/articles/ieb_quran_translators.htm |date=16 May 2008 }}</ref> Although it has been claimed that the Koran was first translated into Turkish on the instructions of Kemal Atatürk,<ref>[http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/turkey/2008/080521-TRA.pdf The Turkey Analyst, 21-05-2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708112546/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/turkey/2008/080521-TRA.pdf |date=8 July 2013 }}</ref> other sources claim that Turkish translations have existed since the beginning of the Muslim era<ref>[http://www.ha.shotoku.ac.jp/library/HP-bak/kiyo/gaikoku/gaikoku44/volker.pdf On Translating the Holy Qu’ran, Craig Alan Volker] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309212735/http://www.ha.shotoku.ac.jp/library/HP-bak/kiyo/gaikoku/gaikoku44/volker.pdf |date=9 March 2012 }}</ref><br /> * Sheikh Al-Fadl Mohamed Ben Idriss.<br /> * ''Tafsir al-Tibyiin'', 1842, Cairo.<br /> * Ahmad b. 'Abd Allah, 1875, ''Tafsir-e zubdat al-athar'', 2 vol. Istanbul 1292-1294/1875-77, p.&nbsp;448+464.<br /> * Ibrahim Hilmi, 1913 ''Terjumat el Koran'', Istanbul<br /> * [[Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi Yazır]], 1935, ''[[Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi Yazır#Works|Hakk Dīni Kur'an Dili]] [[Quran translations|yeni]] [[Quran translations#Turkish|mealli]] [[Turkish language|Türkçe]] [[tafsir]]'', 9 vol. Istanbul 1935–1938\ 9 vol. 2nd ed. Istanbul 1960–1962, p.&nbsp;6632+229\ 9 vol. 3rd ed. Istanbul 1970, p.&nbsp;6432+229.<br /> * Ömer Rıza Doğrul, 1943-1955/1980, ''Tanrı Buyruğu: Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in Tercüme ve Tefsiri'', İstanbul 1943, 1947, 1955, 1980<br /> * ''Syed Mahmood Tarazi Al Madani Bin Syed Nazir Trazi (D:1991) '' translated Qur'an in Turkistani (Chag'atay Uzbek ) in 1956, (First Published: 1956 Bombay )<br /> *[[Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı|Abdülbâki Gölpınarlı]], 1955, Istanbul 1968, p.&nbsp;688\ 2 vol. Istanbul 1955, p. (38l)+(381 +Cxxxviii)<br /> * Huseyin Atay and Yasar Kutluay, 1961, 3 vol. Ankara 1961, p.&nbsp;32+814+7\ 1 vol. 5th ed. Ankara: Diyanet isleri Baskanligi (The Turkish Presidency of Religious Affairs), 1980, p.&nbsp;34+604<br /> * [[Süleyman Ateş]], 1975, 1st ed. Istanbul 1975. p.&nbsp;592\ Ankara: KilicKitabevi 1977, p.&nbsp;2+604+3+xxx<br /> * Ali Bulaç, 1985, Istanbul: Birim 1985, p. xxxviii+605.<br /> * [[Yaşar Nuri Öztürk]], 1993.<br /> * [[Edip Yüksel]], 2000, ''Mesaj Kuran Çevirisi'', ({{ISBN|975-7891-31-2}}).<br /> * [[Ahmed Hulusi]], 2009, Allâh İlminden Yansımalarla KUR'ÂN-I KERÎM ÇÖZÜMÜ (The Key to the Quran)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ahmedhulusi.org/kuran/ |title=Kuran - ahmedhulusi.org |website=ahmedhulusi.org}}</ref><br /> * Hakkı Yılmaz, 2012, NÜZUL SIRASINA GÖRE NECM NECM KUR'AN MEALİ <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istekuran.net |title= Hakkı Yılmaz - İşte Kuran |website=www.istekuran.net}}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Tajik===<br /> *AbdolMohammad Ayati [http://tanzil.net/#trans/tg.ayati/19:1]<br /> <br /> ===Ukrainian===<br /> * [[Mykhaylo Yakubovych]], "Preslavnyj Koran: pereklad smysliv Ukrajns'koju movoju", 2012.<br /> <br /> ===[[Urdu language|Urdu]]===<br /> *''Anwaar-Al-Quran'' by [[Allama Syed Zeeshan Haider Jawadi]] (R.A). First edition published in 1990 by Tanzeem-Al-Makatib, Golaganj, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.<br /> *[[Kanzul Iman]] by [[Ahmad Raza Khan|Ala Hazrat Imam Ahmad Raza Khan]] [[Barelvi|Barelvi Alaihirrahama]].<ref name="SkresletSkreslet2006"/><ref name="Available in archive">url={{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/HolyQurankanzulImaanWithTranslationTafseerInUrdu |title=Archived copy |accessdate=7 December 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312090749/https://archive.org/details/HolyQurankanzulImaanWithTranslationTafseerInUrdu |archivedate=12 March 2016 }}</ref><br /> * Hafiz Maulana Syed Farman Ali Saheb Qibla Published by Nizami Prees, Chandanpatti, Darbhanga, Bihar.India<br /> * Allama Syed Ahmed Saeed Kazmi, ''Al-Bayan''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kazmis.com |title=Archived copy |accessdate=3 October 2009 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220030809/http://www.kazmis.com/ |archivedate=20 December 2016 }}</ref><br /> * [[Abul A'la Maududi|Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi]], ''Tafheem-ul-Quran (6 Vols)'' .<br /> * [[Israr Ahmed]]. ''Bayan-ul-Quran''<br /> * [[Ghulam Ahmed Pervez]], ''Mafhoom-ul-Quran (3 Vols)''.<br /> * [[Ameen Ahsan Islahi]], ''Tadabbur-i-Qur'an (9 Vols)'', 1961.<br /> * Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi, "Bayanul Quran".<br /> *Hafiz Muhammad, "Ahsan ul Bayan"<br /> * Maulana [[Fateh Muhammad Jalandhry]].<br /> * Mufti Dr. Taqi Usmani ''Tozeeh al-Quraan (3 Vols)''..<br /> * Dr. S.M. Afzal Rahman, "Taleem-ul-Quran", 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urdu-quran.org |title=Archived copy |accessdate=22 December 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007232932/http://urdu-quran.org/ |archivedate=7 October 2016 }}</ref><br /> * [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], '' Tarjuman-Al-Quran'' (Four Volumes).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tesla.websitewelcome.com/~sahit/old_version/bklst25.htm#anchor1142602 |title=Booklist-Urdu |publisher=Tesla.websitewelcome.com |accessdate=14 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320131014/http://tesla.websitewelcome.com/~sahit/old_version/bklst25.htm#anchor1142602 |archivedate=20 March 2012 }}</ref><br /> * [[Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]]"Tafsir E Usmani"<br /> * Maulana '''Yusuf Motala''' "Idhwaa-ul-Bayaan"<br /> * [[Ameer Muhammad Akram Awan|Ameer Maulana Muhammad Akram Awan]], ''[[Akram ut Tarajim]]'', published by Qudratullah company, 2011.<br /> * "Mutalaeh Quran مطالعہ قرآن" by ABDULLAH, 2014, can be downloaded in pdf form from google.<ref name="google.com"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/myquranpak |title=Archived copy |accessdate=30 January 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917034813/https://sites.google.com/site/myquranpak/ |archivedate=17 September 2016 }}</ref><br /> <br /> Following translations are known to exist, but need more information, such as publisher, title, year of publication etc.<br /> * Maulana Aashiq Ilahi Meeruti, ''Tarjama Quran''.<br /> * Translation By Majils-e-Fikr o Nazar-Matalib-ul-Quraan.<br /> * Mualana Hakeem Yaseen Shah.<br /> * Mufti Imdadullah Anwar.<br /> * Dr. Muhammad Din Peshaweri Taleem ul Quran a word to word and idiomatic rendering of the Holy Quran. 2000.<br /> * Maulana Mahmood Hassan.<br /> * Dr. Abdur-Raoof, Ferozsons Publishers.<br /> * Maulana Abdul Bari, Hederabadi Daccni, India.<br /> * Maulana Sufi Abdul Hameed Sawati.<br /> * Maulana Ishaaq Kashmeri (Dubai) Zubdatul-Quraan.<br /> * Maulana Abdul Majjid Daryabadi, India.<br /> * Maulana Aashiq Illahi Merathi, India.<br /> * Maulana Ahmad Ali Lahori.<br /> * Dr. Hamid Hasan Bilgarami, Fayuz ul Quraan 2 Vols.<br /> * Maulana Abdul Kareem Pareekh, India.<br /> * Maulana Aashiq Illahi Bulandshaheri.<br /> * Maulana Abu Haq Haqani Dehlvi.<br /> * Shah Rafi al-Din.<br /> * Shah 'Abd al-Qadir.<br /> * Fatheh Mohammad Khan.<br /> * Maulana Muhammad Ali (India).<br /> * Maulana Maqbool Ahmed Dhelwi (Known as Maqbool).<br /> * Allama Azad Subhani (1897–1964) wrote ''Tafsir e Rabbani Mukaddama''<br /> * [[Tahir ul Qadri]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minhaj.org/english/tid/8718/A-Profile-of-Shaykh-ul-Islam-Dr-Muhammad-Tahir-ul-Qadri.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=15 April 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803000922/http://www.minhaj.org/english/tid/8718/A-Profile-of-Shaykh-ul-Islam-Dr-Muhammad-Tahir-ul-Qadri.html |archivedate=3 August 2016 }} Tahir-ul-Qadri</ref> ''Irfan-ul-Quran''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Minhaj Internet Bureau |url=http://www.irfan-ul-quran.com |title=English Quran – Irfan-ul-Quran, Read Listen Search Download & Buy the Comprehensive & Self-Sufficient translation of Holy Quran where general reader does not need any exegesis |publisher=Irfan-ul-quran.com |date= |accessdate=14 May 2013}}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Uyghur===<br /> *Muhammed Saleh. [http://tanzil.net/#trans/ug.saleh/19:1]<br /> <br /> ===[[Yiddish]]===<br /> * Selected parts translated in 1987<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alislam.org/quran/selected-verses/Yiddish.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=17 September 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060200/http://www.alislam.org/quran/selected-verses/Yiddish.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hovel |first=Revital |url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/muslim-sect-celebrates-25-years-since-koran-translated-into-yiddish.premium-1.461072 |title=Muslim sect celebrates 25 years since Koran translated into Yiddish – Israel News &#124; Haaretz Daily Newspaper |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=28 August 2012 |accessdate=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://forward.com/articles/162473/the-yiddish-quran/ |title=The Yiddish Quran – |publisher=Forward.com |date= |accessdate=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gbtimes.wordpress.com/2014/04/01/alijah-ghulam-uddin-ghulam-hunzai-an-intelectual-jewel-of-gilgit-baltistan/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=28 September 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204128/https://gbtimes.wordpress.com/2014/04/01/alijah-ghulam-uddin-ghulam-hunzai-an-intelectual-jewel-of-gilgit-baltistan/ |archivedate=4 March 2016 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[English translations]]<br /> *[[List of Ahmadi translations of the Quran]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Wikisource|The Holy Qur'an}}<br /> * [http://EnglishQuran.com English Quran Translations Side-by-Side with Arabic Dictionary and Recitations]<br /> * [http://www.tanzil.net Tanzil]<br /> * [http://al-quran.info Al-Quran] project includes 140+ translations in more than 30 languages.<br /> * [https://app.box.com/s/j3b5lmqt8zbbm68e7igk Downloadable Taleem-ul-Quran]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Translations Of The Qur'an}}<br /> [[Category:Quran translations|*]]<br /> [[Category:Quran-related lists|Translations]]<br /> [[Category:Translation-related lists|Qur'an]]<br /> [[Category:Quran translations by language]]<br /> <br /> [[ms:Penterjemahan Al-Quran]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Quran_translations&diff=186 Quran translations 2020-05-04T02:51:14Z

<p>Hqaweb: Новая страница: «{{Multiple issues| {{Refimprove|date=April 2007}} {{Cleanup|reason=article links sound like peacocks, honorifics are used without checking|date=January 2016}}}} {…»</p> <hr /> <div>{{Multiple issues|<br /> {{Refimprove|date=April 2007}}<br /> {{Cleanup|reason=article links sound like peacocks, honorifics are used without checking|date=January 2016}}}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Der Koran by Friedrich Eberhard Boysen 1775.jpg|thumb|Title page of a German translation of the Qurʻan published in 1775]]<br /> {{Quran|expanded=translation}}<br /> {{Translation sidebar}}<br /> '''Translations of the Qurʻan''' are interpretations of the scripture of [[Islam]] in languages other than [[Classical Arabic|Arabic]]. The [[Quran|Qurʻan]] was originally written in the Arabic language and has been translated into most major African, Asian and European languages.<ref name = translation /><br /> <br /> == Islamic theology ==<br /> {{further|Schools of Islamic theology}}<br /> The translation of the Qurʻan into modern languages has always been a difficult issue in Islamic theology. Because Muslims revere the Qurʻan as miraculous and inimitable (''iʻjaz al-Qurʻan''), they argue that the Qurʻanic text should not be isolated from its true form to another language or written form, at least not without keeping the Arabic text with it. Furthermore, an Arabic word, like a [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] or [[Aramaic]] word, may have a [[polysemy|range of meanings]] depending on the context – a feature present in all [[Semitic languages]], when compared to English, Latin, and [[Romance languages]] – making an accurate translation even more difficult.<ref name="translation">{{cite book<br /> | last = Fatani<br /> | first = Afnan<br /> | contribution = Translation and the Qurʻan<br /> | year = 2006<br /> | title = The Qurʻan: an encyclopaedia<br /> | editor-last = Leaman<br /> | editor-first = Oliver<br /> | pages = 657–669<br /> | place = Great Britain<br /> | publisher = Routledge<br /> | id =<br /> }}</ref><br /> <br /> According to Islamic theology, the Qurʻan is a [[revelation]] very specifically in Arabic, and so it should only be recited in [[Quranic Arabic]]. Translations into other languages are necessarily the work of humans and so, according to Muslims, no longer possess the uniquely sacred character of the Arabic original. Since these translations necessarily subtly change the meaning, they are often called "interpretations"<ref name="Malise Ruthven Page 90">{{cite book| last = Ruthven| first = Malise| title = Islam in the World| year = 2006| publisher = Granta| isbn = 978-1-86207-906-9| page = 90 }}</ref> or "translation[s] of the meanings" (with "meanings" being ambiguous between the meanings of the various passages and the multiple possible meanings with which each word taken in isolation can be associated, and with the latter connotation amounting to an acknowledgement that the so-called translation is but one possible interpretation and is not claimed to be the full equivalent of the original). For instance, [[Marmaduke Pickthall|Pickthall]] called his translation ''[[The Meaning of the Glorious Koran]]'' rather than simply ''The Koran''.<br /> <br /> The task of translation of the Qurʻan is not an easy one; some native Arab speakers will confirm that some Qurʻanic passages are difficult to understand even in the original Arabic script. A part of this is the innate difficulty of any translation; in Arabic, as in other languages, a single word can have a variety of meanings.<ref name="Malise Ruthven Page 90" /> There is always an element of human judgement involved in understanding and translating a text. This factor is made more complex by the fact that the usage of words has changed a great deal between classical and modern Arabic. As a result, even Qurʻanic verses which seem perfectly clear to native Arab speakers accustomed to modern vocabulary and usage may not represent the original meaning of the verse.<br /> <br /> The original meaning of a Qurʻanic passage will also be dependent on the historical circumstances of the prophet [[Muhammad]]'s life and early community in which it originated. Investigating that context usually requires a detailed knowledge of [[hadith]] and [[Prophetic biography|sirah]], which are themselves vast and complex texts. This introduces an additional element of uncertainty which cannot be eliminated by any linguistic rules of translation.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The first translation of the Qurʻan was performed by [[Salman the Persian]], who translated [[surah]] [[al-Fatiha]] into the [[Middle Persian]] in the early seventh century.<ref>An-Nawawi, Al-Majmu', (Cairo, Matbacat at-'Tadamun n.d.), 380.</ref> According to Islamic tradition contained in the [[hadith]], the [[Negus]] of the [[Ethiopian Empire]] and the [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Heraclius]] received letters from Muhammad containing verses from the Qurʻan{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}. However, during Muhammad's lifetime, no passage from the Qurʻan was ever translated into these languages nor any other.<ref name = translation /><br /> <br /> The second known translation was into Greek and was used by [[Nicetas Byzantius]], a scholar from [[Constantinople]], in his 'Refutation of Qurʻan' written between 855 and 870. However, we know nothing about who and for what purpose had made this translation. It is however very probable that it was a complete translation.<ref>Christian Høgel, "An early anonymous Greek translation of the Qurʻan. The fragments from Niketas Byzantios' Refutatio and the anonymous Abjuratio", ''Collectanea Christiana Orientalia'' 7 (2010), pp. 65–119; [[Kees Versteegh]], "Greek translations of the Qurʻan in Christian polemics (9th century)", ''Zeitschrift der Deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft'' 141 (1991); Astérios Argyriou, "Perception de l'Islam et traductions du Coran dans le monde byzantin grec", ''Byzantion'' 75 (2005).</ref><br /> <br /> The first fully attested complete translations of the Qurʻan were done between the 10th and 12th centuries into [[Persian language#Classical Persian|Classical Persian]]. The [[Samanid Empire|Samanid emperor]], [[Mansur I]] (961–976), ordered a group of scholars from [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] to translate the ''[[Tafsir al-Tabari]]'', originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of [[Khwaja Abdullah Ansari]] wrote a complete [[tafsir]] of the Qurʻan in Persian. In the 12th century, [[Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi]] translated the Qurʻan into Persian. The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times.<br /> <br /> In 1936, translations in 102 languages were known.<ref name=translation /><br /> <br /> === European languages ===<br /> <br /> ==== Latin ====<br /> [[File:Bertrandon de la Broquière offers a Koran to Duke Philip (detail of Bertrandon de la Broquière).jpg|thumb|[[Bertrandon de la Broquière]] giving a Latin translation of the Qurʻan to [[Philip the Bold]] (detail). Illustration (folio 152v) by {{ill|Jean Le Tavernier|fr}} from [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|BnF]], MS fr. 9087, made in Lille in 1455.]]<br /> [[Robert of Ketton|Robertus Ketenensis]] produced the first Latin translation of the Qurʻan in 1143.<ref name = translation /> His version was entitled ''[[Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete]]'' ("The law of [[Muhammad|Mahomet]] the false prophet"). The translation was made at the behest of [[Peter the Venerable]], [[abbot of Cluny]], and currently exists in the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal in Paris. According to modern scholars{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}, the translation tended to "exaggerate harmless text to give it a nasty or licentious sting" and preferred improbable and unpleasant meanings over likely and decent ones. Ketenensis' work was republished in 1543 in three editions by [[Theodore Bibliander]] at [[Basel]] along with Cluni corpus and other Christian propaganda. All editions contained a preface by [[Martin Luther]]. Many later European "translations" of the Qurʻan merely translated Ketenensis' Latin version into their own language, as opposed to translating the Qurʻan directly from Arabic. As a result, early European translations of the Qurʻan were erroneous and distorted.<ref name = translation /><br /> <br /> In the early thirteenth century, [[Mark of Toledo]] made another, more literal, translation into Latin, which survives in a number of manuscripts. In the fifteenth century, Juan of Segovia produced another translation in collaboration with the Mudejar writer, Isa of Segovia. Only the prologue survives. In the sixteenth century, Juan Gabriel Terrolensis aided Cardenal Eguida da Viterbo in another translation into Latin. In the early seventeenth century, another translated was made, attributed to Cyril Lucaris.<br /> <br /> [[Louis Maracci]] (1612–1700), a teacher of Arabic at the [[Sapienza University of Rome]] and confessor to [[Pope Innocent XI]], issued a second Latin translation in 1698 in [[Padua]].<ref>[[Samuel Marinus Zwemer]]: [http://www.muhammadanism.org/Quran/translations_koran.pdf Translations of the Koran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025222146/http://www.muhammadanism.org/Quran/translations_koran.pdf |date=25 October 2007 }}, The Moslem World, 1915</ref> His edition contains the Qurʻan's Arabic text with a Latin translation, annotations to further understanding and – embued by the time's spirit of controversy – an essay titled "Refutation of the Qurʻan", where Marracci disproves Islam from the then Catholic point of view. Despite the refutatio's anti-Islamic tendency Marracci's translation is accurate and suitably commented; besides, by quoting many Islamic sources he certainly broadens his time's horizon considerably.<ref>{{cite journal |id={{INIST|14639389}} |last1=Borrmans |first1=Maurice |year=2002 |title=Ludovico Marracci et sa traduction latine du Coran |trans-title=Ludovico Marracci and its Latin translation of the Qur'ân |language=fr |journal=Islamochristiana |issue=28 |pages=73–86}}</ref><br /> <br /> Marracci's translation too became the source of other European translations (one in France by Savory, and one in German by Nerreter). These later translations were quite inauthentic, and one even claimed to be published in [[Mecca]] in 1165 AH.<ref name = translation /><br /> <br /> ==== Modern languages ====<br /> The first translation in a modern European language was in [[Castilian Spanish]] or [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] by the convert Juan Andrés (or so he claims in his Confusión o Confutación de la secta mahomética y del alcorán) but this translation is lost. A few dozen Qurʻan verses into Castilian are found within the Confusión itself. There were lost translations in [[Catalan language|Catalan]], one of them by Francesc Pons Saclota in 1382, the other appeared in [[Perpignan]] in 1384.<ref>{{Cite news|title=El català, primera llengua europea a la qual va ser traduït l'Alcorà|url=http://www.histocat.cat/?msgOrigen=6&CODART=ART00513|language=Catalan|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528134019/http://www.histocat.cat/?msgOrigen=6&CODART=ART00513|archive-date=28 May 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Another Romance translation was made into Italian, 1547 by Andrea Arrivabene, derived from Ketenensis'. The Italian translation was used to derive the first German translation [[Salomon Schweigger]] in 1616 in [[Nuremberg]], which in turn was used to derive the first Dutch translation in 1641.<ref name = translation /><br /> <br /> The first French translation came out in 1647, and again in 1775, issued by [[André du Ryer]]. The Du Ryer translation also fathered many re-translations, most notably an English version by [[Alexander Ross (writer)|Alexander Ross]] in 1649. Ross' version was used to derive several others: a Dutch version by Glazemaker, a German version by Lange.<ref name = translation /><br /> <br /> ==== French Language ====<br /> [[File:Alcoran de Mahomet 1647.jpg|thumb|upright|<center>''[[L'Alcoran de Mahomet]]'' by [[André du Ryer]], 1647.</center>]]<br /> L'Alcoran de Mahomet / translaté d'Arabe François par le Sieur Du Ryer, Sieur de la Garde Malezair., 1647, 1649, 1672, 1683, 1719, 1734, 1770, 1775, by André Du Ryer, was the first French translation. This was followed two centuries later in Paris by the 1840 translation by [[Albert Kazimirski de Biberstein|Kasimirski]] who was an interpreter for the French Persian legation. Then in the mid-twentieth century a new translation was done by [[Régis Blachère]] a French Orientalist followed few years later in 1959 by the first translation by a Muslim into the French Language from the original Arabic . This work of [[Muhammad Hamidullah]] continues to be reprinted and published in Paris and Lebanon as it is regarded as the most linguistically accurate of all translation although critics may complain there is some loss of the spirit of the Arabic original.<br /> <br /> ==== Spanish ====<br /> There are four complete translations of the Qurʻan in modern Spanish that are commonly available.<br /> * '''Julio Cortes''' translation 'El Coran' is widely available in North America, being published by New York-based ''Tahrike Tarsile Qurʻan'' publishing house.<br /> * '''Ahmed Abboud and Rafael Castellanos''', two converts to Islam of Argentine origin, published 'El Sagrado Coran' (El Nilo, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1953).<br /> * '''Kamel Mustafa Hallak''' fine deluxe hardback print 'El Coran Sagrado' is printed by Maryland-based ''Amana Publications''.<br /> * '''Abdel Ghani Melara Navio''' a Spaniard who converted to Islam in 1979, his 'Traduccion-Comentario Del Noble Coran' was originally published by ''Darussalam Publications'', Riyadh, in December 1997. The ''King Fahd Printing Complex'' has their own version of this translation, with editing by Omar Kaddoura and Isa Amer Quevedo.<br /> <br /> ==== English ====<br /> {{Main|English translations of the Quran}}<br /> [[File:Lifeofmahomet.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|An engraving of [[Muhammad]] in ''The Life of Mahomet'', containing an English translation of the Qurʻan derived from the French translation ''[[L'Alcoran de Mahomet]]'', initially published in 1649. Edition dating to 1719.]]<br /> The earliest known translation of the Qurʻan in any European language was the Latin works by [[Robert of Ketton]] at the behest of the [[Abbot of Cluny]] in c. 1143. This translation remained the only one until 1649 when the first English language translation was done by Alexander Ross, chaplain to King Charles I, who translated from a French work ''L'Alcoran de Mahomet'' by du Ryer. In 1734, [[George Sale]] produced the first translation of the Qurʻan direct from Arabic into English but reflecting his missionary stance. Since then, there have been English translations by the clergyman [[John Medows Rodwell]] in 1861, and [[Edward Henry Palmer]] in 1880, both showing in their works a number of mistakes of mistranslation and misinterpretation, which brings into question their primary aim. These were followed by [[Richard Bell (Arabist)|Richard Bell]] in 1937 and [[Arthur John Arberry]] in the 1950s.<br /> <br /> ''The Qurʻan'' (1910) by Dr. [[Mirza Abul Fazl]] (1865–1956), a native of [[East Bengal]] (now [[Bangladesh]]), later moved to [[Allahabad]], India. He was the first Muslim to present a translation of the Qurʻan into English along with the original Arabic text. Among the contemporary Muslim scholars, Dr. Abul Fazl was a pioneer who took interest in the study of the chronological order of the Qurʻan and drew the attention of Muslim scholars to its importance.<br /> <br /> With the increasing population of English-speaking Muslims around the start of the 20th century, three Muslim translations of the Qurʻan into English made their first appearance. The first was [[Muhammad Ali (writer)|Muhammad Ali]]'s 1917 translation, which is composed from an [[Ahmadiyya]] perspective, with some small parts being rejected as unorthodox interpretation by vast majority of Muslims. This was followed in 1930 by the English convert to Islam [[Marmaduke Pickthall]]'s more literalist translation.<br /> <br /> Soon thereafter in 1934, [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]], a [[Musta'li Isma'ilism|Bohra Ismaili]], published his translation, featuring copious explanatory annotation – over 6000 notes, generally being around 95% of the text on a given page, to supplement the main text of the translation. This translation has gone through over 30 printings by several different publishing houses, and is one of the most popular amongst English-speaking Muslims, alongside the Pickthall and Saudi-sponsored Hilali-Khan translations.<ref name="meforum">{{cite journal|url=http://www.meforum.org/717/assessing-english-translations-of-the-quran|title=Assessing English Translations of the Qurʻan|first=Khaleel|last=Mohammed|date=1 March 2005|journal=Middle East Quarterly|accessdate=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627113335/http://www.meforum.org/717/assessing-english-translations-of-the-quran|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br /> <br /> With few new English translations over the 1950–1980 period, these three Muslim translations were to flourish and cement reputations that were to ensure their survival into the 21st century, finding favour among readers often in newly revised updated editions. Orientalist Arthur Arberry's 1955 translation and native [[Iraqi Jew]] [[N. J. Dawood]]'s unorthodox translation in 1956 were to be the only major works to appear in the post-war period. A. J. Arberry's ''[[The Koran Interpreted]]'' remains the scholarly standard for English translations, and is widely used by academics.<ref name="meforum" /><br /> <br /> The English translation of [[Kanzul Iman]] is called ''The Treasure of Faith'', which is translated by Farid Ul Haq. It is in simple, easy-to-understand modern-day English. Explanations are given in brackets to avoid ambiguity, provide better understanding and references to similar verses elsewhere.<br /> <br /> Dr. Syed Abdul Latif's translation published in 1967, regarded highly by some. He was a professor of English at [[Osmania University]], Hyderabad. It was nevertheless short-lived due to criticism of his foregoing accuracy for the price of fluency.<br /> <br /> ''The Message of the Qurʻan: Presented in Perspective'' (1974) was published by [[Hashim Amir Ali]]. He translated the Qurʻan into English and arranged it according to chronological order. Dr. Hashim Amir-Ali (1903-c. 1987) was a native of Salar Jung, [[Hyderabad State]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]]. In 1938, he came under the influence of Dr. Abul Fazl and took a deep interest in the study of the Qurʻan and was aware of the significance of the chronological order of the passages contained in it.<br /> <br /> Another Jewish convert to Islam, [[Muhammad Asad]]'s monumental work ''[[The Message of The Qur'an]]'' made its appearance for the first time in 1980.<br /> <br /> Professor [[Ahmed Ali (writer)|Ahmed Ali]]'s ''Al-Qurʻan: A Contemporary Translation'' (Akrash Publishing, Karachi, 1984, Reprinted by Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1987; [[Princeton University Press]], New Jersey, 1988, with 9th reprinting 2001). [[Fazlur Rahman Malik]] of the University of Chicago writes, "It brings out the original rhythms of the Qurʻanic language and the cadences. It also departs from traditional translations in that it gives more refined and differentiated shades of important concepts". According to [[Francis Edward Peters]] of New York University, "Ahmed Ali's work is clear, direct, and elegant – a combination of stylistic virtues almost never found in translations of the Qurʻan. His is the best I have read".<br /> <br /> At the cusp of the 1980s, the [[1973 oil crisis]], the [[Iranian Revolution]], the [[Nation of Islam]] and a new wave of cold-war generated Muslim immigrants to Europe and North America brought Islam squarely into the public limelight for the first time in Western Europe and North America. This resulted in a wave of translations as Western publishers tried to capitalize on the new demand for English translations of the Qurʻan. [[Oxford University Press]] and [[Penguin Books]] were all to release editions at this time, as did indeed the Saudi Government, which came out with its own re-tooled version of the original Yusuf Ali translation. Canadian Muslim Professor [[T. B. Irving]]'s 'modern English' translation (1985) was a major Muslim effort during that time.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}<br /> <br /> ''Qurʻan: The Final Testament'', Islamic Productions, Tucson, Arizona, (1989) was published by [[Rashad Khalifa]] ({{lang|ar|رشاد خليفة}}; 19 November 1935 – 31 January 1990) Khalifa wrote that he was a [[prophets and messengers in Islam|messenger of God]] and that the archangel Gabriel 'most assertively' told him that chapter 36, verse 3, of the Qurʻan, 'specifically' referred to him.<ref>Appendix ii, (21), Authorized English Translation of the Qurʻan, Dr. Rashad Khalifa, PhD</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://submission.org/quran/app2.html |title=God or Allah in Islam (Submission in English),Islam (Submission). Your best source for Islam on the Internet. Happiness is submission to God – Allah, God, Islam, Muslims, Moslems, Arabic, Farsi, Urdu, Indonesia, Arabia, Mecca, USA-Prophet Muhammed's Last S |accessdate=2017-06-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724025606/http://submission.org/quran/app2.html |archivedate=24 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He is referred to as God's Messenger of the Covenant by his followers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://submission.org/messenger/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 August 2008 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5ZmxTU8Vt?url=http://submission.org/messenger/ |archive-date=3 August 2008 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He wrote that the Qurʻan contains a mathematical structure based on the number 19. He made the controversial claim that the last two verses of chapter nine in the Qurʻan were not canonical, telling his followers to reject them.<ref>″The idol worshipers were destined to tamper with the Qurʻan by adding 2 false verses (9:128–129).″</ref> His reasoning was that the verses, disrupted an otherwise flawless nineteen-based pattern and were sacrilegious inasmuch as they appeared to endorse worship of Muhammad. Khalifa's research received little attention in the West. In 1980, Martin Gardner mentioned it in ''[[Scientific American]]''.<ref>Gardner, Martin (1980), Mathematical Games, Scientific American, September 1980, pp16–20.</ref> Gardner later wrote a more extensive and critical review of Khalifa and his work.<ref>The numerology of Dr. Rashad Khalifa – scientist, Martin Gardner, Skeptical Inquirer, Sept–Oct 1997</ref><br /> <br /> The arrival of the 1990s ushered in the phenomenon of an extensive English-speaking Muslim population well-settled in Western Europe and North America. As a result, several major Muslim translations emerged to meet the ensuing demand. One of them was published in 1990, and it is by the first woman to translate the Qurʻan into English, Amatul Rahman Omar, together with her husband, Abdul Mannan Omar.<ref>[http://www.islamusa.org/Authors/ Amatul Rahman Omar – The First Woman to Translate the Qurʻan into English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306062725/http://www.islamusa.org/Authors/ |date=6 March 2016 }}</ref> In 1991 appeared an English translation under the title: ''The Clarion Call Of The Eternal Qur-aan'', by Muhammad Khalilur Rahman (b. 1906–1988), [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh. He was the eldest son of Shamsul Ulama Moulana Muhammad Ishaque of Burdwan, West Bengal, India, – a former lecturer of Dhaka University.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}<br /> <br /> In 1996 the Saudi government financed a new translation "the [[Noble Quran (Hilali-Khan)|Hilali-Khan Qurʻan]]" which was distributed free worldwide by the Saudi government as it was in line with their particular interpretation .<ref name="muttaqun">{{Cite web|url=http://muttaqun.com/quran/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527211512/http://muttaqun.com/quran/index.html|url-status=dead|title=Muttaqun.com|archivedate=27 May 2010|website=muttaqun.com}}</ref><br /> <br /> The ''Saheeh International'' Qurʻan translation was published in 1997 in Sa'udi Arabia by three women converts. It remains extremely popular.<br /> <br /> In 1999 a fresh translation of the Qurʻan into English entitled ''The Noble Qurʻan – A New Rendering of its Meaning in English'' by Abdalhaqq and the American [[Aisha Bewley]] was published by Bookwork,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-middle-east-studies/article/the-noble-qurn-a-new-rendering-of-its-meaning-in-english-translated-by-bewleyabdallhaqq-and-bewleyaisha-651-pages-glossary-norwich-uk-bookwork-1999-isbn-1-874216-36-3/65DAD9FAF6338DBDBE6C80A24DBE67F6|title=The Noble Qur'ān: A New Rendering of its Meaning in English, translated by BewleyAbdallhaqq and BewleyAisha. 651 pages, glossary. Norwich, UK: Bookwork, 1999. ISBN 1-874216-36-3|first=Rebecca B.|last=Molloy|journal=Review of Middle East Studies|volume=35|issue=1|pages=134|accessdate=23 June 2017|via=Cambridge Core|doi=10.1017/S0026318400042188|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220215302/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-middle-east-studies/article/the-noble-qurn-a-new-rendering-of-its-meaning-in-english-translated-by-bewleyabdallhaqq-and-bewleyaisha-651-pages-glossary-norwich-uk-bookwork-1999-isbn-1-874216-36-3/65DAD9FAF6338DBDBE6C80A24DBE67F6|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all|year=2001}}</ref> with revised editions being published in 2005 <ref>{{cite book|title=The Noble Qurʻan: A New Rendering of Its Meaning in English|date=23 June 2017|publisher=Bookwork|df=dmy-all|isbn = 978-0-9538639-3-8}}</ref> and 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diwanpress.com/shop/books-and-ebooks/the-core-collection/noble-quran-new-rendering-meaning-english/|title=The Noble Qurʻan – a New Rendering of its Meaning in English – Diwan Press|website=www.diwanpress.com|accessdate=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701040508/http://www.diwanpress.com/shop/books-and-ebooks/the-core-collection/noble-quran-new-rendering-meaning-english/|archive-date=1 July 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br /> <br /> ''The Qurʻan in Persian and English'' (Bilingual Edition, 2001) features an English translation by the Iranian poet and author [[Tahereh Saffarzadeh]]. This was the third translation of the Qurʻan into English by a woman, after Amatul Rahman Omar,<ref>Amatul Rahman Omar, [https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Quran-Translation-Only/dp/097669722X/ "The Holy Qurʻan – English"], ''The Holy Qurʻan – English'', 1990. {{ISBN|0-9766972-3-8}}</ref> and Aisha Bewley – and the first bilingual translation of the Qurʻan.<ref name="amazon.com">{{cite book |author=Quran |title=The Sublime Qurʻan: Laleh Bakhtiar: 9781567447507: Amazon.com: Books |df=dmy-all |isbn=978-1-56744-750-7 |year=2007 |url=https://archive.org/details/sublimequranbas00bakh }}</ref><ref>[http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/7/26/MainPaper/3803/Page/12/MainPaper_3803_12.pdf Saffarzadeh Commemoration Due] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511034453/http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/7/26/MainPaper/3803/Page/12/MainPaper_3803_12.pdf |date=11 May 2012 }} Iran Daily, 18 October 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=181087 Art News in Brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911152103/http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=181087 |date=11 September 2015 }} Tehran Times, 28 October 2008</ref><br /> <br /> In 2003, the English translation of the 8-volume ''[[Ma'ariful Qur'an]]'' was completed and the translation of the Qurʻan used for it was newly done by [[Muhammad Taqi Usmani]] in collaboration with his brother Wali Raazi Usmani and his teachers, Professors Hasan Askari and Muhammad Shameem.<br /> <br /> In 2004 a new translation of the Qurʻan by [[Muhammad Abdel-Haleem]] was also published, with revised editions being published in 2005 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurobuch.com/buch/isbn/0192831933.html|title=0192831933 – Oxford University Press, UK – The Qurʻan|accessdate=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824012157/https://www.eurobuch.com/buch/isbn/0192831933.html|archive-date=24 August 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and 2008.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Qurʻan|date=17 April 2008|publisher=OUP Oxford|df=dmy-all|id= {{ASIN|0199535957|country=uk}}}}</ref><br /> <br /> In 2007, ''Qurʻan: a Reformist Translation'' by [[Edip Yüksel]], Layth Saleh al-Shaiban, and Martha Schulte-Nafeh, was published.<br /> <br /> In 2007, ''The Meanings of the Noble Qurʻan with Explanatory Notes'' by [[Muhammad Taqi Usmani]] was published. It has been published in 2 volumes at first and later, in a single volume. He also translated the Qurʻan in simple Urdu, making him a translator of the Qurʻan in dual languages.<br /> <br /> In 2007 ''The Sublime Qurʻan'' appeared by [[Laleh Bakhtiar]]; it is the second translation of the Qurʻan by an American woman.<ref name="amazon.com" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-04-10/news/0704100141_1_translation-muslims-and-non-muslims-arabic |title=A new look at a holy text – tribunedigital-chicagotribune |publisher=Articles.chicagotribune.com |date=10 April 2007 |accessdate=2015-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093316/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-04-10/news/0704100141_1_translation-muslims-and-non-muslims-arabic |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Useem |first=Andrea |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/1-legacy/37-religion-book-reviews/article/10309-laleh-bakhtiar-an-american-woman-translates-the-qur-an-.html |title=Laleh Bakhtiar: An American Woman Translates the Qurʻan |publisher=Publishersweekly.com |date=18 April 2007 |accessdate=2015-05-10}}</ref><ref name="slate">{{cite web|accessdate=8 July 2011|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2204849/?from=rss|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|last=Aslan|first=Reza|title=How To Read the Qurʻan|date=20 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728133104/http://www.slate.com/id/2204849/?from=rss|archive-date=28 July 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br /> <br /> In 2009, Wahiduddin Khan translated the Qurʻan in English, which was published by Goodword Books entitled ''The Qurʻan: Translation and Commentary with Parallel Arabic Text''. This translation is considered as the most easy to understand due to simple and modern English. The pocket size version of this translation with only English text is widely distributed as part of dawah work.<br /> <br /> A rhymed verse edition of the entire Qurʻan rendered in English by Thomas McElwain in 2010 includes rhymed commentary under the hardback title ''The Beloved and I, Volume Five'', and the paperback title ''The Beloved and I: Contemplations on the Qurʻan''.<br /> <br /> In 2015 Dr. Mustafa Khattab of Al-Azhar University completed ''The Clear Qurʻan: A Thematic English Translation'', after three years of collaboration with a team of scholars, editors, and proof-readers. Noted for its clarity, accuracy, and flow, this work is believed to be the first English translation done in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sirajpublications.com/clear_quran.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-03-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307063210/http://sirajpublications.com/clear_quran.html |archivedate=7 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br /> <br /> A Turkish Scholar Hakkı Yılmaz worked on the Qurʻan through the root meanings of the Arabic words and published a study called ''Tebyin-ül Qurʻan'', and he also published a Division by Division Interpretation in the Order of Revelation in Turkish. His work was translated into English.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quraninenglish.net |title=Qurʻan in English – Division by Division English Interpretation of the Qurʻan in the Order of Revelation |website=www.quraninenglish.net |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109164637/http://www.quraninenglish.net/ |archive-date=9 January 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br /> <br /> In 2018, Dr Musharraf Hussain released ''The Infallible word of Allah'', a reader-friendly presentation of the translation of the Qurʻan aiming to help readers understand the topic being read, and learn the moving and transformative message of the Qurʻan. There are 1500 sections with headings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thequran.org.uk |title=The Majestic Qurʻan |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621222943/http://thequran.org.uk/ |archive-date=21 June 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br /> <br /> === Asian languages ===<br /> {{refimprove section|date=January 2016}}<br /> [[File:Mir Sayyid Ali - Portrait of a Young Indian Scholar.jpg|thumb|[[Mir Sayyid Ali]], writing a [[tafsir]] on the Qurʻan during the reign of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]].]]<br /> <br /> ==== Sindhi ====<br /> Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (Urdu: آخوند أعزاز الله) was a Muslim theologian from Sindh. Akhund Azaz is considered to be the first person who translated the Qurʻan from the Arabic to the Sindhi. According to Sindhi tradition the first translation was made by in 270 AH / 883 CE by an Arab scholar. later it was translated in Sindhi language by Imam Abul Hassan bin Mohammad Sadiq Al-Sindhi Al-Ma<br /> <br /> ==== Urdu ====<br /> First Urdu translation of Qurʻan was done by Shah Abdul Qadir, who was the son of [[Shah Abdul Aziz]] Dehlawi. One of the authentic translation of the Qurʻan in [[Urdu]] was done by [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]] and was named [[Kanzul Iman]]. Molana Ashiq Elahi Merathi also translated the Qurʻan in Urdu. [[Tafseer e Merathi]] is a renowned translation of Qurʻan along with tarsier and Shan e Nazool in Urdu by [[Ashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri]], In 1961 ''Mafhoom-ul-Quran'' by [[Ghulam Ahmed Perwez]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/mq.pdf |title=Mafhoom'ul Quran |publisher=Tolueislam.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-23}}</ref>, as well as<br /> Irfan-ul-Qurʻan a translation by [[Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri]] also an Urdu translation of the Qurʻan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfan-ul-quran.com/quran/urdu/index.html|title=Urdu Qurʻan اردو قرآن - عرفان القرآن : قرآنِ مجید کا عام فہم اور جدید ترین پہلا آن لائن يونيکوڈ اُردو ترجمہ - Irfan-ul-Qurʻan, Read Listen Search Download & Buy|first=Minhaj Internet|last=Bureau|website=www.irfan-ul-quran.com|accessdate=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629024054/http://www.irfan-ul-quran.com/quran/urdu/index.html|archive-date=29 June 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br /> [Mutalaeh Qurʻan مطالعہ قرآن] by ABDULLAH, 2014, is an Urdu Translation .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/myquranpak|title=MY QURAN PAK|website=sites.google.com|accessdate=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917034813/https://sites.google.com/site/myquranpak/|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br /> <br /> ==== Bengali ====<br /> [[Girish Chandra Sen]], a [[Brahmo Samaj]] missionary, was the first person to produce a complete translation of the Qurʻan into the [[Bengali language]] in 1886, although an incomplete translation was made by Amiruddin Basunia in 1808.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dey|first1=Amit|title=Bengali Translation of the Quran and the Impact of Print Culture on Muslim Society in the Nineteenth Century|journal=University of Calcutta, Department of History|date=7 June 2012|pages=8–18|url=https://www.mruni.eu/upload/iblock/944/003_dey.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Hafez Ahmed |url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2008/07/13/39557.html |title=Al Qurʻan Academy to observe 200 years of translating Holy Qurʻan into Bengali |accessdate=2017-06-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104212240/http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2008/07/13/39557.html |archivedate=4 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Abbas Ali of Candipur, [[West Bengal]] was the first Muslim to translate the entire Qurʻan into the Bengali language.<br /> <br /> It is also said that Mohammad Noymuddin of [[Tangail]] translated the first ten chapters of the Qurʻan into Bengali.<ref>Sazzadur Rahman, Chayanir Publication, Tangail, Bangladesh</ref><br /> Besides many translated Qurʻanic exegesis are available in Bengali language.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/11796656 |title=The Role Of Reading Motivation And Interest In Reading Engagement Of Qurʻanic Exegesis Readers &#124; Tareq M Zayed |website=Academia.edu |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2017-06-23|last1=Zayed |first1=Tareq M. }}</ref> [[Muhiuddin Khan]] was also a known Bangladeshi who translated the Maʻarif al-Qurʻan into Bengali.<br /> <br /> ==== Hindi and Gujarati ====<br /> [[Kanzul Iman]] was also translated into the [[Hindi]], followed by [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/KanzulImanHindi |title=Kalamu Rahman &#124; Barkati Publishers; By Sayyad Aale Rasool Hasnain Miya Nazmi|date=2015-09-30}}</ref><br /> <br /> ==== Tamil ====<br /> Translated as Fathhur-Rahma Fi Tarjimati Tafsir al-Qurʻan (Qurʻan translation) By Sheikh Mustafa (1836 – 25 July 1888)Beruwala Sri Lanka;<br /> Later on Abdul Hameed Bhakavi Tamil Nadu- India<br /> <br /> ==== Turkish ====<br /> [[Muhammed Hamdi Yazır]] worked on [[tafsir]] (Qurʻanic exegesis) in the [[Maturidi]] context, and published his ''[[al-Haqq|Hakk]] [[din (Arabic)|Dīni]] Kur'an [[language|Dili]]'' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] in 1935.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Elmalı 35 baskısı.jpg|thumb|1935 print of [[Muhammed Hamdi Yazır#Works|Hakk Dīni Kur'an Dili]]. A [[tafsir]] and translation of Qurʻan in Turkish ordered by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]].]]<br /> <br /> In 1999, the Turkish translation of the Qurʻan, MESAJ by [[Edip Yüksel]] was published, about seven years after the publication of his book, ''Türkçe Kuran Çevirilerindeki Hatlara'' ("Errors in Turkish Translations of the Qurʻan"). The translation does not consider hadith and sectarian jurisprudence as authority in understanding the Qurʻan. It differs greatly from Sunni and Shia traditions in translation of numerous crucial words and verses.<br /> <br /> Hakkı Yılmaz worked on the Qurʻan through the root meanings of the Arabic words and published a study called Tebyin-ül Qurʻan. And he also published a Division by Division Interpretation in the Order of Revelation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istekuran.net |title=Hakkı Yılmaz – İşte Kuran |website=www.istekuran.net |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325031821/http://istekuran.net/ |archive-date=25 March 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br /> <br /> ==== Japanese ====<br /> The first translation into Japanese was done by [[Sakamoto Ken-ichi]] in 1920. Sakamoto worked from [[John Medows Rodwell|Rodwell]]'s English translation. [[Takahashi Goro]], [[Bunpachiro (Ahmad) Ariga]] and [[Mizuho Yamaguchi]] produced Japan's second translation in 1938. The first translation from the Arabic was done by [[Toshihiko Izutsu]] in 1945.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.quran.org.uk/articles/ieb_quran_translators.htm | title = The Qu'ran and its translators | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120621190007/http://www.quran.org.uk/articles/ieb_quran_translators.htm | archivedate= 21 June 2012 }}</ref> In 1950, another translation appeared by [[Shūmei Ōkawa]]. Other translations have appeared more recently by [[Ban Yasunari]] and [[Osamu Ikeda]] in 1970 and by [[Umar Ryoichi Mita]] in 1972.<br /> <br /> ==== Chinese ====<br /> <br /> It is claimed that [[Yusuf Ma Dexin]] (1794–1874) is the first translator of the Qurʻan into Chinese.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} However, the first complete translations into Chinese did not appear until 1927, although Islam had been present in China since the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907). [[Wang Jingzhai]] was one of the first Chinese Muslims to translate the Qurʻan. His translation, the Gǔlánjīng yìjiě, appeared in either 1927<ref>Clinton Bennett, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ielLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA298&dq=Wang+Jingzhai&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Wang%20Jingzhai&f=false The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies], pg. 298. London: [[A & C Black]], 2013. {{ISBN|9781441127884}}</ref> or 1932, with new revised versions being issued in 1943 and 1946. The translation by [[Lǐ Tiězhēng]], a non-Muslim, was not from the original Arabic, but from [[John Medows Rodwell]]'s English via [[Sakamoto Ken-ichi]]'s Japanese. A second non-Muslim translation appeared in 1931, edited by Jī Juémí. Other translations appeared in 1943, by [[Liú Jǐnbiāo]], and 1947, by Yáng Zhòngmíng. The most popular version today is the Gǔlánjīng, translated by [[Muhammad Ma Jian|Mǎ Jiān]], parts of which appeared between 1949 and 1951, with the full edition being published posthumously only in 1981.<br /> <br /> [[Tóng Dàozhāng]], a Muslim Chinese American, produced a modern translation, entitled Gǔlánjīng, in 1989. The most recent translation appeared in Taibei in 1996, the Qīngzhēn xīliú – Gǔlánjīng xīnyì, translated by Shěn Xiázhǔn, but it has not found favour with Muslims.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://folk.uio.no/ivos/files/MA_Thesis_IvoSpira.pdf | title="Chinese Translations of the Qur'ān: a Close Reading of Selected Passages", by Ivo Spira, MA thesis, Oslo University, 2005 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120910081520/http://folk.uio.no/ivos/files/MA_Thesis_IvoSpira.pdf | archivedate= 10 September 2012 }}</ref><br /> <br /> The latest translation 古兰经暨中文译注 was translated and published by [[Yunus Chiao Shien Ma]] in 2016 in Taipei {{ISBN|978-957-43-3984-6}}.<br /> <br /> ==== Indonesian languages ====<br /> The Qurʻan has also been translated to [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], [[Buginese language|Buginese]], [[Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] of [[Indonesia]], the most populous Muslim country in the world. Translation into Acehnese was done by Mahijiddin Yusuf in 1995; into Buginese by Daude Ismaile and Nuh Daeng Manompo in 1982; into Gorontalo by Lukman Katili in 2008; into Javanese by Ngarpah (1913), Kyai Bisyri Mustafa Rembang (1964), and K. H. R. Muhamad Adnan; in Sundanese by A.A. Dallan, H. Qamaruddin Shaleh, Jus Rusamsi in 1965; and in Indonesian at least in three versions: A Dt. Madjoindo, H.M Kasim Bakery, Imam M. Nur Idris, A. Hassan, [[Mahmud Yunus]], H.S. Fachruddin, H., Hamidy (all in the 1960s), Mohammad Diponegoro, Bachtiar Surin (all in the 1970s), and Departemen Agama Republik Indonesia (Indonesian Department of Religious Affair).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alagr.com/download/Quran%28Indonesian_Translation%29.pdf |title=Al-Quran Dan Terjemahnya |website=Alagr.com |accessdate=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707102458/http://www.alagr.com/download/Quran(Indonesian_Translation).pdf |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br /> <br /> ==== Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages ====<br /> [[William Shellabear]] (1862–1948) a British scholar and missionary in Malaysia, after translating the Bible into the [[Malay language]] began a translation of the Qurʻan, but died in 1948 without finishing it.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=Robert |year=2002 |title=The Legacy of William Shellabear |journal=International Bulletin of Missionary Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=28–31 |url=http://www.internationalbulletin.org/files/html/2002-01-contents.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702154648/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/files/html/2002-01-contents.html |archivedate=2 July 2013 |doi=10.1177/239693930202600108 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ==== Tagalog ====<br /> In 1982, Abdul Rakman H. Bruce translated the quran in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] which is locally known as "Ang Banal na Kuran".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://quranphil.com/home | title = Ang Banal na Kuran | author = Abdul Rakman Bruce | accessdate = 14 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180822052747/http://quranphil.com/home | archive-date = 22 August 2018 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref><br /> <br /> === African languages ===<br /> *Translation of the Qurʻan to [[Swahili language|Swahili]] by Sheikh [[Ali Muhsin al-Barwani]].<br /> *Translation of the Qurʻan to [[Hausa language|Hausa]] by Sheikh Muhamud Gumi.<br /> *Translation of the Qurʻan to [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] by Sheikh Adam Abdullah Al-Ilory.<br /> *Translation of the Qurʻan to [[Dagbani language|Dagbanli]] by Sheikh M. Baba Gbetobu.<ref name="dag">{{cite news | url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/religion/First-Dagbani-Version-of-Holy-Quran-Launched-154886 | title=First Dagbani Version of Holy Quran Launched | date=December 19, 2008 | agency=GhanaWeb | accessdate=September 25, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927123513/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/religion/First-Dagbani-Version-of-Holy-Quran-Launched-154886 | archive-date=27 September 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><br /> <br /> === Esperanto ===<br /> After the fall of the Shah, [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]] of Iran called on Muslims to learn [[Esperanto]]. Shortly thereafter, an official Esperanto translation of the Qurʻan was produced by the state.<br /> <br /> [[Muztar Abbasi]] also translated the Qurʻan into Esperanto and wrote a biography of Muhammad and several other books in Esperanto and Urdu.<br /> <br /> In 1970, Professor Italo Chiussi, an Ahmadi, translated the Qurʻan into Esperanto.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alislam.org/quran/Holy-Quran-Esperanto.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-03-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074626/https://www.alislam.org/quran/Holy-Quran-Esperanto.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of translations of the Quran]]<br /> * [[History of the Qur'an]]<br /> * [[Literary translation]]<br /> * [[Tafsir]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * [[Muhammad Mohar Ali|Ali, Muhammad Mohar]] (2004). ''[https://archive.org/details/Quran_And_Orientalists_Mohar_Ali/page/n3 The Qurʻan and the Orientalists]''. [[Jamiat Ihyaa Minhaaj al-Sunnah]] (JIMAS), Ipswich, United Kingdom. {{ISBN|0954036972}}.<br /> * {{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.1962.tb02588.x |title=Is the Qur'ān Translatable? |year=1962 |last1=Tibawi |first1=A. L. |journal=The Muslim World |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=4–16}}<br /> * Pearson, J.D., ‟Bibliography of Translations of the Qur'ān into European Languages", in: A.F.L. Beeston et al. (eds), ''Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp.&nbsp;502–520.<br /> * {{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0020743809091132 |title=The First Translations of the Qurʾan in Modern Turkey (1924–38) |year=2009 |last1=Wilson |first1=M. Brett |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=419–35}}<br /> * {{cite book| last1 = Bein| first1 = Amit| title = Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition| year = 2011| publisher = Stanford University Press| isbn = 978-0-8047-7311-9 }}<br /> * {{cite book| last1 = Fitzpatrick| first1 = Coeli| last2 = Walker| first2 = Adam| title = Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God| year = 2014| publisher = Abc-Clio Incorporated| isbn = 978-1-61069-177-2 | pages = 510–512 }}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://m.clearquran.com/ Clear Audio Translations of the Qurʻan]<br /> * [http://englishquran.com/ English Qurʻan translations side-by-side with audio]<br /> * [http://al-quran.info/ Al-Quran] Quran [[translation project]]<br /> * [http://www.islamawakened.com/quran IslamAwakened] English Qurʻan translations compared verse-by-verse<br /> * [https://quranlive.com/ Learn Quran Online with Tajweed]<br /> * [[George Grigore]], [https://www.academia.edu/4048918/George_Grigore_Les_contraires_-_al-_a_dad_-_dans_le_Coran_et_leur_equivalence_dans_les_traductions_in_Romano-Arabica_no._4._Bucharest_Center_for_Arab_Studies._2004_33-46 Les contraires – al-aDdad – dans le Coran et leur equivalence dans les traductions, Bucarest, 2004]<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> [[Category:Quranic translation| ]]<br /> [[Category:Quran translations| ]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Wiki_Quran&diff=185 Wiki Quran 2020-05-04T02:49:56Z

<p>Hqaweb: Новая страница: «{{Pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{short description|The central religious text of Islam}} {{Infobox religious text | religion = Islam | image = Opened…»</p> <hr /> <div>{{Pp-semi-indef}}<br /> {{pp-move-indef}}<br /> {{short description|The central religious text of Islam}}<br /> {{Infobox religious text<br /> | religion = [[Islam]]<br /> | image = Opened Qur'an.jpg<br /> | alt = A paper Quran opened halfwise on top of a brown cloth<br /> | language = [[Quranic Arabic]]<br /> | chapters = 114 {{small|([[List of surahs in the Quran#Table|list]])}}<br /> | caption =<br /> | period = 609–632<br /> | verses = More than 6 thousand, varies according to different scholars<br /> }}<br /> {{Quran}}<br /> The '''Quran''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɔr|ˈ|ɑː|n}}{{#tag:ref|The English pronunciation varies: {{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|n}}, {{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|æ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|k|ɔr|ˈ|ɑː|n}}, {{IPAc-en|k|ɔr|ˈ|æ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|k|oʊ|ˈ|r|ɑː|n}}, {{IPAc-en|k|oʊ|ˈ|r|æ|n}};<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref> especially with the spelling ''quran'' {{IPAc-en|k|ʊ|ˈ|r|ɑː|n}}, {{IPAc-en|k|ʊ|ˈ|r|æ|n}};<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Quran quran]</ref> especially in British English {{IPAc-en|k|ɒ|ˈ|r|ɑː|n}}.<ref>Cambridge dictionary: [http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/the-koran koran]</ref><ref>Cambridge dictionary: [http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/the-qur-an?q=qur%27an quran]</ref>|group=Note}} {{Respell|kor|AHN|'}}; {{lang-ar|القرآن|translit=al-Qurʼān}} {{IPA-ar|alqur'ʔaːn}},{{#tag:ref|The Arabic pronunciation can be [[phonemic transcription|transcribed phonemically]] as {{IPA|/al.qurˈʔaːn/}}. The actual pronunciation in [[Modern Standard Arabic|Literary Arabic]] varies regionally. The first vowel varies from {{IPAblink|o}} to {{IPAblink|ʊ}} to {{IPAblink|u}}, while the second vowel varies from {{IPAblink|æ}} to {{IPAblink|a}} to {{IPAblink|ɑ}}. For example, the pronunciation in Egypt is {{IPA|[qorˤˈʔɑːn]}} and in Central East Arabia {{IPA|[qʊrˈʔæːn]}}. |group=Note}} literally meaning "the recitation"), also [[Romanization of Arabic|romanized]] '''Qur'an''' or '''Koran''',{{#tag:ref| (English spelling) The form '''Alcoran''' (and its variants) was usual before the 19th century when it became obsolete.<ref>{{Cite OED1|Alcoran|volume=1|page=[https://archive.org/stream/oed01arch#page/210/mode/1up 210]|year=1888}}</ref><ref name="Ngram">[https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Alcoran%2CKoran%2CQuran%2C+Qur%27an&year_start=1700&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2CAlcoran%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CKoran%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CQuran%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CQur%27an%3B%2Cc0 Google Ngram]</ref> The form '''Koran''' was most predominant from the second half of the 18th century till the 1980s, when it has been superseded by either '''Qur'an''' or '''Quran'''.<ref name="Ngram" /><ref>{{Cite OED1|Koran|volume=5|page=[https://archive.org/stream/newenglishdict05murrmiss#page/753/mode/1up 753]|year=1901}}</ref><ref name="OED-Koran">{{OED|Koran}}</ref><ref name="OED-Quran">{{OED|Quran}}</ref> Other transliterations include ''al-Coran'', ''Coran'', ''Kuran'' and ''al-Qur'an''. The adjectives vary as well and include ''Koranic'', ''Quranic'' and ''Qur'anic'' (sometimes in lowercase).<ref name="MWD-Koran">{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Koran}}</ref><br /> |group=Note}} is the central [[religious text]] of [[Islam]], which [[Muslim]]s believe to be a [[revelation]] from [[God in Islam|God]] (''[[Allah]]'').<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein | authorlink=Seyyed Hossein Nasr | title=Qurʼān |year=2007| encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online | accessdate=2007-11-04|location=|publisher=|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran}}</ref> It is widely regarded as the finest work in [[Arabic literature#Classical Arabic literature|classical Arabic literature]].<ref>Margot Patterson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Lt60_e69bPUC&pg=PA10 ''Islam Considered: A Christian View,''] [[Liturgical Press]], 2008 p. 10.</ref><ref>Mir Sajjad Ali, Zainab Rahman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=smfe1CdTRRYC&pg=PA24 ''Islam and Indian Muslims,''] Guan Publishing House 2010 p. 24, citing [[N.J. Dawood]]'s judgement.</ref>{{#tag:ref| opening page.{{quote|"Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."<ref>Alan Jones, ''The Koran'', London 1994, {{ISBN|1842126091}}</ref>}}|group=Note}}{{#tag:ref|{{quote|"It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."<ref>Arthur Arberry, The Koran Interpreted, London 1956, {{ISBN|0684825074}}, p. 191.</ref> }}|group=Note}} Slightly shorter than the [[New Testament]],<ref name="battle">{{cite news |title=The battle of the books |url=https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2007/12/19/the-battle-of-the-books |accessdate=13 April 2019 |agency=Economist |date=19 December 2007}}</ref> it is organized in 114 chapters (Arabic: سورة ''[[surah|sūrah]]'', plural سور ''suwar'') — not according to chronology or subject matter, but according to length of surahs (with some exceptions).<ref name="Ayaz-response"/> Surah are subdivided into verses (Arabic: آية ''[[āyah]]'', plural آيات ''āyāt'').<br /> <br /> Muslims believe that the Quran was orally revealed by God to the [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|final prophet]], [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]], through the archangel [[Gabriel]] (''[[Holy Spirit (Islam)|Jibril]]''),<ref name=Lambert>{{cite book|last1=Lambert|first1=Gray|title=The Leaders Are Coming!|date=2013|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781449760137|page=287|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV0mAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA287 }}</ref><ref name="Williams & Drew">{{cite book|author1=Roy H. Williams|author2=Michael R. Drew|title=Pendulum: How Past Generations Shape Our Present and Predict Our Future|date=2012|publisher=Vanguard Press|isbn=9781593157067|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mygRHh6p40kC&pg=PA143 }}</ref> incrementally over a period of some 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609 [[Common Era|CE]],<ref><br /> * ''Chronology of Prophetic Events'', Fazlur Rehman Shaikh (2001) p. 50 Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd.<br /> * [http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.arberry/17:105 Quran 17:105]</ref> when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death.<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name = LivRlgP338>''Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths'', Mary Pat Fisher, 1997, p. 338, I.B. Tauris Publishers.</ref><ref name = QuranC17V106>{{Cite quran|17|106|style=nosup}}</ref> Muslims regard the Quran as Muhammad's most important miracle, a proof of his prophethood,<ref>{{cite book|last=Peters|first=F.E.|title=The Words and Will of God|year=2003|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-11461-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/monotheistsjewsc01pete/page/12 12–13]|url=https://archive.org/details/monotheistsjewsc01pete/page/12}}</ref> and the culmination of a series of divine messages starting with those revealed to [[Adam]], including the ''[[Tawrah]]'' ([[Torah]]), the ''[[Zabur]]'' ("[[Psalms]]") and the ''[[Gospel in Islam|Injil]]'' ("Gospel"), and ending with Muhammad's revelation. The word "Quran" occurs some 70 times in the Quran's text, and other names and words are also said to refer to the Quran.<ref name="Wheeler2002">{{cite book|author=Brannon M. Wheeler|title=Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIDZIep-GIQC|date=2002|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-4957-3|page=2}}</ref> It is thought by Muslims to be not simply divinely inspired, but the literal [[Biblical inspiration|word of God]].<ref name="Carroll-Q-H">{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Jill |title=The Quran & Hadith |url=https://www.world-religions-professor.com/quran.html |website=World Religions |accessdate=10 July 2019}}</ref><br /> <br /> According to tradition, several of Muhammad's companions served as scribes and recorded the revelations.<ref name="Donner-Companion" /> Shortly after his death, the Quran was compiled by the companions, who had written down or memorized parts of it.<ref name=jecampo/> The codices showed differences that motivated Caliph [[Uthman]] to establish a standard version, now known as Uthman's codex, which is generally considered the archetype of the Quran known today. There are, however, [[Qira'at|variant readings]], with mostly minor differences in meaning.<ref name="Donner-Companion">Donner, Fred, "The historical context" in McAuliffe, J.D. (ed.), ''The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'ān'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 31–33.</ref><br /> <br /> The Quran assumes [[Biblical and Quranic narratives|familiarity with major narratives]] recounted in the [[Books of the Bible|Biblical scriptures]]. It summarizes some, dwells at length on others and, in some cases, presents alternative accounts and interpretations of events.<ref name=sanigosian>{{cite book|last=Nigosian|first=S.A.|title=Islam : its history, teaching and practices|url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=Indiana Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-253-21627-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/65 65–80]|edition=[New ed.].}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Brannon M.|last=Wheeler|year=2002|title=Prophets in the Quran: an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis|publisher=Continuum|page=15|isbn=978-0-8264-4956-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.arberry/3:84|title=Tanzil – Quran Navigator – القرآن الكريم|website=tanzil.net}}</ref> The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance for mankind (<span class="plainlinks">{{Cite quran|2|185|b=n|s=ns}}</span>). It sometimes offers detailed accounts of specific historical events, and it often emphasizes the moral significance of an event over its narrative sequence.<ref>Nasr (2003), p. 42{{full citation needed|date=July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite quran|2|67|end=76|style=nosup}}</ref> Supplementing the Quran with explanations for some cryptic Quranic narratives, and rulings that also provide the basis for [[Sharia|''sharia'' (Islamic) law]] (in most denominations of Islam),<ref name="handbook"/>{{#tag:ref|In a small number of denominations, only the Quran is used as a source, an approach called [[Quranism]].|group=Note}} are ''[[Hadith]]'' — [[oral tradition|oral and written traditions]] believed to describe words and actions of Muhammad.{{#tag:ref|Hadith are primarily from Muhammad but some are from those closest to him. Muslim scholars have worked carefully to authenticate them.|group=Note}}<ref name="handbook">''Handbook of Islamic Marketing'', p. 38, G. Rice – 2011</ref> During prayers, the Quran is recited only in Arabic.<ref>Literacy and Development: Ethnographic Perspectives. p. 193, Brian V Street – 2001</ref><br /> <br /> Someone who has memorized the entire Quran is called a ''[[Hafiz (Quran)|hafiz]]''. Quranic verse (''[[ayah]]'') is sometimes recited with a special kind of [[elocution]] reserved for this purpose, called ''[[tajwid]]''. During the month of [[Ramadan]], Muslims typically complete the recitation of the whole Quran during ''[[tarawih]]'' prayers. In order to extrapolate the meaning of a particular Quranic verse, most Muslims rely on [[exegesis]], or ''[[tafsir]]''.<ref>Apocalypse And/or Metamorphosis. p. 81, Norman Oliver Brown – 1991</ref><br /> <br /> ==Etymology and meaning==<br /> The word {{transl|ar|ALA|qurʼān}} appears about 70 times in the Quran itself, assuming various meanings. It is a [[verbal noun]] ([[Arabic verbs#Verbal noun (maṣdar)|{{transl|ar|ALA|maṣdar}}]]) of the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] verb {{transl|ar|ALA|qaraʼa}} ({{lang|ar|قرأ}}), meaning "he read" or "he recited". The [[Syriac language|Syriac]] equivalent is ({{lang|syc|ܩܪܝܢܐ|}}) {{transl|sem|qeryānā}}, which refers to "scripture reading" or "lesson".<ref name="Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon">{{cite web |title=The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon |url=http://cal.huc.edu/searchroots.php?pos=N&lemma=qryn |website=cal.huc.edu |accessdate=31 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134645/http://cal.huc.edu/searchroots.php?pos=N&lemma=qryn |archive-date=18 Oct 2017}}</ref> While some Western scholars consider the word to be derived from the Syriac, the majority of Muslim authorities hold the origin of the word is {{transl|ar|ALA|qaraʼa}} itself.<ref name=Britannica /> Regardless, it had become an Arabic term by Muhammad's lifetime.<ref name="Britannica"/> An important meaning of the word is the "act of reciting", as reflected in an early Quranic passage: "It is for Us to collect it and to recite it ({{transl|ar|ALA|qurʼānahu}})."<ref>{{Cite quran|75|17|style=nosup}}</ref><br /> <br /> In other verses, the word refers to "an individual passage recited [by Muhammad]". Its [[liturgy|liturgical]] context is seen in a number of passages, for example: ''"So when {{transl|ar|ALA|al-qurʼān|italic=no}} is recited, listen to it and keep silent."''<ref>{{Cite quran|7|204|style=nosup}}</ref> The word may also assume the meaning of a codified scripture when mentioned with other scriptures such as the [[Tawrat|Torah]] and [[Injil|Gospel]].<ref>See "Ķur'an, al-", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online'' and {{Cite quran|9|111}}</ref><br /> <br /> The term also has closely related [[synonym]]s that are employed throughout the Quran. Each synonym possesses its own distinct meaning, but its use may converge with that of {{transl|ar|ALA|qurʼān}} in certain contexts. Such terms include {{transl|ar|kitāb}} (book); {{transl|ar|[[ayah|āyah]]}} (sign); and {{transl|ar|[[Sura|sūrah]]}} (scripture). The latter two terms also denote units of revelation. In the large majority of contexts, usually with a [[definite article]] (''al-''), the word is referred to as the "revelation" (''[[wahy|waḥy]]''), that which has been "sent down" (''[[tanzil|tanzīl]]'') at intervals.<ref>{{Cite quran|20|2|style=nosup}} cf.</ref><ref>{{Cite quran|25|32|style=nosup}} cf.</ref> Other related words are: {{transl|ar|ALA|[[dhikr]]}} (remembrance), used to refer to the Quran in the sense of a reminder and warning, and {{transl|ar|ḥikmah}} (wisdom), sometimes referring to the revelation or part of it.<ref name=Britannica />{{#tag:ref|According to Welch in the ''Encyclopedia of Islam'', the verses pertaining to the usage of the word ''hikma'' should probably be interpreted in the light of IV, 105, where it is said that "Muhammad is to judge (''tahkum'') mankind on the basis of the Book sent down to him."|group=Note}}<br /> <br /> The Quran describes itself as "the discernment" (''al-furqān''), "the mother book" (''umm al-kitāb''), "the guide" (''huda''), "the wisdom" (''[[hikmah]]''), "the remembrance" (''dhikr'') and "the revelation" (''tanzīl''; something sent down, signifying the descent of an object from a higher place to lower place).<ref name=Jaffer>{{cite book|author1=Abbas Jaffer |author2=Masuma Jaffer |title=Quranic Sciences|publisher=ICAS press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-904063-30-8|pages=11–15}}</ref> Another term is {{transl|ar|ALA|al-kitāb}} (The Book), though it is also used in the Arabic language for other scriptures, such as the Torah and the Gospels. The term ''[[mus'haf]]'' ('written work') is often used to refer to particular Quranic manuscripts but is also used in the Quran to identify earlier revealed books.<ref name="Britannica" /><br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{main|History of the Quran}}<br /> <br /> ===Prophetic era===<br /> {{More citations needed|section|date=May 2019}}<br /> [[File:Cave Hira.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Cave of Hira, location of Muhammad's first revelation.]]<br /> Islamic tradition relates that [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] received [[Muhammad's first revelation|his first revelation]] in the [[Cave of Hira]] during one of his isolated retreats to the mountains. Thereafter, he received revelations over a period of 23 years. According to ''[[hadith]]'' and Muslim history, after Muhammad [[Hijra (Islam)|immigrated to Medina]] and formed an independent Muslim community, he ordered many of his [[sahabah|companions]] to recite the Quran and to learn and teach the laws, which were revealed daily. It is related that some of the [[Quraysh tribe|Quraysh]] who were taken prisoners at the [[Battle of Badr]] regained their freedom after they had taught some of the Muslims the simple writing of the time. Thus a group of Muslims gradually became literate. As it was initially spoken, the Quran was recorded on tablets, bones, and the wide, flat ends of date palm fronds. Most suras were in use amongst early Muslims since they are mentioned in numerous sayings by both [[Sunni]] and [[Shia]] sources, relating Muhammad's use of the Quran as a call to Islam, the making of prayer and the manner of recitation. However, the Quran did not exist in book form at the time of Muhammad's death in 632.<ref name=tabatabai5>{{cite book|last=Tabatabai|first=Sayyid M. H.|title=The Qur'an in Islam : its impact and influence on the life of muslims|year=1987|publisher=Zahra Publ.|isbn=978-0710302663|url=https://archive.org/details/quraninislamitsi0000taba|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=watt>{{cite book|last=Richard Bell (Revised and Enlarged by W. Montgomery Watt)|title=Bell's introduction to the Qur'an|year=1970|publisher=Univ. Press|isbn=978-0852241714|pages=31–51}}<br /> </ref><ref name=chi>{{cite book|last=P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis|title=The Cambridge history of Islam|year=1970|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=9780521291354|page=32|edition=Reprint.}}</ref> There is agreement among scholars that Muhammad himself did not write down the revelation.<ref name=denffer>{{cite book|last=Denffer|first=Ahmad von|title=Ulum al-Qur'an : an introduction to the sciences of the Qur an|year=1985|publisher=Islamic Foundation|isbn=978-0860371328|page=37|edition=Repr.}}</ref><br /> <br /> ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' narrates Muhammad describing the revelations as, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell" and [[Aisha]] reported, "I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)."{{#tag:ref| "God's Apostle replied, 'Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell, this form of Inspiration is the hardest of all and then this state passes off after I have grasped what is inspired. Sometimes the Angel comes in the form of a man and talks to me and I grasp whatever he says.' ʻAisha added: Verily I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the Sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)."<ref>[http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/001-sbt.php Translation of Sahih Bukhari, Book 1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110054749/http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/001-sbt.php |date=10 January 2012 }}. Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement.</ref>|group=Note}} Muhammad's first revelation, according to the Quran, was accompanied with a vision. The agent of revelation is mentioned as the "one mighty in power",<ref>Quran {{Cite quran|53|5|b=n|s=ns}}</ref> the one who "grew clear to view when he was on the uppermost horizon. Then he drew nigh and came down till he was (distant) two bows' length or even nearer."<ref name=watt/><ref>Quran {{Cite quran|53|6|e=9|b=n|s=ns}}</ref> The Islamic studies scholar Welch states in the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'' that he believes the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition at these moments may be regarded as genuine, because he was severely disturbed after these revelations. According to Welch, these seizures would have been seen by those around him as convincing evidence for the superhuman origin of Muhammad's inspirations. However, Muhammad's critics accused him of being a possessed man, a [[Clairvoyant|soothsayer]] or a [[magician (paranormal)|magician]] since his experiences were similar to those claimed by such figures well known in [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|ancient Arabia]]. Welch additionally states that it remains uncertain whether these experiences occurred before or after Muhammad's initial claim of prophethood.<ref>[[Encyclopedia of Islam]] online, Muhammad article</ref><br /> [[File:Iqra.jpg|thumb|upright=0.95|Part of ''[[Al-Alaq]]'' – 96th ''sura'' of the Quran – the first revelation received by Muhammad.]]<br /> <br /> The Quran describes Muhammad as ''"ummi"'',<ref>Quran {{Cite quran|7|157|b=n|s=ns}}</ref> which is traditionally interpreted as "illiterate", but the meaning is rather more complex. Medieval commentators such as [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Al-Tabari]] maintained that the term induced two meanings: first, the inability to read or write in general; second, the inexperience or ignorance of the previous books or scriptures (but they gave priority to the first meaning). Muhammad's illiteracy was taken as a sign of the genuineness of his prophethood. For example, according to [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]], if Muhammad had mastered writing and reading he possibly would have been suspected of having studied the books of the ancestors. Some scholars such as [[William Montgomery Watt|Watt]] prefer the second meaning of ''"ummi"''—they take it to indicate unfamiliarity with earlier sacred texts.<ref name=watt/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Günther|first=Sebastian|title=Muhammad, the Illiterate Prophet: An Islamic Creed in the Quran and Quranic Exegesis|journal=Journal of Quranic Studies|year=2002|volume=4|issue=1|pages=1–26|doi=10.3366/jqs.2002.4.1.1}}</ref><br /> <br /> The final verse of the Quran was revealed on the 18th of the Islamic month of [[Dhu al-Hijjah]] in the year 10 A.H., a date that roughly corresponds to February or March 632. The verse was revealed after [[The event of Ghadir Khumm|the Prophet finished delivering his sermon at Ghadir Khumm]].<br /> <br /> ===Compilation===<br /> {{See also|Sanaʽa manuscript|Birmingham Quran manuscript}}<br /> Following Muhammad's death in 632, a number of his companions who knew the Quran by heart were killed in the [[Battle of Yamama]] by [[Musaylimah]]. The first caliph, [[Abu Bakr]] (d. 634), subsequently decided to collect the book in one volume so that it could be preserved. [[Zayd ibn Thabit]] (d. 655) was the person to collect the Quran since "he used to write the Divine Inspiration for Allah's Apostle". Thus, a group of scribes, most importantly Zayd, collected the verses and produced a hand-written manuscript of the complete book. The manuscript according to Zayd remained with Abu Bakr until he died. Zayd's reaction to the task and the difficulties in collecting the Quranic material from parchments, palm-leaf stalks, thin stones (collectively known as ''suhuf'')<ref name=demyth-62>{{cite journal |author=Roslan Abdul-Rahim |title=Demythologizing the Qur'an Rethinking Revelation Through Naskh al-Qur'an |journal=Global Journal Al-Thaqafah|date=December 2017 |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=2232-0474 |page=62 |ref=RARDtQ2017 |doi=10.7187/GJAT122017-2 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and from men who knew it by heart is recorded in earlier narratives. After Abu Bakr, in 644, [[Hafsa bint Umar]], Muhammad's widow, was entrusted with the manuscript until the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, has requested the standard copy from Hafsa bint Umar in about 650.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wat is de Koran? |url=https://koran.nl/wat-is-de-koran/ |website=Koran.nl |language=nl |date=18 February 2016}}</ref><br /> <br /> <br /> In about 650, the third Caliph [[Uthman ibn Affan]] (d. 656) began noticing slight differences in pronunciation of the Quran as Islam expanded beyond the [[Arabian Peninsula]] into [[Persia]], the [[Levant]], and North Africa. In order to preserve the sanctity of the text, he ordered a committee headed by Zayd to use Abu Bakr's copy and prepare a standard copy of the Quran.<ref name=tabatabai5/><ref name=sbukhari1>{{cite web|last=al-Bukhari|first=Muhammad|title=Sahih Bukhari, volume 6, book 61, narrations number 509 and 510|url=http://www.sahih-bukhari.com/Pages/Bukhari_6_61.php|year=810–870|website=sahih-bukhari.com|accessdate=16 February 2018}}</ref> Thus, within 20 years of Muhammad's death, the Quran was committed to written form. That text became the model from which copies were made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Muslim world, and other versions are believed to have been destroyed.<ref name=tabatabai5/><ref name="rippin">{{cite book|last=Rippin, Andrew|url=https://archive.org/details/blackwellcompani00ripp_0|title=The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an|publisher=Blackwell|year=2006|isbn=978140511752-4|edition=[2a reimpr.]|display-authors=etal}}<br /> <br /> * see section ''Poetry and Language'' by [[Navid Kermani]], pp. 107–120.<br /> * For eschatology, see ''Discovering (final destination)'' by Christopher Buck, p. 30.<br /> * For writing and printing, see section ''Written Transmission'' by [[François Déroche]], pp. 172–187.<br /> * For literary structure, see section ''Language'' by Mustansir Mir, p. 93.<br /> * For the history of compilation see ''Introduction'' by [[Tamara Sonn]] pp. 5–6<br /> * For recitation, see ''Recitation'' by Anna M. Gade pp. 481–493<br /> </ref><ref>Mohamad K. Yusuff, [http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_251_300/zayd_ibn_thabit_and_the_glorious.htm Zayd ibn Thabit and the Glorious Qur'an]</ref><ref name="MCKVSI2000:117–124">[[#MCKVSI2000|Cook, ''The Koran'', 2000]]: pp.117–124</ref> The present form of the Quran text is accepted by Muslim scholars to be the original version compiled by Abu Bakr.<ref name=watt/><ref name=chi/>{{#tag:ref| "Few have failed to be convinced that … the Quran is … the words of Muhammad, perhaps even dictated by him after their recitation."<ref name=peters-1991>F.E. Peters (1991), pp. 3–5:</ref>|group=Note}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Quran by Imam ali.JPG|thumb|Quran − in [[Mashhad]], Iran − said to be written by [[Ali]]]]<br /> According to [[Shia Islam|Shia]], [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] (d. 661) compiled a complete version of the Quran shortly after Muhammad's death. The order of this text differed from that gathered later during Uthman's era in that this version had been collected in chronological order. Despite this, he made no objection against the standardized Quran and accepted the Quran in circulation. Other personal copies of the Quran might have existed including [[Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud|Ibn Mas'ud]]'s and [[Ubay ibn Ka'b]]'s codex, none of which exist today.<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name=tabatabai5/><ref name=leaman>{{cite book|last=Leaman|first=Oliver|title=The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-32639-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse}}<br /> * For God in the Quran (Allah), see ''Allah'' by Zeki Saritoprak, pp. 33–40.<br /> * For eschatology, see ''Eschatology'' by Zeki Saritoprak, pp. 194–199.<br /> * For searching the Arabic text on the internet and writing, see ''Cyberspace and the Qur'an'' by Andrew Rippin, pp. 159–163.<br /> * For calligraphy, see by ''Calligraphy and the Qur'an'' by Oliver Leaman, pp. 130–135.<br /> * For translation, see ''Translation and the Qur'an'' by Afnan Fatani, pp. 657–669.<br /> * For recitation, see ''Art and the Qur'an'' by Tamara Sonn, pp. 71–81 and ''Reading'' by Stefan Wild, pp. 532–535.</ref><br /> <br /> The Quran most likely existed in scattered written form during Muhammad's lifetime. Several sources indicate that during Muhammad's lifetime a large number of his companions had memorized the revelations. Early commentaries and Islamic historical sources support the above-mentioned understanding of the Quran's early development.<ref name=jecampo>{{cite book|last=Campo|first=Juan E.|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|year=2009|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|pages=570–574}}</ref> The Quran in its present form is generally considered by academic scholars to record the words spoken by Muhammad because the search for variants has not yielded any differences of great significance.{{page needed|date=October 2019}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbEEuTMUuX0C&pg=PA283 |title=Basic Mechanics of Islamic Capitalism|isbn=9789881721716|last1=Hitti|first1=Edwin E|year=2007}}</ref> [[University of Chicago]] professor [[Fred Donner]] states that "...there was a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qurʾān from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission. [...] After the creation of this standardized canonical text, earlier authoritative texts were suppressed, and all extant manuscripts—despite their numerous variants—seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established."<ref>{{cite journal| last = Donner| first = Fred M. | doi = 10.1086/674909 | volume = 73| issue = 1| pages = 166–169| title = Review: Textual Criticism and Qurʾān Manuscripts, by Keith E. Small| journal = Journal of Near Eastern Studies| date = 2014 |ref=harv}}</ref> Although most variant readings of the text of the Quran have ceased to be transmitted, some still are.<ref name="melchert2"/><ref>Ibn Warraq, ''Which Koran? Variants, Manuscript, Linguistics'', p. 45. Prometheus Books, 2011. {{ISBN|1591024307}}</ref> There has been no [[critical text]] produced on which a scholarly reconstruction of the Quranic text could be based.{{#tag:ref|For both the claim that variant readings are still transmitted and the claim that no such critical edition has been produced, see Gilliot, C., "Creation of a fixed text" <ref>Gilliot, C., "Creation of a fixed text" in McAuliffe, J.D. (ed.), ''The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'ān'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 52.</ref>|group=Note}} Historically, controversy over the Quran's content has rarely become an issue, although debates continue on the subject.<ref>{{cite web|last=Arthur Jeffery and St. Clair-Tisdal et al, Edited by Ibn Warraq, Summarised by Sharon Morad, Leeds|url=http://debate.org.uk/topics/books/origins-koran.html|title=The Origins of the Koran: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book|accessdate=2011-03-15|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518035126/http://debate.org.uk/topics/books/origins-koran.html|archivedate=18 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|"Few have failed to be convinced that the Quran is the words of Muhammad, perhaps even dictated by him after their recitation."<ref name=peters-1991/>|group=Note}}<br /> <br /> In 1972, in a mosque in the city of [[Sana'a]], [[Yemen]], manuscripts were discovered that were later proved to be the most ancient Quranic text known to exist at the time. The [[Sana'a manuscript]]s contain [[palimpsest]]s, a manuscript page from which the text has been washed off to make the parchment reusable again—a practice which was common in ancient times due to scarcity of writing material. However, the faint washed-off underlying text (''scriptio inferior'') is still barely visible and believed to be "pre-Uthmanic" Quranic content, while the text written on top (''scriptio superior'') is believed to belong to Uthmanic time.<ref name=jqs1>{{cite journal|title='The Qur'an: Text, Interpretation and Translation' Third Biannual SOAS Conference, 16–17 October 2003|journal=Journal of Qur'anic Studies|date=April 2004|volume=6|issue=1|pages=143–145|doi=10.3366/jqs.2004.6.1.143}}</ref> Studies using [[radiocarbon dating]] indicate that the parchments are dated to the period before 671 CE with a 99 percent probability.<ref name=bergmann>{{cite journal|last=Bergmann|first=Uwe|author2=Sadeghi, Behnam |title=The Codex of a Companion of the Prophet and the Qurān of the Prophet|journal=Arabica|date=September 2010|volume=57|issue=4|pages=343–436|doi=10.1163/157005810X504518}}</ref><ref name=sadeghi>{{cite journal|last=Sadeghi|first=Behnam|author2=Goudarzi, Mohsen |title=Ṣan'ā' 1 and the Origins of the Qur'ān|journal=Der Islam|date=March 2012|volume=87|issue=1–2|pages=1–129|doi=10.1515/islam-2011-0025}}</ref> The German scholar [[Gerd R. Puin]] has been investigating these Quran fragments for years. His research team made 35,000 microfilm photographs of the manuscripts, which he dated to early part of the 8th century. Puin has not published the entirety of his work, but noted unconventional verse orderings, minor textual variations, and rare styles of orthography. He also suggested that some of the parchments were [[palimpsest]]s which had been reused. Puin believed that this implied an evolving text as opposed to a fixed one.<ref name="LESTER-1999">{{cite journal |last1=LESTER |first1=TOBY |title=What Is the Koran? |journal=Atlantic |issue=JANUARY 1999 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/01/what-is-the-koran/304024/ |accessdate=24 September 2019|date=January 1999 }}</ref><br /> <br /> [[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|[[Birmingham Quran manuscript]], dated among the oldest in the world]]<br /> In 2015, [[Birmingham Quran manuscript|fragments of a very early Quran]], dating back to 1370 years ago, were discovered in the library of the [[University of Birmingham]], England. According to the tests carried out by Oxford University Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, "with a probability of more than 95%, the parchment was from between 568 and 645". The manuscript is written in [[Hijazi script]], an early form of written Arabic.<ref name=oldest>{{cite news|last1=Coughlan|first1=Sean|title='Oldest' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-33436021|accessdate=22 July 2015|agency=BBC}}</ref> This is possibly the earliest extant exemplar of the Quran, but as the tests allow a range of possible dates, it cannot be said with certainty which of the existing versions is the oldest.<ref name=oldest/> Saudi scholar Saud al-Sarhan has expressed doubt over the age of the fragments as they contain dots and chapter separators that are believed to have originated later.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = New York Times | title = A Find in Britain: Quran Fragments Perhaps as Old as Islam | author = Dan Bilefsky | date = 22 July 2015 | access-date = 28 July 2015 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/23/world/europe/quran-fragments-university-birmingham.html?_r=0}}</ref> However Joseph E. B. Lumbard of [[Brandeis University]] has written in the ''[[Huffington Post]]'' in support of the dates proposed by the Birmingham scholars. Professor Lumbard notes that the discovery of a Quranic text that may be confirmed by radiocarbon dating as having been written in the first decades of the Islamic era, while presenting a text substantially in conformity with that traditionally accepted, reinforces a growing academic consensus that many Western sceptical and 'revisionist' theories of Quranic origins are now untenable in the light of empirical findings – whereas, on the other hand, counterpart accounts of Quranic origins within classical Islamic traditions stand up well in the light of ongoing scientific discoveries.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-e-b-lumbard/new-light-on-the-history-_b_7864930.html |title=New Light on the History of the Quranic Text? |date=24 July 2015 |newspaper=The Huffington Post |access-date=27 July 2015}}</ref><br /> <br /> ==Significance in Islam==<br /> {{Islam |texts}}<br /> Muslims believe the Quran to be God's final revelation to humanity, a work of divine guidance revealed to [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] through the [[Holy Spirit (Islam)|angel Gabriel]].<ref name = LivRlgP338/><ref name="autogenerated1">Watton, Victor (1993), ''A student's approach to world religions: Islam'', Hodder & Stoughton, p. 1. {{ISBN|978-0-340-58795-9}}</ref><br /> <br /> Revered by pious Muslims as "the holy of holies",<ref name=AGI1954:74>[[#AGI1954|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1954]]: p.74</ref> whose sound moves some to "tears and esctasy",<ref name="meanings-iii">{{cite book |last1=Pickthall |first1=M.M. |title=The Glorious Qur'an |date=1981 |publisher=Iqra' Book Center|location=Chicago IL|page=vii}}</ref> it is the physical symbol of the faith,<ref name=TWLUI1982:59/> the text often used as a charm<ref>{{cite web |title=261 results for "quran keychain" |url=https://www.amazon.com/quran-keychain/s?k=quran+keychain |accessdate=8 April 2019}}</ref> on occasions of birth, death, marriage. Consequently <br /> <blockquote> It must never rest beneath other books, but always on top of them, one must never drink or smoke when it is being read aloud, and it must be listened to in silence. It is a talisman against disease and disaster.<ref name=AGI1954:74/><ref name=iWWINaM1995:105>[[#iWWINaM1995|Ibn Warraq, ''Why I'm Not a Muslim'', 1995]]: p.105</ref></blockquote><br /> Traditionally great emphasis was put on children memorizing the 6200+ verses of the Quran, those succeeding being honored with the title [[Hafiz (Quran)|Hafiz]]. "Millions and millions" of Muslims "refer to the Koran daily to explain their actions and to justify their aspirations",{{#tag:ref|professor emeritus of Islamic thought at the University of Paris, Algerian Mohammed Arkoun.<ref name="what-atlantic-1999">{{cite journal |journal=Atlantic |last1=LESTER |first1=TOBY |date= January 1999 |title=What Is the Koran? | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/01/what-is-the-koran/304024/ |accessdate=8 April 2019}}</ref> |group=Note}} and in recent years many consider it the source of scientific knowledge.<ref name="Guessoum-2008">{{cite journal |last1=Guessoum |first1=Nidhal |title=ThE QUR'AN, SCIENCE, AND THE (RELATED)CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM DISCOURSE |journal=Zygon |date=June 2008 |volume=43 |issue=2 |page=411+ |url=https://www.academia.edu/1447032 |accessdate=15 April 2019 |issn=0591-2385|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9744.2008.00925.x }}</ref><ref name="SARDAR-2008">{{cite journal |last1=SARDAR |first1=ZIAUDDIN |title=Weird science |journal=New Statesman |date=21 August 2008 |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/books/2008/08/quran-muslim-scientific |accessdate=15 April 2019}}</ref><br /> <br /> [[Wahy|Revelation]] in Islamic and Quranic contexts means the act of God addressing an individual, conveying a message for a greater number of recipients. The process by which the divine message comes to the heart of a messenger of God is ''[[tanzil]]'' (to send down) or ''nuzūl'' (to come down). As the Quran says, "With the truth we (God) have sent it down and with the truth it has come down."<ref>See:<br /> * Corbin (1993), p. 12{{full citation needed|date=November 2012}}<br /> * Wild (1996), pp. 137, 138, 141 and 147{{full citation needed|date=November 2012}}<br /> * {{Cite quran|2|97|style=nosup}}<br /> * {{Cite quran|17|105|style=nosup}}</ref><br /> <br /> The Quran frequently asserts in its text that it is divinely ordained. Some verses in the Quran seem to imply that even those who do not speak Arabic would understand the Quran if it were recited to them.<ref name="jenssen2001">Jenssen, H., "Arabic Language" in McAuliffe et al. (eds.), ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān]], vol. 1'' (Brill, 2001), pp. 127–135.</ref> The Quran refers to a written pre-text, "the preserved tablet", that records God's speech even before it was sent down.<ref name="tsonn">{{cite book|last = Sonn|first = Tamara|title = Islam : a brief history|year = 2010|publisher = Wiley-Blackwell|isbn = 978-1-4051-8093-1|edition = Second}}</ref><ref>Quran {{Cite quran|85|22|b=n|s=ns}}</ref><br /> <br /> Muslims believe that the present wording of the Quran corresponds to that revealed to Muhammad, and according to their interpretation of Quran <span class="plainlinks">{{Cite quran|15|9|b=n|s=ns}}</span>, it is protected from corruption ("Indeed, it is We who sent down the Quran and indeed, We will be its guardian.").<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mir Sajjad Ali |author2=Zainab Rahman |title=Islam and Indian Muslims|year=2010|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|isbn=978-8178358055|page=21}}</ref> Muslims consider the Quran to be a guide, a sign of the prophethood of Muhammad and the truth of the religion.<br /> <br /> ===Shia view of the Quran===<br /> {{Main|Shia view of the Quran|History of the Quran}}<br /> The Shīa believe that the Quran was gathered and compiled by Muhammad during his lifetime, rather than being compiled by [[Uthman ibn Affan]]. There are other differences in the way Shias interpret the text.<ref name="Shirazi01">{{cite book |last=Shirazi |first=Muhammad |title=The Qur'an - When was it compiled? |year=2001 |publisher=Fountain Books |location=London,UK}}</ref> Muslims do not agree over whether the Quran was created by God or is eternal and "uncreated". Sunnis (who make up about 85-90% of Muslims) hold that the Quran is uncreated — a doctrine that has been unchallenged among them for many centuries. [[Shia]] [[Twelver]]s and [[Zaydi]], and the [[Kharijite]]s — believe the Quran was created.<ref name="Glassé-268">{{cite book|last1=Glassé|first1=Cyril|last2=Smith|first2=Huston|title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam|date=2002|publisher=Rowman Altamira.|page=268|edition=revised, reprinted|url=https://books.google.com/?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA268&dq=Uncreatedness+of+the+Quran#v=onepage&q=Uncreatedness%20of%20the%20Quran&f=false|accessdate=7 September 2015|isbn=9780759101906}}</ref> [[Sufi]] philosophers view the question as artificial or wrongly framed.<ref>Henry Corbin, History of Islamic Philosophy (London: Kegan Paul International, 1993): 10.</ref>{{quote needed|date=August 2017}}<br /> <br /> ===Inimitability===<br /> {{main|I'jaz|Challenge of the Quran}}<br /> Inimitability of the Quran (or "''I'jaz''") is the belief that no human speech can match the Quran in its content and form. The Quran is considered an inimitable miracle by Muslims, effective until the Day of Resurrection—and, thereby, the central proof granted to [[Muhammad]] in authentication of his prophetic status. The concept of inimitability originates in the Quran where in five different verses opponents are challenged to produce something like the Quran: "If men and sprites banded together to produce the like of this Quran they would never produce its like not though they backed one another."<ref>Quran {{Cite quran|17|88|b=n|s=ns}}</ref> From the ninth century, numerous works appeared which studied the Quran and examined its style and content. Medieval Muslim scholars including [[Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani|al-Jurjani]] (d. 1078) and [[al-Baqillani]] (d. 1013) have written treatises on the subject, discussed its various aspects, and used linguistic approaches to study the Quran. Others argue that the Quran contains noble ideas, has inner meanings, maintained its freshness through the ages and has caused great transformations at the individual level and in history. Some scholars state that the Quran contains scientific information that agrees with modern science. The doctrine of the miraculousness of the Quran is further emphasized by Muhammad's illiteracy since the unlettered prophet could not have been suspected of composing the Quran.<ref name=leaman/><ref name=sophia>{{cite journal|last=Vasalou|first=Sophia|title=The Miraculous Eloquence of the Qur'an: General Trajectories and Individual Approaches|journal=Journal of Qur'anic Studies|year=2002|volume=4|issue=2|pages=23–53|doi=10.3366/jqs.2002.4.2.23}}</ref><br /> <br /> ===In worship===<br /> {{See also|Salah}}<br /> [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Moslimmannen tijdens het gebed op vrijdag in de moskee Tulehu TMnr 20017952.jpg|thumb|While standing in prayers, worshipers recite the first chapter of the Quran, [[al-Fatiha]], followed by any other section.]]<br /> The first sura of the Quran is repeated in daily prayers and in other occasions. This sura, which consists of seven verses, is the most often recited sura of the Quran:<ref name=Britannica /><br /> <br /> <blockquote>Praised be God, Lord of the Universe, the Beneficent, the Merciful and Master of the Day of Judgment, You alone We do worship and from You alone we do seek assistance, guide us to the right path, the path of those to whom You have granted blessings, those who are neither subject to Your anger nor have gone astray."<ref>Quran {{Cite quran|1|1|e=7|b=n|s=ns}}</ref></blockquote><br /> <br /> Other sections of the Quran of choice are also read in daily prayers.<br /> <br /> Respect for the written text of the Quran is an important element of religious faith by many Muslims, and the Quran is treated with reverence. Based on tradition and a literal interpretation of Quran <span class="plainlinks">{{Cite quran|56|79|b=n|s=ns}}</span> ("none shall touch but those who are clean"), some Muslims believe that they must perform a ritual cleansing with water before touching a copy of the Quran, although this view is not universal.<ref name=Britannica /> Worn-out copies of the Quran are wrapped in a cloth and stored indefinitely in a safe place, buried in a mosque or a Muslim cemetery, or burned and the ashes buried or scattered over water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2012/02/afghan_quran_burning_protests_what_s_the_right_way_to_dispose_of_a_quran_.html|title=Afghan Quran-burning protests: What's the right way to dispose of a Quran?|website=Slate Magazine|date=2012-02-22}}</ref><br /> <br /> In Islam, most intellectual disciplines, including Islamic theology, [[Islamic philosophy|philosophy]], [[Sufism|mysticism]] and [[Fiqh|jurisprudence]], have been concerned with the Quran or have their foundation in its teachings.<ref name=Britannica /> Muslims believe that the preaching or reading of the Quran is rewarded with divine rewards variously called ''ajr'', ''[[Sawab|thawab]]'' or ''hasanat''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sengers |first1=Erik|title=Dutch and Their Gods|date=2005|page=129}}</ref><br /> <br /> ===In Islamic art===<br /> The Quran also inspired [[Islamic art]]s and specifically the so-called Quranic arts of [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] and [[Ottoman illumination|illumination]].<ref name=Britannica /> The Quran is never decorated with figurative images, but many Qurans have been highly decorated with decorative patterns in the margins of the page, or between the lines or at the start of suras. Islamic verses appear in many other media, on buildings and on objects of all sizes, such as [[mosque lamp]]s, metal work, [[Islamic pottery|pottery]] and single pages of calligraphy for [[muraqqa]]s or albums.<br /> <br /> <gallery widths="210px" heights="210px"><br /> File:Brooklyn Museum - Calligraphy - 3.jpg|[[Calligraphy]], 18th century. [[Brooklyn Museum]].<br /> File:Quran inscriptions on wall, Lodhi Gardens, Delhi.jpg|Quranic inscriptions, [[Bara Gumbad mosque]], Delhi, India.<br /> File:Mosque lamp Met 91.1.1534.jpg|Typical [[mosque lamp]], of [[enamelled glass]], with the ''[[Ayat an-Nur]]'' or "Verse of Light" (24:35).<br /> File:Mausolées du groupe nord (Shah-i-Zinda, Samarcande) (6016470147).jpg|Quranic verses, Shahizinda mausoleum, Samarkand, Uzbekistan.<br /> File:Muhammad ibn Mustafa Izmiri - Right Side of an Illuminated Double-page Incipit - Walters W5771B - Full Page.jpg|Quran page decoration art, Ottoman period.<br /> File:4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg|The leaves from this Quran written in gold and contoured with brown ink have a horizontal format. This is admirably suited to [[Kufic calligraphy|classical Kufic calligraphy]], which became common under the early [[Abbasid caliphs]].<br /> File:Brooklyn Museum - Manuscript of the Qur'an.jpg|Manuscript of the Quran at the [[Brooklyn Museum]]<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> ==Text and arrangement==<br /> {{Main|Sūrah|Āyah}}<br /> [[File:FirstSurahKoran (fragment).jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|First sura of the Quran, ''[[Al-Fatiha]]'', consisting of seven verses.]]<br /> The Quran consists of 114 chapters of varying lengths, each known as a ''[[sūrah]]''. Chapters are classified as [[Meccan sura|Meccan]] or [[Medinan sura|Medinan]], depending on whether the verses were revealed before or after the [[Hijra (Islam)|migration]] of Muhammad to the city of Medina. However, a sūrah classified as Medinan may contain Meccan verses in it and vice versa. Sūrah titles are derived from a name or quality discussed in the text, or from the first letters or words of the sūrah. Chapters are arranged roughly in order of decreasing size. The sūrah arrangement is thus not connected to the sequence of revelation. Each sūrah except the ninth starts with the ''[[Basmala|Bismillah]]'' ({{lang|ar|بسم&nbsp;الله&nbsp;الرحمن&nbsp;الرحيم}}), an Arabic phrase meaning "In the name of God". There are, however, still 114 occurrences of the ''Bismillah'' in the Quran, due to its presence in <span class="plainlinks">Quran {{Cite quran|27|30|b=n|s=ns}}</span> as the opening of [[Solomon]]'s letter to the [[Queen of Sheba]].<ref>See:<br /> * "Kur`an, al-", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam Online''<br /> * Allen (2000) p. 53</ref><br /> [[File:Surah95-Tin.png|thumb|upright=1.05|''[[At-Tin]]'' (the fig), 95th sura of the Quran.]]<br /> Each sūrah consists of several verses, known as ''[[āyāt]]'', which originally means a "sign" or "evidence" sent by God. The number of verses differs from sūrah to sūrah. An individual verse may be just a few letters or several lines. The total number of verses in the Quran is 6,236;{{#tag:ref|Scholars disagree on the exact number but this is a disagreement over "the placing of the divisions between the verese, not on the text itself."<ref name=MCKVSI2000:119>[[#MCKVSI2000|Cook, ''The Koran'', 2000]]: pp.119</ref><ref>The Koran; A Very Short Introduction, Michael Cook. Oxford University Press, pp. 119</ref> <br /> |group=Note}} however, the number varies if the ''bismillahs'' are counted separately.<br /> <br /> In addition to and independent of the division into chapters, there are various ways of dividing the Quran into parts of approximately equal length for convenience in reading. The 30 ''[[juz']]'' (plural ''ajzāʼ'') can be used to read through the entire Quran in a month. Some of these parts are known by names—which are the first few words by which the ''juzʼ'' starts. A ''juz''' is sometimes further divided into two ''[[hizb|ḥizb]]'' (plural ''aḥzāb''), and each ''hizb'' subdivided into four ''rubʻ al-ahzab''. The Quran is also divided into seven approximately equal parts, ''[[manzil]]'' (plural ''manāzil''), for it to be recited in a week.<ref name="Britannica"/><br /> <br /> A different structure is provided by semantical units resembling paragraphs and comprising roughly ten ''āyāt'' each. Such a section is called a [[ruku|rukū`]].<br /> <br /> The ''[[Muqattaʿat]]'' ({{lang-ar|حروف مقطعات }} ''ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿāt'' "disjoined letters" or "disconnected letters";<ref>مقطعات is the plural of a participle from [[:wikt:قطع|قطع]] "to cut, break".</ref> also "mysterious letters") are combinations of between one and five [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic letters]] figuring at the beginning of 29 out of the 114 chapters of the Quran just after the basmala.<ref name=Massey2005>Massey, Keith. "Mysterious Letters." in Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.) [[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]]. Vol. 3 (205), p. 472 ([http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-the-quran/mysterious-letters-EQCOM_00128 referenceworks.brillonline.com]).</ref> The letters are also known as ''fawātih'' ({{lang|ar|فواتح}}) or "openers" as they form the opening verse of their respective suras. Four surahs are named for their ''muqatta'at'', [[Ta-Ha|''Ṭāʾ-Hāʾ'']], [[Ya Sin|''Yāʾ-Sīn'']], [[Sad (sura)|''Ṣād'']] and [[Qaf (sura)|'' Qāf'']]. The original significance of the letters is unknown. [[Tafsir]] ([[exegesis]]) has interpreted them as abbreviations for either [[names of God in Islam|names or qualities of God]] or for the names or content of the respective surahs.<br /> <br /> According to one estimate the Quran consists of 77,430 words, 18,994 unique words, 12,183 [[Word stem|stems]], 3,382 [[Lemma (morphology)|lemmas]] and 1,685 [[Root (linguistics)|roots]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Dukes|first=Kais|title=RE: Number of Unique Words in the Quran|url=http://www.mail-archive.com/comp-quran@comp.leeds.ac.uk/msg00223.html|website=www.mail-archive.com|accessdate=29 October 2012}}</ref><br /> <br /> ==Contents==<br /> {{Main|God in Islam|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic attitudes towards science|Biblical and Quranic narratives|Historical reliability of the Quran}}<br /> The Quranic content is concerned with basic Islamic beliefs including the existence of [[God in Islam|God]] and the [[Islamic eschatology|resurrection]]. Narratives of the early [[Prophets in Islam|prophets]], ethical and legal subjects, historical events of Muhammad's time, charity and [[Salat|prayer]] also appear in the Quran. The Quranic verses contain general exhortations regarding right and wrong and historical events are related to outline general moral lessons. Verses pertaining to natural phenomena have been interpreted by Muslims as an indication of the authenticity of the Quranic message.<ref name=saeed>{{cite book|last=Saeed|first=Abdullah|title=The Qurʼan : an introduction|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780415421249|page=62}}</ref> The style of the Quran has been called "allusive", with commentaries needed to explain what is being referred to -- "events are referred to, but not narrated; disagreements are debated without being explained; people and places are mentioned, but rarely named."<ref name="Crone-2008">{{cite web |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=What do we actually know about Mohammed? |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/mohammed_3866jsp/ |website=Open Democracy |accessdate=3 October 2019 |date=10 June 2008}}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Monotheism===<br /> The central theme of the Quran is [[monotheism]]. God is depicted as living, eternal, omniscient and omnipotent (see, e.g., <span class="plainlinks">Quran {{Cite quran|2|20|b=n|s=ns}}, {{Cite quran|2|29|b=n|s=ns}}, {{Cite quran|2|255|b=n|s=ns}}</span>). God's omnipotence appears above all in his power to create. He is the creator of everything, of the heavens and the earth and what is between them (see, e.g., <span class="plainlinks">Quran {{Cite quran|13|16|b=n|s=ns}},{{Cite quran|2|253|b=n|s=ns}},{{Cite quran|50|38|b=n|s=ns}}, etc.).</span> All human beings are equal in their utter dependence upon God,{{better source|date=December 2016}} and their well-being depends upon their acknowledging that fact and living accordingly.<ref name=watt/><ref name=saeed/><br /> [[File:Quran rzabasi4.JPG|thumb|A 12th-century Quran manuscript at [[Reza Abbasi Museum]].]]<br /> <br /> The Quran uses [[Cosmological argument|cosmological]] and contingency arguments in various verses without referring to the terms to prove the [[existence of God]]. Therefore, the universe is originated and needs an originator, and whatever exists must have a sufficient cause for its existence. Besides, the design of the universe is frequently referred to as a point of contemplation: "It is He who has created seven heavens in harmony. You cannot see any fault in God's creation; then look again: Can you see any flaw?"<span class="plainlinks"><ref>Quran {{Cite quran|67|3|b=n|s=ns}}</ref></span><ref name=leaman/><br /> <br /> ===Eschatology===<br /> {{main|Islamic eschatology}}<br /> The doctrine of the last day and [[eschatology]] (the final fate of the universe) may be reckoned as the second great doctrine of the Quran.<ref name=watt/> It is estimated that approximately one-third of the Quran is eschatological, dealing with the afterlife in the next world and with the day of judgment at the end of time.<ref name=rippin/> There is a reference to the afterlife on most pages of the Quran and belief in the afterlife is often referred to in conjunction with belief in God as in the common expression: "Believe in God and the last day".<ref name=haleem>{{cite book|last=Haleem|first=Muhammad Abdel|title=Understanding the Qur'an : themes and style|year=2005|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=9781860646508|page=[https://archive.org/details/understandingqur00abde/page/82 82]|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingqur00abde/page/82}}</ref> A number of [[sura]]s such as 44, 56, 75, 78, 81 and 101 are directly related to the afterlife and its preparations. Some suras indicate the closeness of the event and warn people to be prepared for the imminent day. For instance, the first verses of Sura 22, which deal with the mighty earthquake and the situations of people on that day, represent this style of divine address: "O People! Be respectful to your Lord. The earthquake of the Hour is a mighty thing."<ref name=leaman/><br /> <br /> The Quran is often vivid in its depiction of what will happen at the end time. Watt describes the Quranic view of End Time:<ref name=watt/><br /> :"The climax of history, when the present world comes to an end, is referred to in various ways. It is 'the Day of Judgment,' 'the Last Day,' 'the Day of Resurrection,' or simply 'the Hour.' Less frequently it is 'the Day of Distinction' (when the good are separated from the evil), 'the Day of the Gathering' (of men to the presence of God) or 'the Day of the Meeting' (of men with God). The Hour comes suddenly. It is heralded by a shout, by a thunderclap, or by the blast of a trumpet. A cosmic upheaval then takes place. The mountains dissolve into dust, the seas boil up, the sun is darkened, the stars fall and the sky is rolled up. God appears as Judge, but his presence is hinted at rather than described. [...] The central interest, of course, is in the gathering of all mankind before the Judge. Human beings of all ages, restored to life, join the throng. To the scoffing objection of the unbelievers that former generations had been dead a long time and were now dust and mouldering bones, the reply is that God is nevertheless able to restore them to life."<br /> <br /> The Quran does not assert a natural [[immortality]] of the human [[soul]], since man's existence is dependent on the will of God: when he wills, he causes man to die; and when he wills, he raises him to life again in a bodily [[resurrection]].<ref name=rcmartin/><br /> <br /> ===Prophets===<br /> According to the Quran, God communicated with man and made his will known through signs and revelations. [[Prophets in Islam|Prophets]], or 'Messengers of God', received revelations and delivered them to humanity. The message has been identical and for all humankind. "Nothing is said to you that was not said to the messengers before you, that your lord has at his Command forgiveness as well as a most Grievous Penalty."<span class="plainlinks"><ref>Quran {{Cite quran|41|43|b=n|s=ns}}</ref></span> The revelation does not come directly from God to the prophets. Angels acting as God's messengers deliver the divine revelation to them. This comes out in <span class="plainlinks">Quran {{Cite quran|42|51|b=n|s=ns}}</span>, in which it is stated: "It is not for any mortal that God should speak to them, except by revelation, or from behind a veil, or by sending a messenger to reveal by his permission whatsoever He will."<ref name=rippin/><ref name=rcmartin>{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Richard C.|title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world|year=2003|publisher=Macmillan Reference|isbn=978-0028656038|pages=568–562 (By Farid Esack)|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0028656032|edition=[Online-Ausg.].}}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Ethico-religious concepts===<br /> Belief is a fundamental aspect of morality in the Quran, and scholars have tried to determine the semantic contents of "belief" and "believer" in the Quran.<ref name=toshihiko>{{cite book|last=Izutsu|first=Toshihiko|title=Ethico-religious concepts in the Qur'an|year=2007|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=978-0773524279|page=184|edition=Repr. 2007}}</ref> The ethico-legal concepts and exhortations dealing with righteous conduct are linked to a profound awareness of God, thereby emphasizing the importance of faith, accountability, and the belief in each human's ultimate encounter with God. People are invited to perform acts of charity, especially for the needy. Believers who "spend of their wealth by night and by day, in secret and in public" are promised that they "shall have their reward with their Lord; on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve".<span class="plainlinks"><ref>Quran {{Cite quran|2|274|b=n|s=ns}}</ref></span> It also affirms family life by legislating on matters of marriage, divorce, and inheritance. A number of practices, such as usury and gambling, are prohibited. The Quran is one of the fundamental sources of Islamic law (''[[sharia]]''). Some formal religious practices receive significant attention in the Quran including the formal prayers (''[[salat]]'') and fasting in the month of [[Ramadan]]. As for the manner in which the prayer is to be conducted, the Quran refers to prostration.<ref name=jecampo/><ref name=rcmartin/> The term for charity, ''[[zakat]]'', literally means purification. Charity, according to the Quran, is a means of self-purification.<ref name=tsonn/><ref>Quran {{Cite quran|9|103|b=n|s=ns}}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Encouragement for the sciences===<br /> <br /> The astrophysicist [[Nidhal Guessoum]], while being highly critical of pseudo-scientific claims made about the Quran, has highlighted the encouragement for sciences that the Quran provides by developing "the concept of knowledge."<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|first=Nidhal |last=Guessoum|title=Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science|page=174|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1848855175|date=2011}}</ref> He writes: "The Qur'an draws attention to the danger of conjecturing without evidence (''And follow not that of which you have not the (certain) knowledge of...'' 17:36) and in several different verses asks Muslims to require proofs (''Say: Bring your proof if you are truthful'' 2:111), both in matters of theological belief and in natural science." Guessoum cites Ghaleb Hasan on the definition of "proof" according the Quran being "clear and strong... convincing evidence or argument." Also, such a proof cannot rely on an [[argument from authority]], citing verse 5:104. Lastly, both assertions and rejections require a proof, according to verse 4:174.<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|first=Nidhal |last=Guessoum|title=Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science|page=56|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1848855175|date=2011}}</ref> [[Ismail al-Faruqi]] and [[Taha Jabir Alalwani]] are of the view that any reawakening of the Muslim civilization must start with the Quran; however, the biggest obstacle on this route is the "centuries old heritage of tafseer (exegesis) and other classical disciplines" which inhibit a "universal, epidemiological and systematic conception" of the Quran's message.<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|first=Nidhal |last=Guessoum|title=Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science|pages=117–118|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1848855175|date=2011}}</ref> The philosopher [[Muhammad Iqbal]], considered the Quran's methodology and epistemology to be empirical and rational.<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|first=Nidhal |last=Guessoum|title=Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science|pages=58–59|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1848855175|date=2011}}</ref><br /> <br /> There are around 750 verses{{which|date=December 2016}} in the Quran dealing with natural phenomena. In many of these verses the study of nature is ''"encouraged and highly recommended"'', and historical Islamic scientists like [[Al-Biruni]] and [[Al-Battani]] derived their inspiration from verses of the Quran.{{additional citation needed|date=December 2016}} [[Mohammad Hashim Kamali]] has stated that "scientific observation, experimental knowledge and rationality" are the primary tools with which humanity can achieve the goals laid out for it in the Quran.<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|first=Nidhal |last=Guessoum|title=Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science|page=63|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1848855175|date=2011}}</ref> [[Ziauddin Sardar]] built a case for Muslims having developed the foundations of modern science, by highlighting the repeated calls of the Quran to observe and reflect upon natural phenomenon.<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|first=Nidhal |last=Guessoum|title=Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science|page=75|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1848855175|date=2011}}</ref><br /> <br /> The physicist [[Abdus Salam]], in his Nobel Prize banquet address, quoted a well known verse from the Quran (67:3–4) and then stated: "This in effect is the faith of all physicists: the deeper we seek, the more is our wonder excited, the more is the dazzlement of our gaze".<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|first=Nidhal |last=Guessoum|title=Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science|page=131|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1848855175|date=2011}}</ref> One of Salam's core beliefs was that there is no contradiction between Islam and the discoveries that science allows humanity to make about nature and the universe. Salam also held the opinion that the Quran and the Islamic spirit of study and rational reflection was the source of extraordinary civilizational development.<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|first=Nidhal |last=Guessoum|title=Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science|page=132|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1848855175|date=2011}}</ref> Salam highlights, in particular, the work of [[Alhazen|Ibn al-Haytham]] and [[Al-Biruni]] as the pioneers of empiricism who introduced the experimental approach, breaking with Aristotle's influence and thus giving birth to modern science. Salam was also careful to differentiate between metaphysics and physics, and advised against empirically probing certain matters on which "physics is silent and will remain so," such as the doctrine of "creation from nothing" which in Salam's view is outside the limits of science and thus "gives way" to religious considerations.<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|first=Nidhal |last=Guessoum|title=Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science|page=134|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1848855175|date=2011}}</ref><br /> <br /> ==Literary style==<br /> [[File:Touba3.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Boys studying Quran, [[Touba, Senegal]]]]<br /> The Quran's message is conveyed with various literary structures and devices. In the original Arabic, the suras and verses employ [[phonetics|phonetic]] and [[theme (literature)|thematic]] structures that assist the audience's efforts to recall the message of the text. Muslims{{Who|date=February 2010}} assert (according to the Quran itself) that the Quranic content and style is inimitable.<ref name = Issa>[[Issa Boullata]], "Literary Structure of Quran", ''Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān, vol.3 pp. 192, 204</ref><br /> <br /> The language of the Quran has been described as "rhymed prose" as it partakes of both poetry and prose; however, this description runs the risk of failing to convey the rhythmic quality of Quranic language, which is more poetic in some parts and more prose-like in others. Rhyme, while found throughout the Quran, is conspicuous in many of the earlier Meccan suras, in which relatively short verses throw the rhyming words into prominence. The effectiveness of such a form is evident for instance in Sura 81, and there can be no doubt that these passages impressed the conscience of the hearers. Frequently a change of rhyme from one set of verses to another signals a change in the subject of discussion. Later sections also preserve this form but the style is more expository.<ref name=rippin /><ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=369&letter=K&search=Quran Jewishencyclopedia.com] – Körner, Moses B. Eliezer</ref><br /> <br /> The Quranic text seems to have no beginning, middle, or end, its nonlinear structure being akin to a web or net.<ref name="Britannica"/> The textual arrangement is sometimes considered to exhibit lack of continuity, absence of any chronological or thematic order and repetitiousness.{{#tag:ref|"The final process of collection and codification of the Quran text was guided by one {{sic|?|hide=y|over-|arching}} principle: God's words must not in any way be distorted or sullied by human intervention. For this reason, no serious attempt, apparently, was made to edit the numerous revelations, organize them into thematic units, or present them in chronological order... This has given rise in the past to a great deal of criticism by European and American scholars of Islam, who find the Quran disorganized, repetitive and very difficult to read." <ref name=blomm>''Approaches to the Asian Classics'', Irene Blomm, William Theodore De Bary, Columbia University Press, 1990, p. 65</ref>|group=Note}}{{#tag:ref|Samuel Pepys: "One feels it difficult to see how any mortal ever could consider this Quran as a Book written in Heaven, too good for the Earth; as a well-written book, or indeed as a book at all; and not a bewildered rhapsody; written, so far as writing goes, as badly as almost any book ever was!" <ref name=pepys>{{cite web |url=http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=21 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-09-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518213253/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=21 |archivedate=18 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>|group=Note}} [[Michael Sells]], citing the work of the critic [[Norman O. Brown]], acknowledges Brown's observation that the seeming disorganization of Quranic literary expression—its scattered or fragmented mode of composition in Sells's phrase—is in fact a literary device capable of delivering profound effects as if the intensity of the prophetic message were shattering the vehicle of human language in which it was being communicated.<ref name = ApproachQuran>Michael Sells, ''Approaching the Qur'ān'' (White Cloud Press, 1999)</ref><ref>Norman O. Brown, "The Apocalypse of Islam". ''Social Text'' 3:8 (1983–1984)</ref> Sells also addresses the much-discussed repetitiveness of the Quran, seeing this, too, as a literary device.<br /> <br /> A text is [[Self-reference|self-referential]] when it speaks about itself and makes reference to itself. According to Stefan Wild, the Quran demonstrates this [[metatextuality]] by explaining, classifying, interpreting and justifying the words to be transmitted. Self-referentiality is evident in those passages where the Quran refers to itself as revelation (''tanzil''), remembrance (''dhikr''), news (''naba'''), criterion (''furqan'') in a self-designating manner (explicitly asserting its Divinity, "And this is a blessed Remembrance that We have sent down; so are you now denying it?"),<ref>Quran {{Cite quran|21|50|b=n|s=ns}}</ref> or in the frequent appearance of the "Say" tags, when Muhammad is commanded to speak (e.g., "Say: 'God's guidance is the true guidance'", "Say: 'Would you then dispute with us concerning God?'"). According to Wild the Quran is highly self-referential. The feature is more evident in early Meccan suras.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wild|first=ed. by Stefan|title=Self-referentiality in the Qur'an|year=2006|publisher=Harrassowitz|location=Wiesbaden|isbn=978-3447053839}}</ref><br /> <br /> ==Interpretation==<br /> {{Main|Tafsir}}<br /> [[File:Tapurian Qur'an (Al-Kusar).PNG|thumb|upright=1.25|An early interpretation of Sura 108 of the Quran]]<br /> The Quran has sparked a huge body of commentary and explication (''tafsir''), aimed at explaining the "meanings of the Quranic verses, clarifying their import and finding out their significance".<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.almizan.org/|title=Tafsir Al-Mizan|website=almizan.org}}</ref><br /> <br /> Tafsir is one of the earliest academic activities of Muslims. According to the Quran, Muhammad was the first person who described the meanings of verses for early Muslims.<ref>{{Cite quran|2|151|style=nosup}}</ref> Other early exegetes included a few [[Companions of Muhammad]], such as [[Abu Bakr]], [[Umar|'Umar ibn al-Khattab]], [[Uthman|'Uthman ibn 'Affan]], ʻ[[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], [[Abdullah ibn Masud|'Abdullah ibn Mas'ood]], ʻ[[Abdullah ibn Abbas]], [[Ubayy ibn Kab|Ubayy ibn Kaʻb]], [[Zayd ibn Thabit|Zayd ibn Thaabit]], [[Abu Musa al-Ash'ari|Abu Moosaa al-Ash’ari]], and [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|‘Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=بازمول|first=محمد|title=التهذيب والترتيب الاتقان في علوم القرآن|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=525}}</ref> Exegesis in those days was confined to the explanation of literary aspects of the verse, the background of its revelation and, occasionally, interpretation of one verse with the help of the other. If the verse was about a historical event, then sometimes a few traditions (''[[hadith]]'') of Muhammad were narrated to make its meaning clear.<ref name="auto1"/><br /> <br /> Because the Quran is spoken in [[classical Arabic]], many of the later converts to Islam (mostly non-Arabs) did not always understand the Quranic Arabic, they did not catch allusions that were clear to early Muslims fluent in Arabic and they were concerned with reconciling apparent conflict of themes in the Quran. Commentators erudite in Arabic explained the allusions, and perhaps most importantly, explained which Quranic verses had been revealed early in Muhammad's prophetic career, as being appropriate to the very earliest Muslim community, and which had been revealed later, canceling out or "[[naskh (exegesis)|abrogating]]" (''nāsikh'') the earlier text (''mansūkh'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=7&ID=2656&CATE=1|title=How can there be abrogation in the Quran?|publisher=|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608024345/http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=7&ID=2656&CATE=1|archivedate=8 June 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mostmerciful.com/abrogation-and-substitution.htm|title=Are the verses of the Qur'an Abrogated and/or Substituted?|website=mostmerciful.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501101528/http://www.mostmerciful.com/abrogation-and-substitution.htm|archivedate=1 May 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Other scholars, however, maintain that no abrogation has taken place in the Quran.<ref>{{cite web|last=Islahi|first=Amin Ahsan|title=Abrogation in the Qur'ān|url=http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/issue/content.aspx?id=426|website=Renaissance Journal|accessdate=26 April 2013}}</ref> The [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] has published a ten-volume Urdu commentary on the Quran, with the name ''Tafseer e Kabir''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mirza Bashiruddin Mahmood Ahmad |url=https://archive.org/details/TafseerKabeerMirzaBashiruddinMahmoodAhmad |title=Tafseer-e-Kabeer Urdu Vol. 1 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2016-08-26}}</ref> Following this commentary, a five volume English commentary was also published as [[The English Commentary of the Holy Quran]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ahmadiyya Muslim Community |url=https://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/guide.htm?region=E1 |title= English with 5 Volume Commentary |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2018-06-08}}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Esoteric interpretation===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Esoteric interpretation of the Quran}}<br /> Esoteric or [[sufism|Sufi]] interpretation attempts to unveil the inner meanings of the Quran. Sufism moves beyond the apparent (''zahir'') point of the verses and instead relates Quranic verses to the inner or esoteric (''batin'') and metaphysical dimensions of consciousness and existence.<ref name=alangodlas>{{cite book|last=Godlas|first=Alan|title=The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an|year=2008|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1405188203|pages=350–362|edition=Pbk.}}</ref> According to Sands, esoteric interpretations are more suggestive than declarative, they are allusions (''isharat'') rather than explanations (''tafsir''). They indicate possibilities as much as they demonstrate the insights of each writer.<ref name=kristin>{{cite book|last=Sands|first=Kristin Zahra|title=Sufi commentaries on the Qur'an in classical Islam|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415366854|edition=1. publ., transferred to digital print.}}</ref><br /> <br /> Sufi interpretation, according to Annabel Keeler, also exemplifies the use of the theme of love, as for instance can be seen in Qushayri's interpretation of the Quran. <span class="plainlinks">Quran {{Cite quran|7|143|b=n|s=ns}}</span> says:<br /> <br /> {{bquote|when Moses came at the time we appointed, and his Lord spoke to him, he said, 'My Lord, show yourself to me! Let me see you!' He said, 'you shall not see me but look at that mountain, if it remains standing firm you will see me.' When his Lord revealed Himself to the mountain, He made it crumble. Moses fell down unconscious. When he recovered, he said, 'Glory be to you! I repent to you! I am the first to believe!'}}<br /> <br /> Moses, in 7:143, comes the way of those who are in love, he asks for a vision but his desire is denied, he is made to suffer by being commanded to look at other than the Beloved while the mountain is able to see God. The mountain crumbles and Moses faints at the sight of God's manifestation upon the mountain. In Qushayri's words, Moses came like thousands of men who traveled great distances, and there was nothing left to Moses of Moses. In that state of annihilation from himself, Moses was granted the unveiling of the realities. From the Sufi point of view, God is the always the beloved and the wayfarer's longing and suffering lead to realization of the truths.<ref name=keeler>{{cite journal|last=Keeler|first=Annabel|title=Sufi ''tafsir'' as a Mirror: al-Qushayri the murshid in his Lataif al-isharat|journal=Journal of Qur'anic Studies|year=2006|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–21|doi=10.3366/jqs.2006.8.1.1}}</ref><br /> [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|left|Men reading the Quran at the Umayyad Mosque, [[Damascus, Syria]]]]<br /> [[Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei]] says that according to the popular explanation among the later exegetes, ''ta'wil'' indicates the particular meaning a verse is directed towards. The meaning of revelation (''[[tanzil]]''), as opposed to ''ta'wil'', is clear in its accordance to the obvious meaning of the words as they were revealed. But this explanation has become so widespread that, at present, it has become the primary meaning of ''ta'wil'', which originally meant "to return" or "the returning place". In Tabatabaei's view, what has been rightly called ''ta'wil'', or hermeneutic interpretation of the Quran, is not concerned simply with the denotation of words. Rather, it is concerned with certain truths and realities that transcend the comprehension of the common run of men; yet it is from these truths and realities that the principles of doctrine and the practical injunctions of the Quran issue forth. Interpretation is not the meaning of the verse—rather it transpires through that meaning, in a special sort of transpiration. There is a spiritual reality—which is the main objective of ordaining a law, or the basic aim in describing a divine attribute—and then there is an actual significance that a Quranic story refers to.<ref name="Ta'wil">[http://almizan.org/new/special/principles.asp Tabataba'I, Tafsir Al-Mizan, The Principles of Interpretation of the Quran] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201023355/http://almizan.org/new/special/principles.asp |date=1 December 2008 }}</ref><ref name="The Meaning">[http://almizan.org/Discourses/QD21.asp Tabataba'I, Tafsir Al-Mizan, Topic: Decisive and Ambiguous verses and "ta'wil"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208164643/http://almizan.org/Discourses/QD21.asp |date=8 December 2008 }}</ref><br /> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Shia]] Muslim girls reciting the Quran during [[Ramadan]] in [[Qom]], [[Iran]]]]<br /> According to Shia beliefs, those who are firmly rooted in knowledge like Muhammad and the imams know the secrets of the Quran. According to Tabatabaei, the statement "none knows its interpretation except God" remains valid, without any opposing or qualifying clause.<ref>Quran {{Cite quran|3|7|b=n|s=ns}}</ref> Therefore, so far as this verse is concerned, the knowledge of the Quran's interpretation is reserved for God. But Tabatabaei uses other verses and concludes that those who are purified by God know the interpretation of the Quran to a certain extent.<ref name="The Meaning"/><br /> <br /> According to [[Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei|Tabatabaei]], there are acceptable and unacceptable esoteric interpretations. Acceptable ''[[ta'wil]]'' refers to the meaning of a verse beyond its literal meaning; rather the implicit meaning, which ultimately is known only to [[God]] and can't be comprehended directly through human thought alone. The verses in question here refer to the human qualities of coming, going, sitting, satisfaction, anger and sorrow, which are apparently attributed to [[God in Islam|God]]. Unacceptable ''ta'wil'' is where one "transfers" the apparent meaning of a verse to a different meaning by means of a proof; this method is not without obvious inconsistencies. Although this unacceptable ''ta'wil'' has gained considerable acceptance, it is incorrect and cannot be applied to the Quranic verses. The correct interpretation is that reality a verse refers to. It is found in all verses, the decisive and the ambiguous alike; it is not a sort of a meaning of the word; it is a fact that is too sublime for words. God has dressed them with words to bring them a bit nearer to our minds; in this respect they are like proverbs that are used to create a picture in the mind, and thus help the hearer to clearly grasp the intended idea.<ref name="The Meaning"/><ref name="Tabatabaee">{{cite web|url=http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/beliefs/quran/05.htm|title=Tabatabaee (1988), pp. 37–45|website=maaref-foundation.com}}</ref><br /> <br /> ====History of Sufi commentaries====<br /> One of the notable authors of esoteric interpretation prior to the 12th century is Sulami (d. 1021) without whose work the majority of very early Sufi commentaries would not have been preserved. Sulami's major commentary is a book named ''haqaiq al-tafsir'' ("Truths of Exegesis") which is a compilation of commentaries of earlier Sufis. From the 11th century onwards several other works appear, including commentaries by Qushayri (d. 1074), Daylami (d. 1193), Shirazi (d. 1209) and Suhrawardi (d. 1234). These works include material from Sulami's books plus the author's contributions. Many works are written in Persian such as the works of Maybudi (d. 1135) ''kashf al-asrar'' ("the unveiling of the secrets").<ref name=alangodlas/> [[Rumi]] (d. 1273) wrote a vast amount of mystical poetry in his book ''[[Masnavi|Mathnawi]]''. Rumi makes heavy use of the Quran in his poetry, a feature that is sometimes omitted in translations of Rumi's work. A large number of Quranic passages can be found in ''Mathnawi'', which some consider a kind of Sufi interpretation of the Quran. Rumi's book is not exceptional for containing citations from and elaboration on the Quran, however, Rumi does mention Quran more frequently.<ref name=jmojaddedi>{{cite book|last=Mojaddedi|first=Jawid|title=The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an|year=2008|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1405188203|pages=363–373|edition=Pbk.}}</ref> Simnani (d. 1336) wrote two influential works of esoteric exegesis on the Quran. He reconciled notions of God's manifestation through and in the physical world with the sentiments of Sunni Islam.<ref name=jelias>{{cite journal|last=Elias|first=Jamal|title=Sufi ''tafsir'' Reconsidered: Exploring the Development of a Genre|journal=Journal of Qur'anic Studies|year=2010|volume=12|issue=1–2|pages=41–55|doi=10.3366/jqs.2010.0104}}</ref> Comprehensive Sufi commentaries appear in the 18th century such as the work of Ismail Hakki Bursevi (d. 1725). His work ''ruh al-Bayan'' (the Spirit of Elucidation) is a voluminous exegesis. Written in Arabic, it combines the author's own ideas with those of his predecessors (notably Ibn Arabi and [[Al-Ghazali|Ghazali]]).<ref name=jelias/><br /> <br /> ===Levels of meaning===<br /> [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|9th-century Quran in [[Reza Abbasi Museum]]]] [[File:IslamicGalleryBritishMuseum3.jpg|thumb| An 11th-century North African Quran at the [[British Museum]] ]]<br /> Unlike the Salafis and Zahiri, Shias and Sufis as well as some other [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosophers]] believe the meaning of the Quran is not restricted to the literal aspect.<ref name="Corbin 1993, p. 7">Corbin (1993), p. 7</ref> For them, it is an essential idea that the Quran also has inward aspects. [[Henry Corbin]] narrates a ''[[hadith]]'' that goes back to [[Muhammad]]:<br /> <br /> <blockquote>The Quran possesses an external appearance and a hidden depth, an exoteric meaning and an esoteric meaning. This esoteric meaning in turn conceals an esoteric meaning (this depth possesses a depth, after the image of the celestial Spheres, which are enclosed within each other). So it goes on for seven esoteric meanings (seven depths of hidden depth).<ref name="Corbin 1993, p. 7"/></blockquote><br /> <br /> According to this view, it has also become evident that the inner meaning of the Quran does not eradicate or invalidate its outward meaning. Rather, it is like the soul, which gives life to the body.<ref>[http://www.almizan.org/new/special/Aspects.asp Tabatabaee, Tafsir Al-Mizan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705110108/http://www.almizan.org/new/special/Aspects.asp |date=5 July 2008 }}</ref> Corbin considers the Quran to play a part in [[Islamic philosophy]], because [[gnosiology]] itself goes hand in hand with [[prophet#Islam|prophetology]].<ref>Corbin (1993), p. 13</ref><br /> <br /> Commentaries dealing with the ''[[Zahir (Islam)|zahir]]'' (outward aspects) of the text are called ''tafsir'', and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the ''[[Batin (Islam)|batin]]'' are called ''[[Esoteric interpretation of the Quran|ta'wil]]'' ("interpretation" or "explanation"), which involves taking the text back to its beginning. Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate meaning of the Quran is known only to God.<ref name="Britannica"/> In contrast, [[Quranic literalism]], followed by [[Salafis]] and [[Zahiri]]s, is the belief that the Quran should only be taken at its apparent meaning.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}<br /> <br /> ===Reappropriation===<br /> Reappropriation is the name of the [[hermeneutical]] style of some ex-Muslims who have converted to Christianity. Their style or reinterpretation is ad hoc and unsystematized and geared towards [[apologetics]]. This tradition of interpretation draws on the following practices: grammatical renegotiation, renegotiation of textual preference, retrieval, and concession.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Duane Alexander|title=Reappropriation: An Accommodationist Hermeneutic of Islamic Christianity|journal=St Francis Magazine|date=June 2009|volume=5|issue=3|pages=30–33|url=https://www.academia.edu/1482551|accessdate=17 December 2014}}</ref><br /> <br /> ==Translations==<br /> {{Main|Quran translations}}<br /> {{See also|List of translations of the Quran}}<br /> Translating the Quran has always been problematic and difficult. Many argue that the Quranic text cannot be reproduced in another language or form.<ref name="slate">{{cite web | accessdate=21 November 2008 | url=http://www.slate.com/id/2204849/?from=rss | website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] | last=Aslan | first=Reza | title=How To Read the Quran | date=20 November 2008}}</ref> Furthermore, an Arabic word may have a [[Polysemy|range of meanings]] depending on the context, making an accurate translation even more difficult.<ref name =leaman /><br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Quran has been [[translation|translated]] into most [[Africa]]n, [[Asia]]n, and [[Europe]]an languages.<ref name =leaman /> The first translator of the Quran was [[Salman the Persian]], who translated surat ''[[al-Fatiha]]'' into [[Persian language|Persian]] during the seventh century.<ref>An-Nawawi, Al-Majmu', (Cairo, Matba‘at at-Tadamun n.d.), 380.</ref> Another translation of the Quran was completed in 884 in Alwar ([[Sindh]], [[India]], now [[Pakistan]]) by the orders of Abdullah bin Umar bin Abdul Aziz on the request of the Hindu Raja Mehruk.<ref>{{cite web|title=English Translations of the Quran|date=July 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429213509/http://www.monthlycrescent.com/understanding-the-quran/english-translations-of-the-quran/|archivedate=29 April 2014 |url=http://www.monthlycrescent.com/understanding-the-quran/english-translations-of-the-quran/|publisher=Monthlycrescent.com}}</ref><br /> <br /> The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in [[Persian language|Persian]]. The [[Samanid Empire|Samanid]] king, [[Mansur I]] (961–976), ordered a group of scholars from [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] to translate the [[Tafsir al-Tabari]], originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of [[Khwaja Abdullah Ansari|Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari]] wrote a complete ''[[tafsir]]'' of the Quran in Persian. In the 12th century, [[Abu Hafs Omar al-Nasafi|Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi]] translated the Quran into Persian. The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}<br /> <br /> Islamic tradition also holds that translations were made for Emperor Negus of Abyssinia and Byzantine Emperor [[Heraclius]], as both [[Muhammad's letters to the Heads-of-State|received letters by Muhammad]] containing verses from the Quran.<ref name = leaman /> In early centuries, the permissibility of translations was not an issue, but whether one could use translations in prayer.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}<br /> <br /> In 1936, translations in 102 languages were known.<ref name =leaman /> In 2010, the ''[[Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review]]'' reported that the Quran was presented in 112 languages at the 18th International Quran Exhibition in Tehran.<ref>{{Cite news<br /> |title = More than 300 publishers visit Quran exhibition in Iran<br /> |pages =<br /> |newspaper = Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review<br /> |date = 12 August 2010<br /> |url =http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=more-than-300-publishers-visit-koran-exhibition-in-iran-2010-08-12<br /> |accessdate = <br /> }}</ref><br /> <br /> [[Robert of Ketton]]'s 1143 translation of the Quran for [[Peter the Venerable]], ''[[Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete]]'', was the first into a Western language ([[Latin]]).<ref>{{cite book |last= Bloom | first= Jonathan |author2=Blair, Sheila | year=2002 | title=Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power |url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300094220 |url-access= registration | publisher=Yale University Press | location=New Haven | page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300094220/page/42 42]}}</ref><br /> [[Alexander Ross (writer)|Alexander Ross]] offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of ''[[L'Alcoran de Mahomet]]'' (1647) by [[Andre du Ryer]]. In 1734, [[George Sale]] produced the first scholarly translation of the Quran into English; another was produced by [[Richard Bell (Arabist)|Richard Bell]] in 1937, and yet another by [[Arthur John Arberry]] in 1955. All these translators were non-Muslims. There have been numerous translations by Muslims. The [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] has published translations of the Quran in 50 different languages<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alislam.org/library/links/translations.html|title=Ahmadiyya Muslim Community|website=alislam.org}}</ref> besides a [[The English Commentary of the Holy Quran|five-volume English commentary]] and an [[The Holy Quran - Arabic Text and English translation|English translation of the Quran]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/TafseerEngCommQuranLong|website=us.archive.org|title=Quran}}</ref><br /> <br /> As with translations of the Bible, the English translators have sometimes favored archaic English words and constructions over their more modern or conventional equivalents; for example, two widely read translators, [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|A. Yusuf Ali]] and [[Marmaduke Pickthall]], use the plural and singular "ye" and "thou" instead of the more common "[[you]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Surah 3 – Read Quran Online|url=http://readquranonline.info/surah003.html|accessdate=21 November 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118015724/http://www.readquranonline.info/surah003.html|archivedate=18 November 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In Saudi Arabia, ''The Presidency of Islamic Researches'', has modified the original Yusuf Ali translation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.learnreligions.com/top-english-translations-of-the-quran-2004604 |title=4 Top English Translations of the Quran |date=15 June 2019|work=learnreligions.com|accessdate=15 April 2020}}</ref><br /> <br /> The oldest Gurumukhi translation of the Quran Sharif in [[Gurmukhi]] has been found in village [[Lande, Punjab|Lande]] of [[Moga district]] of Punjab which was printed in 1911.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/gurmukhi-translation-of-quran-traced-to-moga-village/232193.html |title=Gurmukhi translation of Quran traced to Moga village |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=2016-05-05 |accessdate=2016-08-26}}</ref><br /> <br /> <gallery mode="packed" widths="200px" heights="200px"><br /> File:Ilkhanid Quran.jpg|Arabic Quran with interlinear Persian translation from the [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanid]] Era.<br /> File:Alcoran de Mahomet 1647.jpg|The first printed Quran in a European vernacular language: ''[[L'Alcoran de Mahomet]]'', [[André du Ryer]], 1647.<br /> File:Koran by Megerlein 1772.jpg|Title page of the first German translation (1772) of the Quran.<br /> File:Chinese quran.jpg|Verses 33 and 34 of surat [[Ya Sin|Yā Sīn]] in this Chinese translation of the Quran.<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> ==Recitation==<br /> ===Rules of recitation===<br /> {{See also|Tajwid}}<br /> The proper recitation of the Quran is the subject of a separate discipline named ''[[tajwid]]'' which determines in detail how the Quran should be recited, how each individual syllable is to be pronounced, the need to pay attention to the places where there should be a pause, to [[elision]]s, where the pronunciation should be long or short, where letters should be sounded together and where they should be kept separate, etc. It may be said that this discipline studies the laws and methods of the proper recitation of the Quran and covers three main areas: the proper pronunciation of [[consonant]]s and [[vowel]]s (the articulation of the Quranic [[phoneme]]s), the rules of pause in recitation and of resumption of recitation, and the musical and melodious features of recitation.<ref name=leaman/><br /> <br /> In order to avoid incorrect pronunciation, reciters who are not native speakers of Arabic language follow a program of training in countries such as Egypt or Saudi Arabia. The recitations of a few Egyptian reciters were highly influential in the development of the art of recitation. Southeast Asia is well known for world-class recitation, evidenced in the popularity of the woman reciters such as [[Maria Ulfah]] of [[Jakarta]].<ref name=leaman/><br /> <br /> There are two types of recitation: ''murattal'' is at a slower pace, used for study and practice. ''[[Mujawwad]]'' refers to a slow recitation that deploys heightened technical artistry and melodic modulation, as in public performances by trained experts. It is directed to and dependent upon an audience for the ''mujawwad'' reciter seeks to involve the listeners.<ref name=nelson>{{cite book|last=Nelson|first=Kristina|title=The art of reciting the Qur'an|year=2001|publisher=American Univ. in Cairo Press|location=Cairo [u.a.]|isbn=978-9774245947|edition=New}}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Variant readings===<br /> {{See also|Qira'at}}<br /> [[File:Qur'an folio 11th century kufic.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Page of the Quran with vocalization marks]]<br /> Vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds ([[Arabic diacritics|tashkeel]]) were introduced into the text of the Qur'an during the lifetimes of the last [[Companions of the Prophet|Sahabah]].<ref name=":0" /> The first Quranic manuscripts lacked these marks, enabling multiple possible recitations to be conveyed by the same written text. The 10th-century Muslim scholar from [[Baghdad]], [[Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid|Ibn Mujāhid]], is famous for establishing seven acceptable textual readings of the Quran. He studied various readings and their trustworthiness and chose seven 8th-century readers from the cities of [[Mecca]], [[Medina]], [[Kufa]], [[Basra]] and [[Damascus]]. Ibn Mujahid did not explain why he chose seven readers, rather than six or ten, but this may be related to a prophetic tradition (Muhammad's saying) reporting that the Quran had been revealed in seven "''ahruf''" (meaning seven letters or modes). Today, the most popular readings are those transmitted by [[Hafs|Ḥafṣ]] (d. 796) and [[Warsh]] (d. 812) which are according to two of Ibn Mujahid's reciters, [[Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud]] (Kufa, d. 745) and [[Nafi‘ al-Madani]] (Medina, d. 785), respectively. The influential standard Quran of Cairo (1924) uses an elaborate system of modified vowel-signs and a set of additional symbols for minute details and is based on ʻAsim's recitation, the 8th-century recitation of Kufa. This edition has become the standard for modern printings of the Quran.<ref name=rippin/><ref name=melchert2>{{cite journal|last=Melchert|first=Christopher|title=Ibn Mujahid and the Establishment of Seven Qur'anic Readings|journal=Studia Islamica|year=2000|issue=91|pages=5–22|doi=10.2307/1596266|jstor=1596266}}</ref><br /> <br /> The variant readings of the Quran are one type of textual variant.<ref name=rippin /><ref>{{Cite book| last = Small| first = Keith E.| publisher = Lexington Books| isbn = 9780739142912| title = Textual Criticism and Qur'an Manuscripts| date = 2011 |ref=harv |pages=109–111}}</ref> According to Melchert, the majority of disagreements have to do with vowels to supply, most of them in turn not conceivably reflecting dialectal differences and about one in eight disagreements has to do with whether to place dots above or below the line.<ref name=Melchert>{{cite journal|last=Melchert|first=Christopher|title=The Relation of the Ten Readings to One Another|journal=Journal of Quranic Studies|year=2008|volume=10|issue=2|pages=73–87|doi=10.3366/e1465359109000424}}</ref><br /> <br /> Nasser categorizes variant readings into various subtypes, including internal vowels, long vowels, [[gemination]] ([[shaddah]]), [[Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]] and [[Alternation (linguistics)|alternation]].<ref name=nasser>{{cite book|last=Hekmat Nasser|first=Shady|title=The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Quran: The Problem of Tawatur and the Emergence of Shawdhdh|year=2012|publisher=Brill Academic Pub|isbn=978-9004240810}}</ref><br /> <br /> Occasionally, an early Quran shows compatibility with a particular reading. A Syrian manuscript from the 8th century is shown to have been written according to the reading of [[Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi]].<ref name=dutton>{{cite journal|last=Dutton|first=Yasin|title=An Early Mushaf According To The Reading Of Ibn ʻAmir|journal=Journal of Qur'anic Studies|year=2001|volume=3|issue=2|pages=71–89|doi=10.3366/jqs.2001.3.1.71}}</ref> Another study suggests that this manuscript bears the vocalization of [[homs|himsi]] region.<ref name=rabb>{{cite journal|last=Rabb|first=Intisar|title=Non-Canonical Readings of the Qur'an: Recognition and Authenticity (The Ḥimṣī Reading)|journal=Journal of Qur'anic Studies|year=2006|volume=8|issue=2|pages=88–127|doi=10.3366/jqs.2006.8.2.84}}</ref><br /> <br /> ==Writing and printing==<br /> ===Writing===<br /> {{main|Islamic calligraphy}}<br /> Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century, the Quran was transmitted in manuscripts made by [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphers]] and copyists. The earliest manuscripts were written in ''[[Hijazi script|Ḥijāzī]]''-type script. The ''Hijazi'' style manuscripts nevertheless confirm that transmission of the Quran in writing began at an early stage. Probably in the ninth century, scripts began to feature thicker strokes, which are traditionally known as ''[[Kufic]]'' scripts. Toward the end of the ninth century, new scripts began to appear in copies of the Quran and replace earlier scripts. The reason for discontinuation in the use of the earlier style was that it took too long to produce and the demand for copies was increasing. Copyists would therefore choose simpler writing styles. Beginning in the 11th century, the styles of writing employed were primarily the ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh]]'', ''[[muhaqqaq]]'', ''[[Reyhan (script)|rayḥānī]]'' and, on rarer occasions, the ''[[thuluth]]'' script. ''Naskh'' was in very widespread use. In North Africa and Spain, the ''[[Maghrebi script|Maghribī]]'' style was popular. More distinct is the ''Bihari'' script which was used solely in the north of India. ''[[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʻlīq]]'' style was also rarely used in Persian world.<ref name=rippin/><ref>Peter G. Riddell, Tony Street, Anthony Hearle Johns, [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3nHpsDBm6QC&pg=PA170 ''Islam: essays on scripture, thought and society : a festschrift in honour of Anthony H. Johns''], pp. 170–174, Brill, 1997, {{ISBN|978-90-04-10692-5}}</ref><br /> <br /> In the beginning, the Quran was not written with dots or [[Arabic diacritics|tashkeel]]. These features were added to the text during the lifetimes of the last of the [[Companions of the Prophet|Sahabah]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=ابن تيمية|first=أحمد|title=مجموع الفتاوى|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=12/576}}</ref> Since it would have been too costly for most Muslims to purchase a manuscript, copies of the Quran were held in mosques in order to make them accessible to people. These copies frequently took the form of a series of 30 parts or ''juzʼ''. In terms of productivity, the Ottoman copyists provide the best example. This was in response to widespread demand, unpopularity of printing methods and for aesthetic reasons.<ref>Suraiya Faroqhi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cQ8ZLZh9WjwC&pg=PA95 ''Subjects of the Sultan: culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire''], pp. 134–136, I.B. Tauris, 2005, {{ISBN|978-1-85043-760-4}}, {{ISBN|978-1-85043-760-4}};[https://books.google.com/books?id=PvwUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA803 The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Fascicules 111–112 : Masrah Mawlid], Clifford Edmund Bosworth</ref><br /> <gallery mode="packed" widths="200px" heights="200px"><br /> File:Brooklyn Museum - Folio from the "Blue" Qur'an.jpg|Folio from the "Blue" Quran. [[Brooklyn Museum]].<br /> File:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|''kufic'' script, Eighth or ninth century.<br /> File:Qur'anic Manuscript - Maghribi script.jpg|''maghribi'' script, 13th–14th centuries.<br /> File:Muhaqqaq script.gif|''muhaqaq'' script, 14th–15th centuries.<br /> File:Shikastah script.jpg|''shikasta nastaliq'' script, 18th–19th centuries.<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> ===Printing===<br /> [[File:Quran divided into 6 books.jpg|thumb|Quran divided into 6 books. Published by Dar Ibn Kathir, Damascus-Beirut]]<br /> [[Woodcut|Wood-block printing]] of extracts from the Quran is on record as early as the 10th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=940|title=Muslim Printing Before Gutenberg|website=muslimheritage.com}}</ref><br /> <br /> Arabic [[movable type]] printing was ordered by [[Pope Julius II]] (r. 1503–1512) for distribution among [[Middle Eastern Christians]].<ref>{{harvnb|Krek|1979|p=203}}</ref> The first complete Quran printed with movable type was produced in [[Venice]] in 1537/1538 for the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] market by [[Paganino Paganini]] and Alessandro Paganini.<ref>[http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=405 First Printed Edition of the Qur'an]<br /> [http://www.bible-quran.com/complete-arabic-quran-movable-type/ The First Printed Complete Arabic Quran]<br /> [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200802/east.meets.west.in.venice.htm East Meets West In Venice: The First-Ever Printed Arabic Edition Of Quran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102232102/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200802/east.meets.west.in.venice.htm# |date=2 November 2013 }}</ref> Two more editions include those published by the pastor [[Abraham Hinckelmann]] in [[Hamburg]] in 1694,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://exhibitions.cul.columbia.edu/exhibits/show/quran/qurans/printed|title=Columbia University Libraries Online Exhibitions {{!}} The Quran in East and West: Manuscripts and Printed Books|website=exhibitions.cul.columbia.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-03}}</ref> and by Italian priest [[Louis Maracci|Ludovico Maracci]] in [[Padua]] in 1698 with Latin translation and commentary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://exhibitions.cul.columbia.edu/exhibits/show/quran/item/6131|title=Columbia University Libraries Online Exhibitions {{!}} Alcorani textus universus ex correctioribus Arabum exemplaribus summa fide, atque pulcherrimis characteribus descriptus, vol. 2, p. i|website=exhibitions.cul.columbia.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-03}}</ref><br /> <br /> Printed copies of the Quran during this period met with strong opposition from [[Ulama|Muslim legal scholars]]: printing anything in Arabic was prohibited in the [[Ottoman empire]] between 1483 and 1726—initially, even on penalty of death.<ref>Suraiya Faroqhi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cQ8ZLZh9WjwC&pg=PA95 ''Subjects of the Sultan: culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire''], pp. 134–136, I.B. Tauris, 2005, {{ISBN|978-1-85043-760-4}};[https://books.google.com/books?id=PvwUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA803 The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Fascicules 111–112 : Masrah Mawlid], Clifford Edmund Bosworth</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Watson|1968|p=435}}; {{harvnb|Clogg|1979|p=67}}</ref> The Ottoman ban on printing in Arabic script was lifted in 1726 for non-religious texts only upon the request of [[Ibrahim Muteferrika]], who printed his first book in 1729. Very few books, and no religious texts, were printed in the Ottoman Empire for another century.{{#tag:ref|"the major Ottoman printing houses published a combined total of only 142 books in more than a century of printing between 1727 and 1838. When taken in conjunction with the fact that only a minuscule number of copies of each book were printed, this statistic demonstrates that the introduction of the printing press did not transform Ottoman cultural life until the emergence of vibrant print media in the middle of the nineteenth century" <ref>Şükrü Hanioğlu, "A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire", Princeton University Press (2010), cited after Suresh Emre, [https://sureshemre.wordpress.com/2014/01/18/on-the-late-adoption-of-the-printing-press-in-the-ottoman-empire/ On the late adoption of the printing press in the Ottoman Empire] (2014).</ref>|group=Note}}<br /> <br /> In 1786, [[Catherine the Great]] of Russia, sponsored a printing press for "Tatar and Turkish orthography" in [[Saint Petersburg]], with one Mullah Osman Ismail responsible for producing the Arabic types. A Quran was printed with this press in 1787, reprinted in 1790 and 1793 in Saint Petersburg, and in 1803 in [[Kazan Governorate|Kazan]].{{#tag:ref|"at imperial expense, a 'Tatar and Turkish Typography' was established in St. Petersburg; a domestic scholar, Mullah Osman Ismail, was responsible for the manufacture of the types. One of the first products of this printing house was the Qur'ān. Through the doctor and writer, Johann Georg v. Zimmermann (d. 1795), who was befriended by Catherine II, a copy of the publication arrived in the Göttingen University library. Its director, the philologist Christian Gottlob Heyne (d. 1812), presented the work immediately in the ''Göttingische Anzeigen von gelehrten Sachen'' (28 July 1788); therein he pointed especially to the beauty of the Arabic types. To the Arabic text marginal glosses have been added that consist predominantly of reading variants. The imprint was reproduced unchanged in 1790 and 1793 in St. Petersburg (cf. Schnurrer, Bibliotheca arabica, no. 384); later, after the transfer of the printing house to Kazan, editions appeared in different formats and with varying presentation <ref>(Dorn, ''Chronologisches Verzeichnis'', 371)." ''Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān: P-Sh'' ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Brill, 2004, p. 251.</ref><br /> For the 1803 Kazan edition:<br /> Chauvin, V.C. Bib. des ouvrages arabes, vol. X, 95;<br /> Schnurrer, C.F. von. Bibliotheca Arabica, 385.<br /> Original held by Bayerische Staatsbibliothek – Munich, Germany, Shelfmark BSB A.or.554.|group=Note}} The first edition printed in Iran appeared in [[Qajar Iran|Tehran]] (1828), a translation in Turkish was printed in Cairo in 1842, and the first officially sanctioned Ottoman edition was finally printed in Constantinople between 1875 and 1877 as a two-volume set, during the [[First Constitutional Era]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History: From the mid-19th century to the present day|last=Iriye|first=A.|last2=Saunier|first2=P.|publisher=Springer|year=2009|isbn=978-1-349-74030-7|location=|pages=627}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe|last=Kamusella|first=T.|publisher=Springer|year=2012|isbn=978-0-230-58347-4|location=|pages=265–266}}</ref><br /> <br /> [[Gustav Leberecht Flügel|Gustav Flügel]] published an edition of the Quran in 1834 in [[Leipzig]], which remained authoritative for close to a century, until Cairo's [[Al-Azhar University]] published an edition of the Quran in 1924. This edition was the result of a long preparation as it standardized Quranic orthography and remains the basis of later editions.<ref name=rippin /><br /> <br /> ==Criticism==<br /> {{main|Criticism of the Quran}}<br /> {{See also|Sword verse}}<br /> The Quran's statements on the creation of the universe and earth, the origins of human life, biology, earth sciences and so on have been criticized by scientists as containing fallacies, being unscientific, and likely to be contradicted by evolving scientific theories.<ref name=MCKVSI2000:30>[[#MCKVSI2000|Cook, ''The Koran'', 2000]]: p.30</ref><ref>see also: Ruthven, Malise, ''A Fury For God'', London; New York : Granta, (2002), p. 126</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.secweb.org/index.aspx?action=viewAsset&id=168|title=Secular Web Kiosk: The Koran Predicted the Speed of Light? Not Really|publisher=|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209094954/http://www.secweb.org/index.aspx?action=viewAsset&id=168|archivedate=9 February 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Several scholars have said that it lacks clarity despite calling itself a clear book.{{refn|<ref>{{cite book |last=Leirvik |first=Oddbjørn |date=2010 |title=Images of Jesus Christ in Islam: 2nd Edition |url=https://books.google.com/?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR5&dq=child+jesus+islam#v=onepage&q=child%20jesus%20islam&f=false |location=New York|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury Academic]]; 2nd edition |pages=33–66 |isbn=978-1441181602}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gerd Puin is quoted in the Atlantic Monthly, January, 1999:«The Koran claims for itself that it is 'mubeen' or 'clear'. But if you look at it, you will notice that every fifth sentence or so simply doesn't make sense... the fact is that a fifth of the Koranic text is just incomprehensible...«<ref name="LESTER-1999"/>|group=Note}}<ref>Wansbrough, John (1977). ''Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation''</ref><ref>[[Norman Geisler|Geisler, N. L.]] (1999). In Baker encyclopedia of Christian apologetics. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. Entry on ''Qur'an, Alleged Divine Origin of.''</ref>}}<br /> <br /> According to the ''E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 4'', the term ''kafir'' first applied in the Quran to unbelieving Meccans, who endeavoured "to refute and revile the Prophet". A waiting attitude towards the ''[[kafir]]'' was recommended at first for Muslims; later, Muslims were ordered to keep apart from unbelievers and defend themselves against their attacks and even take the offensive.<ref name=EJBFEI-619>{{cite book|last1=Houtsma|first1=M. Th|title=E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 4|date=1993|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=9789004097902|page=619|quote=Tolerance may in no circumstances be extended to the apostate, the renegade Muslim, whose punishment is death. Some authorities allow the remission of this punishment if the apostate recants. Others insist on the death penalty even then. God may pardon him the world to come; the law must punish him in this world.}}</ref> {{quote|[9:5] Then, when the sacred months have passed, slay the idolaters wherever ye find them, and take them (captive), and besiege them, and prepare for them each ambush. But if they repent and establish worship and pay the [[zakat]], then leave their way free. Lo! Allah is Forgiving, Merciful''.{{Cite quran|9|5|e=5|t=p}}}}<br /> Most passages in the Quran referring to unbelievers in general talk about their fate on the [[Islamic eschatology|day of judgement]] and destination in [[Jahannam|hell]].<ref name=EJBFEI-619/><br /> <br /> ==Relationship with other literature==<br /> ===The Bible===<br /> {{See also|Biblical and Quranic narratives}}<br /> {{Rquote|right|It is He Who sent down to thee (step by step), in truth, the Book, confirming what went before it; and He sent down the Law (of Moses) and the Gospel (of Jesus) before this, as a guide to mankind, and He sent down the criterion (of judgment between right and wrong).<ref>3:3 نزل عليك الكتاب بالحق مصدقا لما بين يديه وانزل التوراة والانجيل</ref>|{{Cite quran|3|3|s=ns|tn=y}}}}<br /> The Quran attributes its relationship with former books (the [[Torah]] and the [[Gospels]]) to their unique origin, saying all of them have been revealed by the one God.<ref>{{Cite quran|2|285|style=nosup}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=August 2018}}<br /> <br /> According to [[Christoph Luxenberg]] (in ''[[The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran]]'') the Quran's language was similar to the [[Syriac language]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Luxenberg|first=Christoph|title=The Syro-Aramaic reading of the Koran : a contribution to the decoding of the language of the Koran|publisher=H.Schiler|location=Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3899300888}}</ref> The Quran recounts stories of many of the people and events recounted in [[Judaism|Jewish]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] sacred books ([[Tanakh]], [[Bible]]) and devotional literature ([[Apocrypha]], [[Midrash]]), although it differs in many details. [[Adam]], [[Enoch (ancestor of Noah)|Enoch]], [[Noah]], [[Hud (prophet)|Eber]], [[Shelah (son of Judah)|Shelah]], [[Abraham]], [[Lot (biblical figure)|Lot]], [[Ishmael]], [[Isaac]], [[Jacob]], [[Joseph (patriarch)|Joseph]], [[Job (biblical figure)|Job]], [[Jethro (Bible)|Jethro]], [[David]], [[Solomon]], [[Elijah]], [[Elisha]], [[Jonah]], [[Aaron]], [[Moses]], [[Zechariah (priest)|Zechariah]], [[John the Baptist]] and [[Jesus]] are mentioned in the Quran as prophets of God (see [[Prophets of Islam]]). In fact, [[Moses in Islam|Moses]] is mentioned more in the Quran than any other individual.<ref name=Keeler>Annabel Keeler, "Moses from a Muslim Perspective", in: Solomon, Norman; Harries, Richard; Winter, Tim (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=9A4JZ8CSJJwC&pg=PA55&vq=Moses&dq=Moses+Qur%27an&source=gbs_search_s&cad=4&sig=ACfU3U1sEssZMSZaPhSSlzCosLopQbDrOQ#PPA55,M1 ''Abraham's children: Jews, Christians and Muslims in conversation''], T&T Clark Publ. (2005), pp. 55–66.</ref> Jesus is mentioned more often in the Quran than Muhammad, while [[Mary in Islam|Mary]] is mentioned in the Quran more than the New Testament.<ref>Esposito, John L. ''The Future of Islam''. Oxford University Press US, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-19-516521-0}} [https://archive.org/details/futureofislam0000espo/page/40  p. 40]</ref><br /> <br /> ===Relationships===<br /> Some non-Muslim groups such as [[Bahá'í]]s and [[Druze]] view the Quran as holy. [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarian Universalists]] may also seek inspiration from the Quran. The Quran has been noted to have certain narratives similarities to the [[Diatessaron]], [[Protoevangelium of James]], [[Infancy Gospel of Thomas]], [[Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew]] and the [[Arabic Infancy Gospel]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DbtkpgGn4CEC&lpg=PA112&dq=apocrypha%20qur'an%20Diatessaron&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q=apocrypha%20qur'an%20Diatessaron&f=false Christian Lore and the Arabic Qur'an by Signey Griffith], p. 112, in ''The Qurʼān in its historical context'', Gabriel Said Reynolds, ed. Psychology Press, 2008</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sjJaBjxg7EUC&lpg=PA197&dq=apocrypha%20qur'an&pg=PA197#v=onepage&q=apocrypha%20qur'an&f=false Qur'an-Bible Comparison: A Topical Study of the Two Most Influential and Respectful Books in Western and Middle Eastern Civilizations by Ami Ben-Chanan], pp. 197–198, Trafford Publishing, 2011</ref><ref>New Catholic Encyclopaedia, 1967, the Catholic University of America, Washington DC, Vol. VII, p. 677</ref> One scholar has suggested that the Diatessaron, as a [[gospel harmony]], may have led to the conception that the Christian Gospel is one text.<ref>"On pre-Islamic Christian strophic poetical texts in the Koran" by Ibn Rawandi, found in ''[[What the Koran Really Says]]: Language, Text and Commentary'', Ibn Warraq, Prometheus Books, ed. {{ISBN|978-1-57392-945-5}}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Arab writing===<br /> [[File:Large Koran.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Page from a Quran ('Umar-i Aqta'). [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Timurid dynasty]], circa 1400. Opaque [[watercolor]], ink and gold on paper Muqaqqaq script. 170 × 109 cm (66 {{frac|15|16}} × 42 {{frac|15|16}} in). Historical region: [[Uzbekistan]].]]<br /> After the Quran, and the general rise of Islam, the [[Arabic alphabet]] developed rapidly into an art form.<ref name =leaman /><br /> <br /> Wadad Kadi, Professor of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at [[University of Chicago]], and Mustansir Mir, Professor of Islamic studies at [[Youngstown State University]], state:<ref>Wadad Kadi and Mustansir Mir, ''Literature and the Quran'', Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an, vol. 3, pp. 213, 216</ref><br /> <br /> {{quote|Although Arabic, as a language and a literary tradition, was quite well developed by the time of Muhammad's prophetic activity, it was only after the emergence of Islam, with its founding scripture in Arabic, that the language reached its utmost capacity of expression, and the literature its highest point of complexity and sophistication. Indeed, it probably is no exaggeration to say that the Quran was one of the most conspicuous forces in the making of classical and post-classical Arabic literature.<br /> <br /> The main areas in which the Quran exerted noticeable influence on Arabic literature are diction and themes; other areas are related to the literary aspects of the Quran particularly oaths (q.v.), metaphors, motifs and symbols. As far as diction is concerned, one could say that Quranic words, idioms and expressions, especially "loaded" and formulaic phrases, appear in practically all genres of literature and in such abundance that it is simply impossible to compile a full record of them. For not only did the Quran create an entirely new linguistic corpus to express its message, it also endowed old, pre-Islamic words with new meanings and it is these meanings that took root in the language and subsequently in the literature...}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Wikipedia books<br /> |1=Quran<br /> |3=List of surahs in the Quran<br /> |5=Islam<br /> }}<br /> * [[Bi-la kaifa]]<br /> * [[Criticism of the Quran]]<br /> * [[Digital Quran]]<br /> * [[Hadith of the Quran and Sunnah]]<br /> * [[Historical reliability of the Quran]]<br /> * [[Islamic schools and branches]]<br /> * [[List of chapters in the Quran]]<br /> * [[List of translations of the Quran]]<br /> * [[Quran and miracles]]<br /> * [[Quran translations]]<br /> * [[Quranism]]<br /> * [[Schools of Islamic theology]]<br /> * [[Violence in the Quran]]<br /> * [[Women in the Quran]]<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|Islam}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=Note}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Bibliography===<br /> *{{cite book|ref=harv|first=Nidhal |last=Guessoum|title=Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science|page=174|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1848855175|date=2011}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=Michael |title=The Koran; A Very Short Introduction |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/koranveryshorti00cook |url-access=registration |quote=The Koran; A Very Short Introduction. |accessdate=24 September 2019 |ref=MCKVSI2000}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> '''Introductory texts:'''<br /> * {{cite book|last=Hixon|first=Lex|title=The heart of the Qurʼan : an introduction to Islamic spirituality|year=2003|publisher=Quest|isbn=978-0835608220|edition=2.}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Hawting|first=G.R.|title=Approaches to the Qur'ān|year=1993|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-05755-4|edition=1}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Rippin|first=Andrew|title=The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an|year=2006|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-1752-4|url=https://archive.org/details/blackwellcompani00ripp_0}}<br /> * {{Cite book | last = Tabatabae | first = Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | title = The Qur'an in Islam: Its Impact and Influence on the Life of Muslims | publisher = Routledge | year = 1988 | isbn = 978-0-7103-0266-3 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/quraninislamitsi0000taba }}<br /> * Neal Robinson, ''Discovering the Qur'an'', Georgetown University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-58901-024-6}}<br /> * [[Michael Sells|Sells, Michael]], ''Approaching the Qur'ān: The Early Revelations'', White Cloud Press, Book & CD edition (15 November 1999). {{ISBN|978-1-883991-26-5}}<br /> * {{Cite book | last = Wild | first = Stefan | title = The Quʼran as Text | publisher = Brill| year = 1996| isbn =978-90-04-09300-3}}<br /> * {{Cite book| publisher = Edinburgh University Press| isbn = 978-0-7486-0597-2| last = Bell| first = Richard|author2=William Montgomery Watt | title = Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān| year = 1970| authorlink=Richard Bell (Arabist)}}<br /> * {{Cite book| edition = Second| publisher = University Of Chicago Press| isbn = 978-0-226-70286-5| last = Rahman| first = Fazlur| title = Major Themes of the Qur'an| year = 2009| authorlink= Fazlur Rahman| origyear=1989}}<br /> * {{Cite journal | last=Peters | first=F.E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=The Quest of the Historical Muhammad | journal=[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]] | volume=23 | issue=3 | pages=291–315 |year=1991| title-link=The Quest of the Historical Muhammad (Peters) | doi=10.1017/S0020743800056312 }}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis E. | title=The Monotheists: Jews, Christians and Muslims in Conflict and Competition | publisher=Princeton University Press | edition= | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-691-12373-8}}<br /> * {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein | title=Qurʾān|year=2007| encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online | location=|publisher=|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran}}<br /> * {{Cite book | last=Nasr | first=Seyyed Hossein | title=Islam: Religion, History and Civilization | publisher=HarperSanFrancisco | edition= | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0 }}<br /> * {{Cite book | last=Kugle | first=Scott Alan | title=Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam | publisher=Indiana University Press| year=2006 | isbn=978-0-253-34711-4}}<br /> * {{Cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | author2=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | year=2000 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-513526-8 | url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsonamerica00yvon }}<br /> * {{Cite book|last = Corbin|first = Henry|authorlink = Henry Corbin|title = History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard|publisher = London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies |year = 1993 |origyear=1964 (in French) |isbn = 978-0-7103-0416-2|title-link = Philip Sherrard}}<br /> * {{Cite book| ref = harv| edition = Second| publisher = University Of Chicago Press| isbn = 978-0-226-70286-5| last = Rahman| first = Fazlur| title = Major Themes of the Qur'an| year = 2009| authorlink= Fazlur Rahman| origyear=1989}}<br /> * {{Cite book | last=Allen | first=Roger | title=An Introduction to Arabic literature | year=2000 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-77657-8}}<br /> <br /> '''Traditional Quranic commentaries (tafsir):'''<br /> {{main|List of tafsir works}}<br /> * [[Al-Tabari]], ''Jāmiʻ al-bayān ʻan taʼwīl al-qurʼān'', Cairo 1955–69, transl. J. Cooper (ed.), ''The Commentary on the Qurʼān'', Oxford University Press, 1987. {{ISBN|978-0-19-920142-6}}<br /> * {{Cite book | last = Tabatabae | first = Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | authorlink = Allameh Tabatabaei | title = Tafsir al-Mizan| publisher = | year =| title-link = Tafsir al-Mizan }}<br /> <br /> '''Topical studies:'''<br /> * Stowasser, Barbara Freyer. ''Women in the Qur'an, Traditions and Interpretation'', Oxford University Press; Reprint edition (1 June 1996), {{ISBN|978-0-19-511148-4}}<br /> * {{Cite book| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-36470-6| last = McAuliffe| first = Jane Dammen| title = Qurʼānic Christians: an analysis of classical and modern exegesis| location = New York| year = 1991| authorlink=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Siljander |first1=Mark D. |first2=John David |last2=Mann |title=A Deadly Misunderstanding: a Congressman's Quest to Bridge the Muslim-Christian Divide |location= New York |publisher=Harper One |year=2008 |isbn=9780061438288}}<br /> <br /> '''Literary criticism:'''<br /> * {{Cite book| edition = First| publisher = UK Islamic Academy| isbn = 978-1-872531-65-6| author = M.M. Al-Azami | title = The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments| year = 2003| authorlink=M. M. Al-Azami}}<br /> * [[Issa J. Boullata|Boullata, Issa J.]] (Ed.) (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SdgaD-7C6TkC Literary Structures of Religious Meaning in the Qur'ān]''. Curzon Press. {{ISBN|0700712569}}.<br /> * [[Gunter Luling]] (2003). ''A challenge to Islam for reformation: the rediscovery and reliable reconstruction of a comprehensive pre-Islamic Christian hymnal hidden in the Koran under earliest Islamic reinterpretations''. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. (580 Seiten, lieferbar per Seepost). {{ISBN|978-81-208-1952-8}}.<br /> * [[Christoph Luxenberg|Luxenberg, Christoph]] (2004). ''[[The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran|The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: a contribution to the decoding of the language of the Koran]]'', Berlin, Verlag Hans Schiler, 2007. {{ISBN|978-3-89930-088-8}}.<br /> * [[Gerd R. Puin|Puin, Gerd R.]]. "Observations on Early Quran Manuscripts in Sana'a", in ''The Qurʾan as Text'', ed. Stefan Wild, E.J. Brill 1996, pp.&nbsp;107–111.<br /> * [[John Wansbrough|Wansbrough, John]]. ''Quranic Studies'', Oxford University Press, 1977<br /> * {{cite book| last =[[Ibn Warraq]] (editor)| title =Koranic Allusions: The Biblical, Qumranian, and Pre-Islamic Background to the Koran| publisher =Prometheus Books| date =2013| page =463| url =http://www.prometheusbooks.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=2183| isbn =978-1616147594}}<br /> <br /> '''Encyclopedias:'''<br /> * {{Cite book| edition = First| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers| isbn = 978-90-04-11465-4| others = Jane Dammen McAuliffe et al. (eds.)| title = Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an | date = 2001–2006| title-link = Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an}}<br /> * {{Cite book| edition = First| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-415-77529-8| others = Oliver Leaman et al. (eds.) | title = The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia| year = 2005}}<br /> * {{Cite book| edition = First| publisher = Center for Islamic Sciences| isbn = 978-1-926620-00-8| others = Muzaffar Iqbal et al. (eds.)| title = The Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'an|date=2013|url=http://www.iequran.com}}<br /> <br /> '''Academic journals:'''<br /> * {{Cite journal| issn = 1465-3591| publisher= [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] | title = Journal of Qur'anic Studies / Majallat al-dirāsāt al-Qurʹānīyah| title-link= Journal of Qur'anic Studies | journal= Journal of Qur'anic Studies = Majallat Al-Dirāsāt Al-Qurʹānīyah }}<br /> * {{cite journal |title=Journal of Qur'anic Research and Studies |location=Medina, Saudi Arabia| publisher=King Fahd Qur'an Printing Complex| url=http://jqrs.qurancomplex.gov.sa/en/}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Sister project links}}<br /> <br /> '''Quran browsers and translations:'''<br /> * [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a2002.02.0006 Quran text and translation at [[Tufts University]]]<br /> * [http://tanzil.net/ Tanzil&nbsp;– Online Quran Navigator]<br /> * [http://quran.com Quran.com]<br /> * [http://al-quran.info Al-Quran.info]<br /> * [http://Qurango.com Holy Quran in Easy English, Urdu, Arabic and 70 other languages]<br /> * [http://www.korantranslations.com/ Read and Compare Koran Translations]<br /> * [https://alahazrat.net/alquran/Quran/index.html Quran translation]<br /> * [http://www.yabiladi.com/coran/ Multilingual Quran (Arabic, English, French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian)]<br /> * [http://www.kuran.gen.tr/ Koran Translations in many languages]<br /> <br /> '''Word-for-word analysis:'''<br /> * [http://corpus.quran.com Quranic Arabic Corpus], shows syntax and morphology for each word.<br /> * [http://www.emuslim.com/Quran/Translation_English.asp Word for Word English Translation&nbsp;– emuslim.com]<br /> <br /> '''Manuscripts:'''<br /> * [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/islamic Several digitised Qurans in the Cambridge University Digital Library]<br /> * [http://www.corpuscoranicum.de/index Corpus Coranicum] research project at Berlin-Brandenburg Academy<br /> * [http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0031/html/2017_232_1.html 2017-232-1 al-Qurʼān. / القرآن at OPenn]<br /> <br /> '''Other resources:'''<br /> * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Quran/}}<br /> * [https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/themes/islam The British Library: Discovering Sacred Texts - Islam]<br /> <br /> {{Sura||—|—}}<br /> {{Characters and names in the Quran}}<br /> {{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Quran| ]]<br /> [[Category:7th-century books]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic theology]]<br /> [[Category:Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic texts]]<br /> [[Category:Medieval literature]]<br /> [[Category:Religious texts]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic terminology]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=List_of_language_names&diff=81 List of language names 2016-04-01T20:21:09Z

<p>Hqaweb: Новая страница: «Note: Colors on the leftmost column represent the language family mentioned in second column. {|class="wikitable sortable" id="Table" |-style="background-color:#…»</p> <hr /> <div>Note: Colors on the leftmost column represent the language family mentioned in second column.<br /> <br /> {|class="wikitable sortable" id="Table"<br /> |-style="background-color:#EFEFEF"<br /> !class="unsortable"|<br /> ! [[Language family]]<br /> ! Language name<br /> ! Native name<br /> ! [[ISO 639-1|639‑1]]<br /> ! [[ISO 639-2|639‑2]]/T<br /> ! 639‑2/B<br /> ! [[ISO 639-3|639‑3]]<br /> ! [[ISO 639-6|639‑6]]<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ACE1AF;width:#ACE1AF;"| || [[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]] || [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || lang="ab"|аҧсуа бызшәа, аҧсшәа || ab || abk || abk || abk || abks ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFFF00;"| || [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] || [[Afar language|Afar]] || lang="aa"|Afaraf || aa || aar || aar || aar || aars ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] || lang="af"|Afrikaans || af || afr || afr || afr || afrs ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Akan language|Akan]] || lang="ak"|Akan || ak || aka || aka || aka + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#aka|2]] || ||[[macrolanguage]], [[Twi language|Twi]] is [tw/twi], [[Fanti language|Fanti]] is [fat]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Albanian language|Albanian]] || lang="sq"|Shqip|| sq || sqi || '''alb''' || sqi + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#sqi|4]] || || [[macrolanguage]], "Albanian Phylozone" in 639-6<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFFF00;"| || [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] || [[Amharic language|Amharic]] || lang="am"|አማርኛ || am || amh || amh || amh || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFFF00;"| || [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || lang="ar" dir="rtl"|{{align|left|العربية}} || ar || ara || ara || ara + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#ara|30]] || || [[macrolanguage]], [[Standard Arabic]] is [arb]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] || lang="an"|aragonés || an || arg || arg || arg || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] ||[[Armenian language|Armenian]] || lang="hy"|Հայերեն || hy || hye || '''arm''' || hye || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] ||[[Assamese language|Assamese]] || lang="as"|অসমীয়া || as || asm || asm || asm || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ACE1AF;"| || [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] || [[Avar language|Avaric]] || lang="av"|авар мацӀ, магӀарул мацӀ || av || ava || ava ||ava || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Avestan language|Avestan]] || lang="ae"|avesta || ae || ave || ave || ave || || [[ancient languages|ancient]]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ADD8E6;"| || [[Aymaran languages|Aymaran]] || [[Aymara language|Aymara]] || lang="ay"|aymar aru || |ay || aym || aym || aym + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#aym|2]] || ||[[macrolanguage]]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ADFF2F;"| || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] || lang="az"|azərbaycan dili || az || aze || aze ||aze + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#aze|2]] || || [[macrolanguage]]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Bambara language|Bambara]] || lang="bm"|bamanankan || bm || bam || bam || bam || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ADFF2F;"| || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] || lang="ba"|башҡорт теле || ba || bak || bak || bak || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#A9A9A9;"| || [[Language isolate]] || [[Basque language|Basque]] || lang="eu"|euskara, euskera || eu || eus || '''baq''' || eus || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] || lang="be"|беларуская мова|| be || bel || bel || bel || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Bengali language|Bengali]], Bangla || lang="bn"|বাংলা || bn || ben || ben || ben || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Bihari languages|Bihari]] || lang="bh"|भोजपुरी || bh || bih || bih || || || Collective language code for [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], and [[Maithili language|Maithili]]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#D2B48C;"| || [[Creole languages|Creole]] || [[Bislama language|Bislama]] || lang="bi"|Bislama || bi || bis || bis || bis || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] ||lang="bs"|bosanski jezik || bs || bos || bos || bos || boss ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Breton language|Breton]] || lang="br"|brezhoneg || br || bre || bre || bre || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || lang="bg"|български език || bg || bul || bul || bul || buls ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FF2000;"| || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] || [[Burmese language|Burmese]] ||lang="my"|ဗမာစာ || my || mya || '''bur''' || mya || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || lang="ca"|català || ca || cat || cat || cat || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"| || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] || [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]]|| lang="ch"|Chamoru || ch || cha || cha || cha || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ACE1AF;"| || [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] || [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || lang="ce"|нохчийн мотт || ce || che || che || che || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Chichewa language|Chichewa]], Chewa, Nyanja || lang="ny"|chiCheŵa, chinyanja || ny || nya || nya || nya || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FF2000;"| || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || {{lang|zh-Hani|中文}} (Zhōngwén), {{lang|zh-Hans|汉语}}, {{lang|zh-Hant|漢語}} || zh || zho || '''chi''' || zho + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#zho|13]] || || [[macrolanguage]]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ADFF2F;"| || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] || lang="cv"|чӑваш чӗлхи || cv || chv || chv || chv || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Cornish language|Cornish]] || lang="kw"|Kernewek || kw || cor || cor || cor || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Corsican language|Corsican]] || lang="co"|corsu, lingua corsa || co || cos || cos || cos || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ADD8E6;"| || [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] || [[Cree language|Cree]] || lang="cr"|ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ || cr || cre || cre || cre + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#cre|6]] || ||[[macrolanguage]]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Croatian language|Croatian]] || lang="hr"|hrvatski jezik || hr || hrv || hrv || hrv || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] ||[[Czech language|Czech]] || lang="cs"|čeština, český jazyk || cs || ces || '''cze''' || ces || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Danish language|Danish]] || lang="da"|dansk|| da || dan || dan || dan || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Dhivehi language|Divehi]], Dhivehi, Maldivian || lang="dv" dir="rtl"|{{align|left|ދިވެހި}} || dv || div || div || div || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || lang="nl"|Nederlands, Vlaams || nl || nld || '''dut''' || nld || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FF2000;"| || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] || [[Dzongkha language|Dzongkha]] || lang="dz"|རྫོང་ཁ || dz || dzo || dzo || dzo || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[English language|English]] || lang="en"|English || en || eng || eng || eng || engs ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#000000;"| || [[Constructed languages|Constructed]] || [[Esperanto]] || lang="eo"|Esperanto || eo || epo || epo || epo || || [[Constructed languages|constructed]], initiated from L.L. Zamenhof, 1887<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#32CD32;"| || [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] || [[Estonian language|Estonian]] || lang="et"|eesti, eesti keel || et || est || est || est + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#est|2]] || || [[macrolanguage]]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Ewe language|Ewe]] || lang="ee"|Eʋegbe || ee || ewe || ewe || ewe || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || lang="fo"|føroyskt || fo || fao || fao || fao || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"| || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] || [[Fijian language|Fijian]] || lang="fj"|vosa Vakaviti || fj || fij || fij || fij || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#32CD32;"| || [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] || [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || lang="fi"|suomi, suomen kieli || fi || fin || fin || fin || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[French language|French]] || lang="fr"|français, langue française || fr || fra || '''fre''' || fra || fras ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Fula language|Fula]], Fulah, Pulaar, Pular || lang="ff"|Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular || ff || ful || ful || ful + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#ful|9]] || ||[[macrolanguage]]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Galician language|Galician]] || lang="gl"|galego || gl || glg || glg || glg || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#90EE90;"| || [[South Caucasian languages|South Caucasian]] || [[Georgian language|Georgian]] ||lang="ka"|ქართული|| ka || kat || '''geo''' || kat || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[German language|German]] || lang="de"|Deutsch || de || deu || '''ger''' || deu || deus ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Greek language|Greek]] (modern) || lang="el"|ελληνικά || el || ell || '''gre''' || ell || ells ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ADD8E6;"| || [[Tupian languages|Tupian]] || [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]] || lang="gn"|Avañe'ẽ || gn || grn || grn || grn + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#grn|5]] || || [[macrolanguage]]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" rowspan=| || rowspan=| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || lang="gu"|ગુજરાતી || gu || guj || guj || guj || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#D2B48C;"| || [[Creole languages|Creole]] || [[Haitian Creole language|Haitian]], Haitian Creole || lang="ht"|Kreyòl ayisyen || ht || hat || hat || hat || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFFF00;" | || [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] || [[Hausa language|Hausa]] || lang="ha" dir="rtl"|{{align|left|(Hausa) هَوُسَ}} || ha || hau || hau || hau || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFFF00;" | || [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] || [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] (modern) || lang="he" dir="rtl"|{{align|left|עברית}} || he || heb || heb || heb || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Herero language|Herero]] || lang="hz"|Otjiherero || hz || her || her || her || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Hindi]] || lang="hi"|हिन्दी, हिंदी || hi || hin || hin || hin || hins ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"| || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] || [[Hiri Motu language|Hiri Motu]] || lang="ho"|Hiri Motu || ho || hmo || hmo || hmo || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#32CD32;"| || [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] || [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || lang="hu"|magyar || hu || hun || hun || hun || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#000000;"| || [[Constructed languages|Constructed]] || [[Interlingua]] || lang="ia"|Interlingua || ia || ina || ina || ina || ||constructed by [[International Auxiliary Language Association]]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"| || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] || [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] || lang="id"|Bahasa Indonesia || id || ind || ind || ind || || Covered by macrolanguage [ms/msa]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#000000;"| || [[Constructed languages|Constructed]] || [[Interlingue language|Interlingue]] || lang="ie"|Originally called [[Occidental language|Occidental]]; then Interlingue after WWII || ie || ile || ile || ile || || constructed by [[Edgar de Wahl]], first published in 1922<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Irish language|Irish]] || lang="ga"|Gaeilge || ga || gle || gle || gle || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] || lang="ig"|Asụsụ Igbo || ig || ibo || ibo || ibo || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#F0F8FF;"| || [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]] || [[Inupiaq language|Inupiaq]] || lang="ik"|Iñupiaq, Iñupiatun || ik || ipk || ipk || ipk + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#ipk|2]] || || [[macrolanguage]]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#000000;"| || [[Constructed languages|Constructed]] || [[Ido (language)|Ido]] || lang="io"|Ido || io || ido || ido || ido || idos || constructed by De Beaufront, 1907, as variation of Esperanto<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] ||lang="is"|Íslenska|| is || isl || '''ice''' || isl || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;" | || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Italian language|Italian]] ||lang="it"|italiano|| it || ita || ita || ita || itas ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#F0F8FF;"| || [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]] || [[Inuktitut]] ||lang="iu"|ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ|| iu || iku || iku || iku + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#iku|2]] || ||macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#DDDDDD;"| || [[Japonic]] || [[Japanese language|Japanese]] ||{{lang|ja-Hani|日本語}} ({{lang|ja-Hira|にほんご}})|| ja || jpn || jpn || jpn || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"| || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] || [[Javanese language|Javanese]] ||lang="jv"|basa Jawa|| jv || jav || jav || jav || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#F0F8FF;"| || [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]] || [[Kalaallisut language|Kalaallisut]], Greenlandic|| lang="kl"|kalaallisut, kalaallit oqaasii||kl||kal || kal || kal || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#E0B0FF;"| || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] || [[Kannada language|Kannada]] || lang="kn"|ಕನ್ನಡ || kn || kan || kan || kan || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFBF00;"| || [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]] || [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]] || lang="kr"|Kanuri || kr || kau || kau || kau + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#kau|3]] || || [[macrolanguage]]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] ||[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]||{{lang|ks-Deva|कश्मीरी}}, {{rtl-lang|ks-Arb|كشميري}}|| ks || kas || kas || kas || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ADFF2F;"| || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]|| lang="kk"|қазақ тілі||kk||kaz || kaz || kaz|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FB607F;"| || [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] || [[Khmer language|Khmer]]|| lang="km"|ខ្មែរ, ខេមរភាសា, ភាសាខ្មែរ||km||khm || khm || khm || || a.k.a. Cambodian<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Gikuyu language|Kikuyu]], Gikuyu|| lang="ki"|Gĩkũyũ||ki||kik || kik || kik || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Kinyarwanda]]||lang="rw"|Ikinyarwanda||rw||kin || kin || kin || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ADFF2F;"| || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]] || lang="ky"|Кыргызча, Кыргыз тили || ky || kir || kir || kir || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#32CD32;"| || [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] || [[Komi language|Komi]] || lang="kv"|коми кыв || kv || kom || kom || kom + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#kom|2]] || || macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Kongo language|Kongo]] || lang="kg"|Kikongo || kg || kon || kon || kon + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#kon|3]] || || macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#A9A9A9;"| || [[Koreanic]] || [[Korean language|Korean]]||{{lang|ko-Hang|한국어}}, {{lang|ko-Hang|조선어}} || ko || kor || kor || kor || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ||{{lang|ku-Latn|Kurdî}}, {{rtl-lang|ku-Arab|كوردی}}|| ku || kur || kur || kur + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#kur|3]] || || macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Kwanyama]], Kuanyama|| lang="kj"|Kuanyama||kj||kua || kua || kua || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Latin]] || lang="la"|latine, lingua latina || la || lat || lat || lat || lats || ancient<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]], Letzeburgesch || lang="lb"|Lëtzebuergesch || lb || ltz || ltz || ltz || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Luganda|Ganda]] || lang="lg"|Luganda || lg || lug || lug || lug || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]], Limburgan, Limburger || lang="li"|Limburgs || li || lim || lim || lim || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Lingala language|Lingala]] || lang="ln"|Lingála || ln || lin || lin || lin || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#CCCCFF;"| || [[Tai–Kadai languages|Tai–Kadai]] || [[Lao language|Lao]] || lang="lo"|ພາສາລາວ || lo || lao || lao || lao || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] || lang="lt"|lietuvių kalba || lt || lit || lit || lit || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Tshiluba language|Luba-Katanga]] || Tshiluba || lu || lub || lub || lub || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Latvian language|Latvian]] || lang="lv"|latviešu valoda || lv || lav || lav || lav + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#lav|2]] || || macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Manx language|Manx]] || lang="gv"|Gaelg, Gailck || gv || glv || glv || glv || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]||lang="mk"|македонски јазик|| mk || mkd || '''mac''' || mkd || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"| || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] || [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] || lang="mg"|fiteny malagasy || mg || mlg || mlg || mlg + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#mlg|10]] || || macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"| || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] || [[Malay language|Malay]]||{{lang|ms|bahasa Melayu}}, {{rtl-lang|ms-Arab|بهاس ملايو}}||ms||msa||'''may'''||msa + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#msa|13]] || || macrolanguage, [[Malaysian language|Standard Malay]] is [zsm], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] is [id/ind]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#E0B0FF;"| || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] || [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]||lang="ml"|മലയാളം||ml||mal || mal || mal || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFFF00;"| || [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] || [[Maltese language|Maltese]]||lang="mt"|Malti||mt||mlt || mlt || mlt || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"| || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] || [[Māori language|Māori]]||lang="mi"|te reo Māori||mi||mri||'''mao'''||mri|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Marathi language|Marathi (Marāṭhī)]]||lang="mr"|मराठी||mr||mar || mar || mar|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"| || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] || [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]] || lang="mh"|Kajin M̧ajeļ || mh || mah || mah || mah || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ADFF2F;"| || [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] || [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]||lang="mn"|Монгол хэл||mn||mon || mon || mon + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#mon|2]] || || macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"| || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] || [[Nauruan language|Nauruan]]||lang="na"|Dorerin Naoero||na||nau || nau || nau || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#00BFFF;"| || [[Dené–Yeniseian languages|Dené–Yeniseian]] || [[Navajo language|Navajo]], Navaho || lang="nv"|Diné bizaad|| nv || nav || nav || nav || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Northern Ndebele language|Northern Ndebele]]||lang="nd"|isiNdebele || nd || nde || nde || nde || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Nepali language|Nepali]]||lang="ne"|नेपाली||ne||nep || nep || nep || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Ndonga]]||lang="ng"|Owambo||ng||ndo || ndo || ndo || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Bokmål|Norwegian Bokmål]]||lang="nb"|Norsk bokmål || nb || nob || nob || nob || || Covered by macrolanguage [no/nor]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Nynorsk|Norwegian Nynorsk]]||lang="nn"|Norsk nynorsk||nn||nno || nno || nno || ||Covered by macrolanguage [no/nor]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]||lang="no"|Norsk||no||nor || nor || nor + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#nor|2]] || ||macrolanguage, [[Bokmål]] is [nb/nob], [[Nynorsk]] is [nn/nno]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FF2000;"| || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] || [[Nuosu language|Nuosu]] || lang="ii"|ꆈꌠ꒿ Nuosuhxop || ii || iii || iii || iii || || Standard form of [[Yi language]]s<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]]||lang="nr"|isiNdebele||nr||nbl || nbl || nbl || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Occitan language|Occitan]] ||lang="oc"|occitan, lenga d'òc||oc||oci || oci || oci|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ADD8E6;"| || [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] || [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]], Ojibwa||lang="oj"|ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ||oj||oji || oji || oji + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#oji|7]] || ||macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Old Church Slavonic]], [[Church Slavonic]], [[Old Bulgarian]] || lang="cu"|ѩзыкъ словѣньскъ || cu || chu || chu || chu || || [[ancient languages|ancient]], in use by [[Orthodox Church]]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFFF00;"| || [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] || [[Oromo language|Oromo]]||lang="om"|Afaan Oromoo||om||orm || orm || orm + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#orm|4]] || ||macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Oriya language|Oriya]]||lang="or"|ଓଡ଼ିଆ||or||ori || ori || ori || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Ossetic language|Ossetian]], Ossetic||lang="os"|ирон æвзаг||os||oss || oss || oss|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Punjabi language|Panjabi]], Punjabi||{{lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ}}, {{rtl-lang|pa-Arab|پنجابی}}||pa||pan || pan || pan|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Pāli language|Pāli]]||lang="pi"|पाऴि||pi||pli || pli || pli || ||ancient<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Persian language|Persian]] (Farsi)||lang="fa" dir="rtl"|{{align|left|فارسی}}||fa||fas||'''per'''||fas + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#fas|2]] || ||macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Polish language|Polish]]||lang="pl"|język polski, polszczyzna || pl || pol || pol || pol || pols ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Pashto language|Pashto]], Pushto||lang="ps" dir="rtl"|{{align|left|پښتو}}||ps||pus || pus || pus + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#pus|3]] || ||macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]||lang="pt"|português || pt || por || por || por || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ADD8E6;"| || [[Quechuan languages|Quechuan]] || [[Quechua language|Quechua]]||lang="qu"|Runa Simi, Kichwa||qu||que || que || que + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#que|44]] || || macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Romansh language|Romansh]]||lang="rm"|rumantsch grischun||rm||roh || roh || roh || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Kirundi]]||lang="rn"|Ikirundi||rn||run || run || run || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Romanian language|Romanian]] ||lang="ro"|limba română||ro||ron||'''rum''' || ron || ||[mo] for Moldavian has been withdrawn, recommending [ro] also for Moldavian<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Russian language|Russian]]||lang="ru"|Русский||ru||rus || rus || rus|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit (Saṁskṛta)]]||lang="sa"|संस्कृतम्||sa||san || san || san || ||ancient, still spoken<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]]||lang="sc"|sardu||sc||srd || srd || srd + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#srd|4]] || ||macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]||{{lang|sd-Deva|सिन्धी}}, {{rtl-lang|sd-Arab|سنڌي، سندھی}}||sd||snd || snd || snd|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#32CD32;"| || [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] || [[Northern Sami]]||lang="se"|Davvisámegiella||se||sme || sme || sme|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"| || [[Austronesian Languages|Austronesian]] || [[Samoan language|Samoan]]||lang="sm"|gagana fa'a Samoa||sm||smo || smo || smo|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#D2B48C;"| || [[Creole languages|Creole]] || [[Sango language|Sango]]||lang="sg"|yângâ tî sängö||sg||sag || sag || sag|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Serbian language|Serbian]]||lang="sr"|српски језик||sr||srp || srp || srp|| || The ISO 639-2/T code srp deprecated the ISO 639-2/B code scc<ref name="LOC Changes">{{cite web|title=Code Changes|url=http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_changes.php|work=ISO 639-2|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=31 May 2012}}</ref><br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]], Gaelic || lang="gd"|Gàidhlig || gd || gla || gla || gla || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Shona language|Shona]]||lang="sn"|chiShona||sn||sna || sna || sna|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], Sinhalese||lang="si"|සිංහල||si||sin || sin || sin|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Slovak language|Slovak]]||lang="sk"|slovenčina, slovenský jazyk || sk || slk|| '''slo''' || slk || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Slovene language|Slovene]]||lang="sl"|slovenski jezik, slovenščina||sl||slv || slv || slv|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFFF00;"| || [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] || [[Somali language|Somali]]||lang="so"|Soomaaliga, af Soomaali||so||som || som || som|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Sotho language|Southern Sotho]]||lang="st"|Sesotho||st||sot || sot || sot|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || lang="es"|español || es || spa || spa || spa || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"| || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] || [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]||lang="su"|Basa Sunda || su || sun || sun || sun || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Swahili language|Swahili]]||lang="sw"|Kiswahili||sw||swa || swa || swa + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#swa|2]] || ||macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Swati language|Swati]]||lang="ss"|SiSwati || ss || ssw || ssw || ssw || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Swedish language|Swedish]]||lang="sv"|svenska||sv||swe || swe || swe || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#E0B0FF;"| || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||lang="ta"|தமிழ்||ta||tam || tam || tam || || Ancient, Still spoken<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#E0B0FF;"| || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]||lang="te"|తెలుగు||te||tel || tel || tel || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Tajik language|Tajik]]||{{lang|tg-Cyrl|тоҷикӣ}}, {{lang|tg-Latn|toçikī}}, {{rtl-lang|tg-Arab|تاجیکی}}||tg||tgk || tgk || tgk || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#CCCCFF;"| || [[Tai–Kadai languages|Tai–Kadai]] || [[Thai language|Thai]]||lang="th"|ไทย||th||tha || tha || tha || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFFF00;"| || [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] || [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]||lang="ti"|ትግርኛ||ti||tir || tir || tir || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FF2000;"| || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] || [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan Standard]], Tibetan, Central || lang="bo"|བོད་ཡིག || bo || bod || '''tib''' || bod || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ADFF2F;"| || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]||lang="tk"|Türkmen, Түркмен||tk||tuk || tuk || tuk || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"| || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] || [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]||lang="tl"|Wikang Tagalog, ᜏᜒᜃᜅ᜔ ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔||tl||tgl || tgl || tgl || ||Note: [[Filipino language|Filipino]] (Pilipino) has the code [fil]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Tswana language|Tswana]]||lang="tn"|Setswana||tn||tsn || tsn || tsn|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"| || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] || [[Tongan language|Tonga]] (Tonga Islands)||lang="to"|faka Tonga||to||ton || ton || ton|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ADFF2F;"| || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || [[Turkish language|Turkish]]||lang="tr"|Türkçe||tr||tur || tur || tur|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]||lang="ts"|Xitsonga||ts||tso || tso || tso|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ADFF2F;"| || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || [[Tatar language|Tatar]]||{{lang|tt-Cyrl|татар теле}}, {{lang|tt-Latn|tatar tele}}||tt||tat || tat || tat|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Twi]] || lang="tw"|Twi || tw || twi || twi || twi || || Covered by macrolanguage [ak/aka]<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"| || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] || [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]]||lang="ty"|Reo Tahiti||ty||tah || tah || tah || ||One of the Reo Mā`ohi (languages of French Polynesia)<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ADFF2F;"| || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]||{{rtl-lang|ug-Arab|ئۇيغۇرچە}}, {{lang|ug-Latn|Uyghurche}}||ug||uig || uig || uig|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]||lang="uk"|Українська||uk||ukr || ukr || ukr|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Urdu]]||lang="ur" dir="rtl"|{{align|left|اردو}}||ur||urd || urd || urd || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#ADFF2F;"| || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]||{{lang|uz-Latn|Oʻzbek}}, {{lang|uz-Cyrl|Ўзбек}}, {{rtl-lang|uz-Arab|أۇزبېك}}||uz||uzb || uzb || uzb + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#uzb|2]] || || macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Venda language|Venda]]||lang="ve"|Tshivenḓa||ve||ven || ven || ven || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FB607F;"| || [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] ||[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] || lang="vi"|Tiếng Việt|| vi || vie || vie || vie || ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#000000;"| || [[Constructed languages|Constructed]] || [[Volapük]]||lang="vo"|Volapük||vo||vol || vol || vol|| ||constructed<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Walloon language|Walloon]]||lang="wa"|walon||wa||wln || wln || wln|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Welsh language|Welsh]]||lang="cy"|Cymraeg||cy||cym||'''wel'''||cym|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Wolof language|Wolof]]||lang="wo"|Wollof||wo||wol || wol || wol|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[West Frisian language|Western Frisian]]||lang="fy"|Frysk||fy||fry || fry || fry|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]||lang="xh"|isiXhosa||xh||xho || xho || xho|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#66FF00;"| || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]||lang="yi" dir="rtl"|{{align|left|ייִדיש}}||yi||yid || yid || yid + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#yid|2]]|| ||macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]||lang="yo"|Yorùbá||yo||yor || yor || yor|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#CCCCFF;"| || [[Tai–Kadai languages|Tai–Kadai]] || [[Zhuang languages|Zhuang]], Chuang||lang="za"|Saɯ cueŋƅ, Saw cuengh||za||zha || zha || zha + [[ISO 639 macrolanguage#zha|16]] || ||macrolanguage<br /> |-<br /> |style="background-color:#FFA500;"| || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || [[Zulu language|Zulu]]||lang="zu"|isiZulu||zu||zul || zul || zul|| ||<br /> |}</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Verse_of_Wilayah&diff=80 Verse of Wilayah 2016-03-26T20:39:12Z

<p>Hqaweb: Новая страница: «ar:آية_الولاية»</p> <hr /> <div>[[ar:آية_الولاية]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=The_verse_of_Mawadda&diff=79 The verse of Mawadda 2016-03-26T20:38:02Z

<p>Hqaweb: Новая страница: «ar:آية_المودة»</p> <hr /> <div>[[ar:آية_المودة]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=The_verse_of_loan&diff=78 The verse of loan 2016-03-26T20:36:29Z

<p>Hqaweb: Новая страница: «ar:آية_المداينة»</p> <hr /> <div>[[ar:آية_المداينة]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=The_obedience_verse&diff=77 The obedience verse 2016-03-26T20:33:30Z

<p>Hqaweb: Новая страница: «ar:آية_الإطاعة»</p> <hr /> <div>[[ar:آية_الإطاعة]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=The_verse_of_Ikmal_al-Din&diff=76 The verse of Ikmal al-Din 2016-03-26T20:32:33Z

<p>Hqaweb: Новая страница: «ar:آية_إکمال_الدين»</p> <hr /> <div>[[ar:آية_إکمال_الدين]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=34 Main Page 2016-03-26T04:13:58Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div>{| style="background:none; margin:1.2em 0 0 0; width:100%; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"<br /> |colspan="2" style="background:#F2F5FD; border:1px solid #C7D0F8; padding:10px 10px 0px 10px; text-align:center; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"|{{Шапка ЗС}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |}<br /> == Useful resources ==<br /> * [[List of Terms]]<br /> * [http://en.wiki.holyquranacademy.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B All]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[ru:Заглавная_страница]]<br /> [[tr:Ana_sayfa]]<br /> [[ar:الصفحة_الرئيسية]]<br /> [[az:Ana Səhifə]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%A1&diff=45 Шаблон:Шапка ЗС 2016-03-25T15:36:20Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div><span style="font-size:230%; font-family:'hoefler text','times new roman',serif; font-variant:small-caps;">Welcome to the english encyclopedia of the [[Academy of the Quran | Quran Academy]],</span><br /><br /> <span style="padding:5px 0 0 0; font-size:90%;">Complete list of articles can be found '''[[List_of_Terms|here]]'''<br />Currently there are '''[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} {{plural:{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}|article|articles|articles}}]]''' in the encyclopedia.</span><noinclude><br /> [[Категория:Шаблоны]]</noinclude></div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=33 Main Page 2016-03-25T14:59:56Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div>{| style="background:none; margin:1.2em 0 0 0; width:100%; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"<br /> |colspan="2" style="background:#F2F5FD; border:1px solid #C7D0F8; padding:10px 10px 0px 10px; text-align:center; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"|{{Шапка ЗС}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |}<br /> == Useful resources ==<br /> * [[List of Terms]]<br /> * [http://en.wiki.holyquranacademy.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B All]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[ru:Заглавная_страница]]<br /> [[tr:Ana_sayfa]]<br /> [[ar:الصفحة_الرئيسية]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%A1&diff=44 Шаблон:Шапка ЗС 2016-03-25T12:01:39Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div><span style="font-size:230%; font-family:'hoefler text','times new roman',serif; font-variant:small-caps;">Welcome to the encyclopedia of the [[Academy of the Quran | Quran Academy]],</span><br /><br /> <span style="padding:5px 0 0 0; font-size:90%;">Complete list of articles can be found '''[[List_of_Terms|here]]'''<br />Currently there are '''[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} {{plural:{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}|article|articles|articles}}]]''' in the encyclopedia.</span><noinclude><br /> [[Категория:Шаблоны]]</noinclude></div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%A1&diff=43 Шаблон:Шапка ЗС 2016-03-25T12:00:42Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div><span style="font-size:230%; font-family:'hoefler text','times new roman',serif; font-variant:small-caps;">Welcome to the encyclopedia of the [[Academy of the Quran | Quran Academy]],</span><br /><br /> <span style="padding:5px 0 0 0; font-size:90%;">Complete list of articles can be found '''[[List_of_Terms|here]]'''<br />Currently there are '''[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} {{plural:{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}|article|articles|articles}}]]''' in encyclopedia.</span><noinclude><br /> [[Категория:Шаблоны]]</noinclude></div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=32 Main Page 2016-03-25T11:58:53Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div>{| style="background:none; margin:1.2em 0 0 0; width:100%; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"<br /> |colspan="2" style="background:#F2F5FD; border:1px solid #C7D0F8; padding:10px 10px 0px 10px; text-align:center; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"|{{Шапка ЗС}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |}<br /> == Useful resources ==<br /> * [[List of Terms]]<br /> * [http://en.wiki.holyquranacademy.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B All]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[ru:Заглавная_страница]]<br /> [[tr:Ana_sayfa]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=List_of_Terms&diff=52 List of Terms 2016-03-25T11:53:44Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> {| class="wikitable" border="1"<br /> |-<br /> == А ==<br /> ! width="300" |English<br /> ! width="300" |Кириллица<br /> ! width="300" |العَرَبِية‎<br /> |-<br /> | [[ A'isha bint Abi Bakr ]] || [[Аиша бинт Абу Бакр]] || [[عائشة بنت أَبي بكر]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aaron]] || [[Харун]] (Аарон) || [[هارون‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ability]] (istiṭāʿa) || [[Возможность]] || [[ 5 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ablution]] (ghusl, wuḍūʾ, tayammum) || [[Омовение]] || [[ 6 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abode]] (dār) || [[Дом]] (обитель) || [[ 7 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abortion]] || [[Аборт]] || [[إجهاض]]<br /> |-<br /> | [['Abraha al-Ashram]] || [[Абраха аль-Ашрам]] || [[أبرهة الأشرم]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abraham]] || [[Ибрахим]] (Авраам) || [[إبراهيم‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abrogation]] || [[Отмена]] [аятов] || [[ 12 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abstinence]] || [[Аскетизм]] (зухд) || [[زهد‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abū Bakr]] || [[Абу Бакр]] || [[أبو بكر‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abū Lahab]] || [[Абу Лахаб]] || [[أبو لهب]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abyssinia]] || [[Эфиопия]] || [[ 19 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acquisition]] (kasb) || [[Приобретение]] (касб) || [[كسب‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ād]] || [[Адиты]] || [[عاد‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Adam and Eve]] || [[Адам и Хавва]] || [[آدم و حواء]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ādam]] || [[Адам]] || [[ 24 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Adoption]] || [[Усыновление и удочерение]] || [[ 25 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Adoration]] || [[Поклонение]] || [[ 26 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Adultery and Fornication]] (zinā) || [[Прелюбодеяние и блуд]] (зина) || [[زنا‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Advice]] (naṣīḥa) || [[Наставление]] (насиха) || [[نصيحة]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Afternoon]] || [[Послеполуденное время]] (аср) || [[ 32 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Age of Ignorance]] || [[Эпоха невежества]] (джахилия) || [[ 33 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aggression]] (ʿadāʾ, iʿtidāʾ) || [[Агрессия]] || [[ 34 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Agriculture]] (zirāʿa) || [[Земледелие]] || [[ 35 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Agriculture and Vegetation]] || [[ Земледелие и растительность ]] || [[ 36 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aḥmad]] || [[Ахмад]] (пророк) || [[أحمد‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Air and Wind]] || [[Воздух и ветер]] || [[ 38 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Alaqa]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 39 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Al-'Arim ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 40 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Alexander]] || [[Александр]] || [[ 41 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [['Ali bin Abi Talib]] || [[Али ибн Абу Талиб]] || [[علي بن أبي طالب]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Allāh]] || [[Аллах]] || [[الله]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Alliance and Treaty]] (ʿahd; ʿaqd; aymān; dhimma; ḥilf; mīthāq) || [[Союзничество и договор]] || [[ 44 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Almsgiving]] (ṣadaqa) || [[Садака]] || [[صدقة‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ambiguous]] || [[ Двусмысленный ]] || [[ 47 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Amulets]] || [[Амулеты]] || [[ 48 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anatomy]] || [[Анатомия]] || [[ 49 ]]<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | [[Angel(s)]] (malak, malāʾika) || [[Ангел]] || [[ 51 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anger]] (ghaḍab, ghayẓ, sakhaṭ) || [[Гнев]] || [[ 53 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Animal Life]] || [[Животная жизнь]] || [[ 54 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Animals]] (dābba, dawābb) || [[Животные]] || [[ 55 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anointing]] || [[Помазывание]] || [[ 56 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anonymous Mentions]] (mubhamāt) || [[ А ]] || [[ 57 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anṣār]] || [[Ансары]] || [[ 58 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anthropomorphism]] || [[Антропоморфизм]] || [[ 59 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Antichrist]] || [[Антихрист]] (Масих ад-Даджал) || [[ 60 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apocalypse]] || [[Апокалипсис]] || [[ 61 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apologetics]] || [[Апологетика]] || [[ 62 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apostasy]] (ridda) || [[Вероотступничество]] (ридда) || [[ 64 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apostle]] || [[Апостол]] || [[ 65 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apparition]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 66 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apportionment]] (qadr, taqdīr) || [[ А ]] || [[ 67 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aqṣā Mosque]] || [[Аль-Акса]] || [[المسجد الاقصى‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arabic]] || [[Арабский]] || [[ 70 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arabic Language]] || [[Арабский язык]] || [[لغة عربية]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arabic Script]] || [[Арабская письменность]] || [[ 72 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arabs]] || [[Арабы]] || [[ 73 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arafāt]] || [[Арафат]] (гора) || [[ 74 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arbitration]] (taḥkīm) || [[ Арбитраж (третейский суд) ]] || [[ 77 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Archaeology and the Qur'an ]] || [[ Археология в Коране ]] || [[ 79 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ark (fulk, safīna) ]] || [[ Ковчег ]] || [[ 81 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Arrogance ]] || [[ Высокомерие ]] || [[ 82 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Art and Architecture and the Qur'an ]] || [[ Искусство, архитектура в Коране ]] || [[ 83 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Artery and Vein ]] || [[ Артерия и вена ]] || [[ 84 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ascension ]] || [[ Вознесение ]] || [[ 86 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Asceticism ]] || [[ Аскетизм ]] || [[ 87 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ashes ]] || [[ Прах ]] || [[ 88 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Astray (ḍāll) ]] || [[ Заблудший ]] || [[ 90 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Atom (dharra) ]] || [[ Мельчайшая частица ]] || [[ 91 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Atonement ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 92 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Authority(ies) (sulṭān, ulū al-amr) ]] || [[ Власть ]] || [[ 94 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Avarice and Greed (bukhl, ḥirṣ, shuḥḥ) ]] || [[ Жадность и скупость ]] || [[ 96 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Awe of Allah (khashyat Allāh) ]] || [[ Богобоязненность ]] || [[ 97 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ayyūb ]] || [[ Айюб (пророк) ]] || [[ 98 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Āzar ]] || [[ Азар ]] || [[ 99 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Baal ]] || [[ Ваал ]] || [[ 102 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bābil (Babel) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 103 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Babylon ]] || [[ Вавилон ]] || [[ 104 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Backbiting (ghība) ]] || [[ Злословие ]] || [[ 105 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Badr ]] || [[ Бадр ]] || [[ 106 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Baha"is ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 108 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Baʿl ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 109 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Baptism ]] || [[ Крещение ]] || [[ 110 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Barelwis ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 111 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Barrier ]] || [[ Преграда ]] || [[ 112 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Barzakh ]] || [[ Барзах ]] || [[ 113 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Basmala (Theonymic Invocation) ]] || [[ Басмала ]] || [[ 116 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Beautiful Names of Allah (asmāʾ al-ḥusnā) ]] || [[ Прекрасные имена Аллаха ]] || [[ 117 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Beauty (ḥusn, jamāl, zīna) ]] || [[ Прелесть (красота, украшение) ]] || [[ 119 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bedouin(s) (aʿrāb) ]] || [[ Бедуин ]] || [[ 121 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Beguilement (istidrāj, imhāl) ]] || [[ Отсрочка ]] || [[ 122 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Belief (īmān) ]] || [[ Вера (иман) ]] || [[ 123 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Belief and Unbelief ]] || [[ Вера и неверие ]] || [[ 124 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Believer(s) (muʾmin, muʾminūn) ]] || [[ Верующие ]] || [[ 125 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Belying the Prophet ]] || [[ Отвержение пророка ]] || [[ 126 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Benjamin ]] || [[ Буньямин (Вениамин) ]] || [[ 127 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bible ]] || [[ Библия ]] || [[ 128 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bilqis ]] || [[ Царица Савская ]] || [[ 129 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Biology as the Creation and Stages of Life ]] || [[ Биология как творение и стадии жизни ]] || [[ 130 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Birth (wilāda) ]] || [[ Рождение ]] || [[ 132 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Birth Control ]] || [[ Контроль рождаемости ]] || [[ 133 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blasphemy (Ilḥād) ]] || [[ Богохульство ]] || [[ 135 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blessing ]] || [[ Благословение ]] || [[ 136 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blessings, Bounties and Favors of Allah (barakāt, faḍl Allāh, mann Allāh, naʿīm, niʿmat Allāh) ]] || [[ Благословения, щедроты и милости Аллаха ]] || [[ 137 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blood (dam) ]] || [[ Кровь ]] || [[ دم]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blood and Blood Clot ]] || [[ Кровь и сгусток крови ]] || [[ 139 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blood Money (diya) ]] || [[ Плата за кровь ]] || [[ دية‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bloodshed ]] || [[ Кровопролитие ]] || [[ 142 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bloodshed (safk al-dam) ]] || [[ Кровопролитие ]] || [[ 143 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Boast ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 144 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Body (badan, jism, jasad) ]] || [[ Тело ]] || [[ 145 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bones (ʿiẓām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 146 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Book ]] || [[ Книга ]] || [[ 147 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Book(s) (kitāb, kutub, ṣuḥuf) ]] || [[ Книга, Книги ]] || [[ 148 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Booty ]] || [[ Трофеи ]] || [[ 149 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Booty (maghānim, ghanima, afāʾa, anfāl) ]] || [[ Трофеи ]] || [[ 150 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Boundaries and Precepts ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 151 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Boundaries of Allah (ḥudūd Allah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 152 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bowing and Prostrating (rukūʿ, sujūd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 153 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bowing and Prostration ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 154 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bread ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 155 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Breaking Trusts and Contracts ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 156 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Breastfeeding (raḍāʿ) ]] || [[ Грудное вскармливание ]] || [[ 157 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bribery (suḥt, ighlāl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 158 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bridewealth ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 159 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Brother and Brotherhood ]] || [[ Брат и братство ]] || [[ 160 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Brother and Brotherhood (akh, ikhwān, akhawāt) ]] || [[ Брат и братство ]] || [[ 161 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Burial ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 162 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Burial (iqbār, muwārāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 163 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Buying and Selling (bayʿ, shirāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 164 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Byzantines ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 165 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ C ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cain and Abel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 167 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calendar ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 168 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calf (ʿijl) ]] || [[ Телец ]] || [[ 169 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calf of Gold ]] || [[ Золотой телец ]] || [[ 170 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Caliph ]] || [[ Халиф ]] || [[ 171 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Caliph (khalīfa) ]] || [[ Халиф ]] || [[ 172 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Call to Prayer (adhān, iqāma) ]] || [[ Призыв к молитве ]] || [[ 173 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calligraphy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 174 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calling to Allah (daʿwa) ]] || [[ Призыв к Аллаху ]] || [[ 175 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calumny (buhtān) ]] || [[ Клевета ]] || [[ 176 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Camel ]] || [[ Верблюд ]] || [[ 177 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Camphor ]] || [[ Камфара ]] || [[ 178 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Canonical Recitations (qirāʾāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 179 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Captives ]] || [[ Пленники ]] || [[ 180 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Captives (asīr, asārā) ]] || [[ Пленники ]] || [[ 181 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Caravan ]] || [[ Караван ]] || [[ 182 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Caravan (qāfila, sayyāra) ]] || [[ Караван ]] || [[ 183 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Carrion ]] || [[ Мертвечина ]] || [[ 184 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Carrion (mayta) ]] || [[ Мертвечина ]] || [[ 185 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cave ]] || [[ Пещера ]] || [[ 186 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cave (ghār) ]] || [[ Пещера ]] || [[ 187 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chambers (ḥujurāt) ]] || [[ Комнаты ]] || [[ 188 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chastisement and Punishment ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 189 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chastity ]] || [[ целомудрие ]] || [[ 190 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chastity (iḥṣān, taʿaffuf) ]] || [[ целомудрие ]] || [[ 191 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cheating ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 192 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cheating (akl amwāl al-nās bi-l-bāṭil, bakhs, taghābun, taṭfīf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 193 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Childhood and Youth (ṭifl, ghulām, fatā) ]] || [[ Детство и юность ]] || [[ 194 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Children ]] || [[ Дети ]] || [[ 195 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Children (dhurriyya, ibn, banūn, walad, awlād, ḥaml, mawʾūda) ]] || [[ Дети ]] || [[ 196 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Children of Israel ]] || [[ Дети Израиля ]] || [[ 197 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Children of Isrāʾīl (banū Isrāʾīl) ]] || [[ Дети Исраила ]] || [[ 198 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Christianity (naṣrāniyya) ]] || [[ Христианство ]] || [[ 199 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Christians and Christianity ]] || [[ Христиане и христианство ]] || [[ 200 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chronicles of the Qurʾān (qaṣaṣ, qiṣaṣ al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 201 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chronology and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 202 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Church ]] || [[ Церковь ]] || [[ 203 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Churches, Synagogues and Monasteries (biyaʿ, ṣawāmiʿ) ]] || [[ Церкви, Синагоги и Монастыри ]] || [[ 204 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Circumcision ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 205 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ City ]] || [[ Город ]] || [[ 206 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ City (balad, qarya, madīna) ]] || [[ Город ]] || [[ 207 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Clay ]] || [[ Глина ]] || [[ 208 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Clay (ṭīn, ṣalṣāl) ]] || [[ Глина ]] || [[ 209 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cleanliness and Ablution ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 210 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Client(s) (mawlā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 211 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Clients and Clientage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 212 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Clothing ]] || [[ Одежда ]] || [[ 213 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Clouds (ghamām, muzn, saḥāb, ʿāriḍ) ]] || [[ Облака ]] || [[ 214 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Codices of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 215 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Coercion (ikrāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 216 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Coherence of the Qurʾān (naẓm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 217 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Collection of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 218 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Color(s) (lawn, alwān, ṣibgha) ]] || [[ Цвет, цвета ]] || [[ 219 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Colors ]] || [[ Цвета ]] || [[ 220 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Commanding Good and Forbidding Wrong (amr bil-maʿrūf, nahī ʿan al-munkar) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 221 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Commandments ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 222 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Community (umma) ]] || [[ Община ]] || [[ 223 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Community and Society in the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 224 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Companion (sāḥib) ]] || [[ Сподвижник ]] || [[ 225 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Companions of the Prophet ]] || [[ Сподвижники Пророка ]] || [[ 226 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Companions of the Prophet (aṣāḥ al-Rasūl) ]] || [[ Сподвижники Пророка ]] || [[ 227 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Competition (tanāfus fīl dunyā, takāthur, tafākhur, tasābuq fīl khayrāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 228 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Compilation of the Qurʾān (jamʿ al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 229 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Computers and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 230 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conceit ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 231 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Concubines ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 232 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Confidences (najwā, tanājī) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 233 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conjecture (ẓann) ]] || [[ Предположение ]] || [[ 234 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conquest ]] || [[ Победа ]] || [[ 235 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conquest (fatḥ) ]] || [[ Победа ]] || [[ 236 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Consecration of Animals ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 237 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Consecration of Animals (Q 5:103) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 238 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Consolation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 239 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Consultation ]] || [[ Совет ]] || [[ 240 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Consultation (shūrā) ]] || [[ Совет ]] || [[ 241 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Contamination ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 242 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Contemplation (tafakkur, tadabbur) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 243 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Contemporary Critical Practices and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 244 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Contentment (riḍwān, riḍā, yarḍā) ]] || [[ Довольство ]] || [[ 245 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Contracts and Alliances ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 246 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conversion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 247 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conveying the Message (balāgh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 248 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Coral ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 249 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Corruption ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 250 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Corruption (fasād, fisq, ʿanat) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 251 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cosmology ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 252 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cosmology ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 253 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Courage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 254 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Court ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 255 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Covenant ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 256 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Covenant (mīthāq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 257 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Createdness of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 258 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Creation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 259 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Creation (khalq, takwīn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 260 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Creeds ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 261 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Criterion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 262 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Criterion (furqān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 263 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Crucifixion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 264 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Crucifixion (ṣalb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 265 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cups (akwāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 266 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cups and Vessels ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 267 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Curse ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 268 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Curse (laʿna) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 269 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ D ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Darkness ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 271 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Darkness (aẓlama, muẓlimūn, janna al-layl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 272 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Date Palm ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 273 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Date Palm (nakhl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 274 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ David ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 275 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dawn (fajr, ṣubḥ) and Morning (bukra, ghuduw, ḍuḥā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 276 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dāwūd (David) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 277 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Day (yawm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 278 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Day and Night ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 279 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Day of Judgment (Yawm al-ḥisāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 280 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Day, Times of ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 281 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Days of Allah (ayyām Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 282 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Days of God ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 283 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Death and the Dead ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 284 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Death and the Dead (mawt, yaqīn, mayyat) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 285 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Debate and Disputation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 286 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Debt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 287 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Debt (dayn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 288 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deceit and Delusion (ghurūr, khidāʿ, izlāl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 289 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Decision ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 290 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deeds (aʿmāl, ytafʿalūn, ḥasanāt, sayyiāʾt, al-bāqiyāt al-ṣāliḥāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 291 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deferral ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 292 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deliverance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 293 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deliverance (khalāṣ, maḥīṣ, rawḥ Allāh, najāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 294 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deluge (ṭūfān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 295 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Demanding Gratitude (mann) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 296 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deobandis ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 297 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Descent of the Qurʾān (nuzūl, al-makkī wal-madanī) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 298 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Despair ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 299 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Despair (yaʾs, qunūṭ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 300 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Destiny ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 301 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Devil ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 302 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dhu l-Kifl ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 303 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dhūl-Kifl ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 304 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dhūl-Qarnayn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 305 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dialects ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 306 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dialogues ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 307 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dialogues in the Qurʾān (munājāt al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 308 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Difficult Passages ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 309 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Difficult Passages of the Qurʾān (mushkil al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 310 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disbelief (kufr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 311 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disbeliever(s) (kāfirūn, kuffār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 312 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disciples of ʿĪṣā, upon him peace (ḥawāriyyūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 313 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disobedience ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 314 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disobedience (fusūq, ʿiṣyān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 315 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dissension ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 316 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dissimulation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 317 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disunity and Disagreement (iftirāq, tafarruq, ikhtilāf, shiyaʿ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 318 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Divination ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 319 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Divine Decree (qaḍāʾ and qadar; amr Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 320 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dog ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 321 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Doubt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 322 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dowry (ṣadāq, ajr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 323 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dreams and Sleep ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 324 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dreams and their Interpretation (ruʾyā, taʿbīr al-ruʾyā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 325 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Drowning ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 326 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Drowning (gharq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 327 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Druzes ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 328 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ E ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ear(s) (udhun) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 330 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ears ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 331 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Earth ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 332 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Earth (arḍ, sāhira) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 333 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ East and West (mashriq, maghrib) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 334 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eclipses (kusūf, khusūf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 335 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Economics ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 336 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Egypt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 337 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Egypt (miṣr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 338 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Election ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 339 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Election (iṣṭifāʾ, ijtibāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 340 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Elijah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 341 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Elisha ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 342 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Embellishments (zukhruf, zīna) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 343 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Emigrants and Helpers ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 344 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Emigration ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 345 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Enemies ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 346 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Enmity and Enemies (ʿadāwa, ʿudwān, aʿdāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 347 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Enormities (kabāʾir) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 348 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Enumerating Divine Favors (ʿadd niʿmat Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 349 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Envy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 350 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Envy (ḥasad) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 351 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Epigraphy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 352 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Error ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 353 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eschatology ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 354 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eternity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 355 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eternity (khulūd, abad, azal, sarmad) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 356 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ethics ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 357 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ethics and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 358 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ethiopia ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 359 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Etiquettes (ādāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 360 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Evening ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 361 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Evening (aṣīl, ʿashiyya, maghrib, ānāʾ al-layl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 362 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Everyday Life, Qur"an In ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 363 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Evil ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 364 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Evil Deeds ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 365 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Excellence (iḥsān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 366 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Exegesis of the Qur"an: Classical and Medieval ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 367 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Exegesis of the Qur"an: Early Modern and Contemporary ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 368 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Exegesis of the Qurʾān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 369 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Exhortations ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 370 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Exhortations (ʿiẓa, mawʿiẓa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 371 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Expeditions and Battles ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 372 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Expiation (kaffāra) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 373 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eyes ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 374 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eyes and Eyesight (ʿayn, ʿaynayn, baṣar, abṣār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 375 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ezekiel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 376 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ezra ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 377 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ F ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fa†ima ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 379 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Face ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 380 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Face (wajh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 381 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Face of Allah (wajh Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 382 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Face of God ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 383 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Failure ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 384 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Failure (khayb, khusrān, ḥubūṭ al-ʿamal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 385 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Faith ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 386 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fall of Man ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 387 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Falsehood (kadhib, iftirāʾ, bāṭil, ifk, taqawwal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 388 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Family ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 389 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Family and Household (ahl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 390 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Family of the Prophet ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 391 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Family of the Prophet (ahl al-bayt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 392 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Famine ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 393 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Famine (masghaba, jūʿ, sana) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 394 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Farewell Pilgrimage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 395 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Farewell Pilgrimage (ḥijjat al-wadāʿ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 396 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fasting ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 397 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fasting (ṣawm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 398 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fate ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 399 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fati.a ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 400 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fatigue (naṣab, sina, lughūb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 401 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fear ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 402 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fear (khawf, ḥidhr; ishfāq; rahaba; fazaʿ; ruʿb, wajal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 403 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Feet ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 404 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Feet (qadam, aqdām, rijl, arjul) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 405 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Felicity and wretchedness (saʿāda, shiqwa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 406 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Feminism and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 407 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Festivals and Commemorative Days ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 408 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fighting ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 409 ]]<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Firʿawn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 410 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fire ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 411 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fire, firebrand, torch (nār, qabas, shihāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 412 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Flogging ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 413 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Flying ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 414 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Food and Drink ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 415 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Food and Drink (ṭaʿām, sharāb; iṭʿām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 416 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fools (sufahāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 417 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Footstool (kursī) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 418 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Forbidden ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 419 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Foreign Vocabulary ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 420 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Foreign Words of the Qurʾān (al-mustaʿrab) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 421 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Foretelling in the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 422 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Forgery ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 423 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Forgetfulness (nisyān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 424 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Forgiveness ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 425 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Forgiveness and Forbearance (ghufrān, maghfira, ʿafw, ṣafḥ, istighfār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 426 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Form and Structure of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 427 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fosterage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 428 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Freedom and Emancipation (ḥurr, taḥrīr, iʿtāq, fakku raqaba) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 429 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Freedom and Predestination ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 430 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Friday (Jumuʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 431 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Friday Prayer ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 432 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Friends and Friendship ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 433 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Friends and Friendship (waliy, walāya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 434 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Friends of Allah (awliyāʾ Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 435 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fruits ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 436 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Furniture and Furnishings ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 437 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ G ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gabriel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 439 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gambling ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 440 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gambling (maysir) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 441 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Garden ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 442 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Garden (janna) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 443 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Garments (libās, thiyāb, ḥilya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 444 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gate (bāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 445 ]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gender ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 446 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Generations ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 447 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Generosity (ikrām, inʿām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 448 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Geography ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 449 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Geography of and in the Qurʾān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 450 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gift-Giving ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 451 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Glad Tidings and Warnings (bushrā, nudhur) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 452 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Glorification (tasbīḥ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 453 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Glorification of God ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 454 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Glory ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 455 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ God and his Attributes ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 456 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gog and Magog ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 457 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gold ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 458 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gold and Silver (dhahab, wariq, fiḍḍa, ḥulī) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 459 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Goliath ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 460 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Good and Evil ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 461 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Good Deeds ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 462 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Good News ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 463 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gospel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 464 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gossip ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 465 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gossip (hamz, lamz, namīma) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 466 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Grace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 467 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Grammar and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 468 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Grasses ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 469 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gratitude (shukr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 470 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gratitude and Ingratitude ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 471 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Grave (qabr, ajdāth) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 472 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Greetings (taḥiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 473 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Guardianship ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 474 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Guardianship (kafāla, wilāyat ʿadl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 475 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Guest and Hospitality (ḍayf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 476 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Guidance and Misguidance (hudā, ḍalāl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 477 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ H ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hadith and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 479 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hafsa ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 480 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hajj (ḥajj) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 481 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hāmān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 482 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Haman ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 483 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hamza b. 'Abd al-Mu††alib ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 484 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hand (s) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 485 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hand of Allah (yad Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 486 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hand(s) (yad, aydī) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 487 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hanif ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 488 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ḥanīf and Ḥunafāʾ ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 489 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Happiness and Sadness (faraḥ, ḥuzn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 490 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Harmony and Balance (I’tidal, wasatiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 491 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hārūn (Aaron) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 492 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Harūt and Mārūt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 493 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Harut and Marut ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 494 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ḥawwāʾ (Eve) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 495 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Head (raʾs) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 496 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Health and Sickness (ṣāliḥ, ḥariḍ, mariḍ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 497 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hearing and Deafness ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 498 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hearing and Deafness (samʿ, ṣumm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 499 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heart ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 500 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heart (qalb, fuāʾd, ṣadr, baṣīra) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 501 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heaven and Sky ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 502 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heavenly Book ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 503 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heedlessness (ghafla) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 504 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heights (aʿrāf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 505 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hell (jaḥīm, jahannam, nār, saʿīr, ṣaqar) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 506 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hell and Hellfire ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 507 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hereafter (al-Ākhira) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 508 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heresy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 509 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hidden and the Hidden ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 510 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hides and Fleece ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 511 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hiding Knowledge (katama) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 512 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Highmost Places (ʿIlliyyūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 513 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hijr ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 514 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hijra ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 515 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ History and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 516 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Holy Spirit ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 517 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Holy Spirit (rūḥ al-qudus) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 518 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Homosexuality ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 519 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Homosexuality ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 520 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Honey ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 521 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Honey (ʿasal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 522 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Honor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 523 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hope ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 524 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hope (rajāʾ, ṭamaʿ, amal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 525 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hospitality and Courtesy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 526 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hostages ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 527 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hot and Cold ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 528 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Houris ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 529 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Houris (ḥūr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 530 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ House of ʿImrān (Āl ʿImrān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 531 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ House, Domestic and Divine ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 532 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hud ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 533 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hūd, upon him peace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 534 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hudaybiya ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 535 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Humans (banū Ādam) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 536 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Humility (khushūʿ, dhull) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 537 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Humor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 538 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ḥunayn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 539 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hunayn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 540 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hunting and Fishing ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 541 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hunting and Game (ṣayd, ṣayd al-baḥr, ḥūt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 542 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hypocrisy and Hypocrites (nifāq, munāfiqūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 543 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hypocrites and Hypocrisy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 544 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ I ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iafa and Marwa ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 546 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iblis ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 547 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ibrāhīm, upon him peace (Abraham) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 548 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iconoclasm ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 549 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idle Speech (laghw) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 550 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idolatry and Idolaters ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 551 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idols and Idolatry (aṣnām, awthān, jibt, ṭāghūt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 552 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idols and Images ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 553 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idris ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 554 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idrīs, upon him peace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 555 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ 'Ifrit ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 556 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ignorance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 557 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ignorance (jahl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 558 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ilaf ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 559 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Illegitimacy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 560 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Illiteracy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 561 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ 'Illiyyun ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 562 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Illness and Health ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 563 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ilyās, upon him peace (Elijah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 564 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Imam ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 565 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Immunity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 566 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Impeccability ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 567 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Impotence ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 568 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ 'Imran ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 569 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Indifference ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 570 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Infallibility of Prophets (ʿiṣmat al-anbiyā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 571 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Infanticide ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 572 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Informants ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 573 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ingratitude (kufr al-niʿma) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 574 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inheritance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 575 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inheritance and Patrimony (mīrāth, turāth) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 576 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inimitability ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 577 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inimitability of the Qurʾān (iʿjāz) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 578 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Injīl (Evangel) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 579 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Injustice (ẓulm, ṭughyān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 580 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Innate Nature (fiṭra) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 581 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Innovation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 582 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Innovation (bidʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 583 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inquisition ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 584 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Insanity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 585 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Insolence and Obstinacy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 586 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Insolence and Obstinacy (ʿanīd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 587 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inspiration (ilhām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 588 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Instruments ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 589 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intellect ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 590 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intellect (ʿaql, lubb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 591 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intention ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 592 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intention (niyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 593 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intercession ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 594 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intercession (shafāʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 595 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Interpretation (taʾwīl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 596 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intoxicants ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 597 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intoxicants (khamr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 598 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Invitation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 599 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iram ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 600 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iram ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 601 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iraq ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 602 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iron (ḥadīd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 603 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Īsā, upon him peace (Jesus) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 604 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Isaac ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 605 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Isaiah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 606 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Isḥāq, upon him peace (Isaac) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 607 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ishmael ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 608 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Islām ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 609 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Islam ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 610 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ismāʿīl, upon him peace (Ishmael) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 611 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Israel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 612 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ J ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jacob ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 614 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jāhiliyya ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 615 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jālūt (Goliath) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 616 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jerusalem ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 617 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jesus ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 618 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jews and Judaism ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 619 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jibrīl, upon him peace (Gabriel) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 620 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jibt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 621 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jihad ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 622 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jihad ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 623 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jinn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 624 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jinn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 625 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jizya ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 626 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Job ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 627 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ John the Baptist ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 628 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jonah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 629 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Joseph ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 630 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Journey ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 631 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Joy and Misery ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 632 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Judgment ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 633 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Judgment (ḥukm, dīn, ḥisāb, raʾy etc ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 634 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Judi ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 635 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Just (al-Abrār, ṣiddiqūn, ṣāliḥūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 636 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Justice (ʿadl, qisṭ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 637 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Justice and Injustice ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 638 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ K ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kaʿba ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 640 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ka'ba ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 641 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kha.ir/Khi.r ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 642 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Khadija ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 643 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Khaḍir (al) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 644 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kharijis ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 645 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Killing (qatl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 646 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kindered (ṣilat al-arḥām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 647 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kingdom and Kings (mulk, mulūk, malakūt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 648 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kings and Rulers ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 649 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kinship ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 650 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Knowledge (ʿilm, maʿrifa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 651 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Knowledge and Learning ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 652 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Korah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 653 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ L ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lactation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 655 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lamp ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 656 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lamp (sirāj ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 657 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Language and Speech (kalām, lisān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 658 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Language and Style of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 659 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Language of the Qurʾān (lughat al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 660 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Language, Concept of ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 661 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Last Judgment ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 662 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Laudation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 663 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Laughter ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 664 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Laughter and Weeping (ḍaḥik, bukāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 665 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Law (shirʿa, sharīʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 666 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Law and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 667 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lawful and Unlawful ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 668 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lawful and Unlawful (ḥalāl, ḥarām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 669 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Left Hand and Right Hand ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 670 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Legal Punishments (ḥudūd, taʿzīr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 671 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Legal Responsibility (taklīf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 672 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lessons of History (ʿibra) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 673 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lie ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 674 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Life ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 675 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Life (ʿīsha, maʿāsh, maʿīsha, ḥayawān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 676 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Life of this World (ḥayāt al-dunyā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 677 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Light ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 678 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Light (nūr, ḍawā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 679 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Literacy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 680 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Literary Structures of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 681 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Literature and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 682 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Load or Burden ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 683 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Loan (qarḍ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 684 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lord ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 685 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lordship (Rubūbiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 686 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Loss (naqṣ, khasār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 687 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lot ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 688 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Love and Affection ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 689 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Love, Desire, and Lust (wudd, ḥubb, hawā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 690 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Loyalty ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 691 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Luqmān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 692 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Luqman ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 693 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lūṭ, upon him peace (Lot) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 694 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ M ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Madina ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 696 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Madyan ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 697 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Magians ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 698 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Magic ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 699 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Magic (siḥr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 700 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Maintenance and Upkeep ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 701 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Majūs (Zoroastrians) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 702 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Makka ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 703 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Manifest and Hidden (shahāda, ẓahara, baṭana, ghayb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 704 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Manual Labor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 705 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Manuscripts of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 706 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Markets ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 707 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Marriage and Divorce ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 708 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Marriage and Divorce (nikāḥ, zawāj, ṭalāq, liʿān, ẓihār, khulʿ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 709 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Martyrdom and Martyrs (shahāda, shuhadāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 710 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Martyrs ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 711 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Marvels ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 712 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mary ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 713 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Maryam (Mary) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 714 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mashʿar al-Ḥarām ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 715 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Masjid al-Ḥarām ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 716 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Material Culture and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 717 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Maturity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 718 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Measurement ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 719 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mecca ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 720 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Media and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 721 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Medicine (shifāʾ, ṭibb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 722 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Medicine and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 723 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Medina ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 724 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Memory ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 725 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Men (rijāl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 726 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Men of the Cave ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 727 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Menstruation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 728 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Menstruation (ḥayḍ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 729 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mercy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 730 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mercy (raḥma) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 731 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Messenger ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 732 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Metals and Minerals ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 733 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Metaphor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 734 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Michael ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 735 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Midian ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 736 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mīkāʾīl, upon him peace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 737 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Milk ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 738 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Minerals (ḥajar, maʿādin) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 739 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Miracles ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 740 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Miracles (muʿjizāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 741 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Miracles of the Prophet, upon him peace and blessings ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 742 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Miscreants (mujrimūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 743 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mockery ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 744 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mockery (huzuw, sukhr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 745 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Model of Excellence (uswatun ḥasana) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 746 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Moderation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 747 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Moderation and the Middle Path (wasaṭiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 748 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Modesty ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 749 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Monasticism and Monks ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 750 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Monasticism and Monks (rahbāniyya, qissīsiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 751 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Money ]] || [[Деньги]] || [[ 752 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Months ]] || [[Месяц]] || [[ 753 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Moon ]] || [[Луна]] || [[ 754 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Moon (qamar) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 755 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Morning ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 756 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Moses ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 757 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mosque ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 758 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mosque (masjid) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 759 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mosque of the Dissension ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 760 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mother of Mūsā (Umm Mūsā) ]] || [[Мать Мусы]] || [[ 761 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mountains]] (jibāl) || [[Горы]] || [[ 762 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mu af ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 763 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mu.ammad ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 764 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Muhājirūn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 765 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Muḥammad, upon him blessings and peace ]] || [[Мухаммад]] || [[ 766 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Muḥkam and Mutashābih Verses ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 767 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Murder ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 768 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mūsā, upon him be peace (Moses) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 769 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Musaylima ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 770 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Music and Musical Instruments (samada, lahwa al-ḥadīth) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 771 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mu'tazila ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 772 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mute (abkam, bukm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 773 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mysterious Letters ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 774 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Myths and Legends (asāṭīr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 775 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Myths and Legends in the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 776 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ N ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Na.ir (Banu al-) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 778 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Najran ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 779 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Names of the Prophet ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 780 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Names of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 781 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Names of the Qurʾān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 782 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Namus ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 783 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Narratives ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 784 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nature as Signs ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 785 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Neck ornaments (qalāʾid) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 786 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Neighbors and Neighborhood (jār, jiwār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 787 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ News ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 788 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Night and Day (al-layl wal-nahār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 789 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Night Journey and Ascension (al-isrāʾ wal-miʿrāj) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 790 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Night of Power ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 791 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Night of Qadr (Laylat al-qadr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 792 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nimrod ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 793 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nimrūd ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 794 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Noah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 795 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nomads ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 796 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Noon ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 797 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nose ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 798 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nudity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 799 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nūḥ, upon him peace (Noah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 800 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Numbers and Enumeration ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 801 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Numbers and Enumeration (ʿadd, ʿadad) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 802 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Numerology ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 803 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Numismatics ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 804 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ O ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oaths ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 806 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oaths (qasam, yamīn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 807 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Obedience ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 808 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Obedience (ṭāʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 809 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Occasions of Revelation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 810 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Occasions of Revelation (asbāb al-nuzūl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 811 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oceans (baḥr, biḥār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 812 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Odors and Smells ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 813 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oft-Repeated ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 814 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Old Age (haram, ardhal al-ʿumur, ʿajz, shaykhūkha) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 815 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Olive(s) (zaytūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 816 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Opening Letters (ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿat) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 817 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Opposition to Mu.ammad ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 818 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oppressed of the Earth (mustaḍʿafūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 819 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oppressed on Earth, The ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 820 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oppression ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 821 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oppression (baghī, ʿulūw, rahaq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 822 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Orality ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 823 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Orality and Writing in Arabia ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 824 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Order of Sūras (tartīb al-suwar) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 825 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ornamentation and Illumination ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 826 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Orphans ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 827 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Orphans (yatīm, yatāmā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 828 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Orthography ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 829 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ P ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pairs (azwāj, zawj) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 831 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pairs and Pairing ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 832 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parable ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 833 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parables of the Qurʾān (amthāl al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 834 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Paradise ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 835 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Paradise(s) (janna, jannāt, firdaws, ʿadn, khuld, maʾwā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 836 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parents ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 837 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parents (wālidān, abawān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 838 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parody of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 839 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parties and Factions ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 840 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Past Nations (al-umam al-khāliya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 841 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Path (minhāj, sabīl, sharīʿa, shirʿa, ṣirāṭ, sunna) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 842 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Path of Allah (sabīl Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 843 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Path or Way ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 844 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Patriarchy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 845 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Peace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 846 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Peace (ṣulḥ, salām, musālama) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 847 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pen and Writing (qalam, kitāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 848 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People (nās, qawm, malaʾa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 849 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of al-Rass (ahl al-Rass) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 850 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Book ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 851 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Book (ahl al-Kitāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 852 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Cave (ahl al-kahf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 853 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Ditch ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 854 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Elephant ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 855 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Elephant (aṣḥāb al-fīl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 856 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Heights ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 857 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the House ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 858 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Remembrance (ahl al-dhikr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 859 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Thicket ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 860 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of Ukhdūd ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 861 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of Wisdom (ulū al-albāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 862 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Perjury (ḥinth, qawl al-zūr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 863 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Perseverance, Patience and Fortitude (ṣabr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 864 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Persian Literature and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 865 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pharaoh ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 866 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Philosophy and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 867 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Piety ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 868 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pilgrimage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 869 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pillars of Islam (arkān al-islām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 870 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pit ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 871 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Place of Abraham ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 872 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Plagues ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 873 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Planets and Stars ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 874 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Plants and Vegetation (nabāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 875 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Play and Distraction (laʿib, lahw) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 876 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pledge ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 877 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pledge (bayʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 878 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Poetry and Poets ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 879 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Poets and Poetry (shiʿr, shuʿarāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 880 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Polemic and Polemical Language ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 881 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Politics and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 882 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Poll Tax ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 883 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Polysemy in the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 884 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Polytheism and Atheism ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 885 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Polytheism and Polytheists (shirk, mushrikūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 886 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Popular and Talismanic Uses of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 887 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Portents ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 888 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Possession and Possessions ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 889 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Possessions and Property (māl, matāʿ, milk) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 890 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Post-Enlightenment Academic Study of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 891 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Poverty (faqr, fāqa, matraba) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 892 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Poverty and the Poor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 893 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Power (qudra) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 894 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Power and Impotence ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 895 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Praise ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 896 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Praise of Allāh Most High (ḥamd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 897 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Praise Worthy Station (maqām maḥmūd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 898 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prayer ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 899 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prayer Formulas ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 900 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prayer(s) (Ṣalāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 901 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pre-1800 Preoccupations of Qur"anic Studies ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 902 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pre-Islamic Arabia and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 903 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Preservation (ḥifẓ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 904 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Preserved Tablet ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 905 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Preserved Tablet (al-lawḥ al-maḥfūẓ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 906 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pride ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 907 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Printing of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 908 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prisoners ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 909 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prisonors of War ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 910 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Profane and Sacred ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 911 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prohibited Degrees ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 912 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Promises and Threats (waʿd wal-waʿīd, mīʿād, mawʿūd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 913 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Proof ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 914 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Proof (burhān, ḥujja, sulṭān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 915 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Property ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 916 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prophethood (nubuwwa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 917 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prophets and Prophethood ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 918 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Protection ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 919 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Provocation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 920 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Psalms ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 921 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Punishment Stories ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 922 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Purification (tazkiya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 923 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Q ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Qārūn (Korah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 925 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Qaynuqa'(Banu) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 926 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Qibla ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 927 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Qibla ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 928 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Quakes and Disasters (zalāzil, maṣāʾib) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 929 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ [[ Qurʾān]] || [[Коран]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Qurʾānic Rulings (aḥkām al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 931 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Quray.a(Banu al-) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 932 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Quraysh ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 933 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Quraysh ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 934 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ R ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rabb ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 936 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rabbis (aḥbār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 937 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Races ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 938 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Raḥmān (al-) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 939 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rain (maṭar, ghayth) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 940 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rama.an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 941 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ramaḍān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 942 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ranks and Orders ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 943 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Raqim ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 944 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rare Words of the Qurʾān (gharīb al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 945 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rass ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 946 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Reading and Recitation (qirāʾa, talā, tilāwa, rattil, tartīl, yatlū(n)) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 947 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Readings of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 948 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rebellion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 949 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Recitation of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 950 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Reciters of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 951 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Reflection and Deliberation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 952 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Religion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 953 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Religion (dīn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 954 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Religious Pluralism and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 955 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Remembrance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 956 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Remembrance of Allah (dhikr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 957 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Remnant ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 958 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Repentance (tawba, ināba, ikhbāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 959 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Repentance and Penance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 960 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Respite (amhala, ajal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 961 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Responsibility ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 962 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Resurrection ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 963 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Resurrection (qiyāma) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 964 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Retaliation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 965 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Retaliation (iʿtidāʾ bil-mithl, qiṣāṣ, ʿadl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 966 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Retreat and Seclusion (iʿtikāf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 967 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Revelation and Inspiration ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 968 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Revision and Alteration ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 969 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Reward and Punishment ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 970 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rhetoric and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 971 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rhymed Prose ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 972 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ritual and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 973 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ritual Purity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 974 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rod ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 975 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ S ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sabbath ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 977 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sabians ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 978 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sacred Precincts ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 979 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sacrifice ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 980 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Saint ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 981 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Salih ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 982 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Salvation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 983 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Samaritans ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 984 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Samson ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 985 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Samuel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 986 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sand ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 987 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Satanic Verses ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 988 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Saul ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 989 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Scholar ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 990 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Science and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 991 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Scripture and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 992 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Scrolls ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 993 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Seasons ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 994 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Secrets ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 995 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Seeing and Hearing ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 996 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Servants ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 997 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sex and Sexuality ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 998 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sheba ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 999 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sheets ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1000 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Shekhinah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1001 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Shi'a ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1002 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Shiffin, Battle of ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1003 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Shi'ism and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1004 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ships ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1005 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Shu'ayb ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1006 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Signs ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1007 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Silk ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1008 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Simile ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1009 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sin, Major and Minor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1010 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sinai ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1011 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sira and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1012 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sirius ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1013 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sister ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1014 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Slaughter ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1015 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Slaves and Slavery ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1016 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sleep ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1017 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Smell ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1018 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Smoke ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1019 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Social Sciences and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1020 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Solomon ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1021 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Soothsayer ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1022 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Soul ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1023 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1024 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ South Asian Literatures and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1025 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Southeast Asian Qur"anic Literature ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1026 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sovereignty ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1027 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spatial Relations ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1028 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Speech ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1029 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Speech of Allah (kalām, kalimat Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1030 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spending (infāq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1031 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spider ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1032 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spirit ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1033 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spirit (rūḥ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1034 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spiritual Beings ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1035 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sports ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1036 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Springs and Fountains ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1037 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spying (tajassus) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1038 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Squandering (isrāf, tabdhīr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1039 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Stars and Planets (nujūm, kawākib) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1040 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Station of Ibrāhīm ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1041 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Stone ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1042 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Stones ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1043 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Stoning ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1044 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Strangers and Foreigners ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1045 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Subservience (taskhīr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1046 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Success (falāḥ, fawz) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1047 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Succor (naṣr, ʿawn, ghawth) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1048 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Suffering ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1049 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sufism and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1050 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Suicide ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1051 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Suicide (qatala nafsahu) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1052 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sulaymān, upon him peace (Solomon) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1053 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sun ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1054 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sun (shams) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1055 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sunna ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1056 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Supererogatory Prayers and Deeds (nafl, nāfila, nawāfil) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1057 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Supplication and Answer (duʿāʾ, istijāba) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1058 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sūra ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1059 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sura (s) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1060 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Suspicion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1061 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Suspicion (sūʾ al-ẓann) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1062 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sustenance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1063 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sustenance (rizq, ṭaʿām, qūt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1064 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Symbolic Imagery ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1065 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Syria ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1066 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Syro-Palestine (al-Shām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1067 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ T ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Table ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1069 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Table Spread (al-Māʾida) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1070 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Talent ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1071 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ṭālūt (Saul) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1072 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tampering (taḥrīf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1073 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Taqwā ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1074 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tawḥīd (tawḥīd, tabattul, ḥanīf, ḥunafāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1075 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Taxation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1076 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Teaching ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1077 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Teaching and Preaching the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1078 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Teeth ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1079 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Temporary Marriage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1080 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ten Nights of Dhūl-Ḥijja ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1081 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tents and Tent Pegs ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1082 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Textual Criticism of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1083 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Thamūd ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1084 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ The Name, the Naming, the Named (ism, tasmiya, musamma) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1086 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ The Qurʾān and History (taʾrīkh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1087 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ The Qurʾān and the Order of Nature ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1088 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Theft ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1089 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Theft and Robbery (sariqa, ghaṣb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1090 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Theology and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1091 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Theophany ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1092 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Thing (shayʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1093 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Throne of Allah (ʿarsh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1094 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Throne of God ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1095 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Thunder and Lightning (al-raʿd, barq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1096 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Time ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1097 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Time (waqt, ʿaṣr…) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1098 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tolerance and Coercion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1099 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tongue (lisān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1100 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tools for the Scholarly Study of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1101 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Torah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1102 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trade and Commerce ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1104 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tradition and Custom ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1105 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Traditional Disciplines of Qur"anic Studies ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1106 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tranquility and trembling (sakīna, wajal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1107 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Transcendence and Anthropomorphism (tanzīh, taqdīs, tashbīh, tajsīm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1108 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Transgression (fujūr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1109 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Transitoriness ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1110 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Translations of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1111 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Travel, Traveler (siyāḥa, musāfir, ḍaraba fīl-arḍ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1112 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tree (s) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1113 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tree(s) (shajar) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1114 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trial ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1115 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trials and Strife (balāʾ, ibtilāʾ, fitna) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1116 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tribe(s) and Confederates (qabāʾil, aḥzāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1117 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tribes and Clans ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1118 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trinity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1119 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trinity (qawluhum thalātha) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1120 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trips and Voyages ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1121 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Troops ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1122 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Troops (jund, junūd, ribbiyyūnrubbiyyūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1123 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trumpet (ṣūr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1124 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trust and Patience ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1125 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trust in Allah (tawakkul) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1126 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trust(s) (amānāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1127 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Truth ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1128 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Truth (ḥaqq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1129 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Truthfulness (ṣidq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1130 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tubbaʿ ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1131 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tubba' ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1132 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ṭūr ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1133 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Turkish Literature and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1134 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tuwa ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1135 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Two Sons of Ādam ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1136 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ U ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Uḥud ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1138 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ummi ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1139 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Umra ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1140 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Uncertainty ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1141 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Understanding (fahm…) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1142 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Unity of the Text of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1143 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Unlettered (ummī, ummiyyūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1144 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Usury ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1145 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Usury (ribā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1146 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ 'Uthman ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1147 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Uzayr ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1148 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ V ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Vehicles ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1150 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Veil ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1151 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Veil (khimār, jilbāb, ḥijāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1152 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Vengeance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1153 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Verse (āya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1154 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Verse (s) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1155 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Victory (fawz) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1156 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Vigil prayer(s) (tahajjud) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1157 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Vows (nadhr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1158 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ W ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Waiting Period (ʿidda) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1160 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ War (ḥarb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1161 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Water (māʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1162 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Way of Allāh (Sunnat Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1163 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Wealth and Prosperity (khayr, ghinā, naʿīm, naʿmāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1164 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Weapons (asliḥa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1165 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Weights and Measures (mawāzin, makāyil) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1166 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Whisperings (waswasa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1167 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Widows (arāmil) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1168 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Will, Want and Volition (irāda) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1169 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Wills, Bequests, Directives and Divine Stipulations (waṣiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1170 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Winds (rīḥ, riyāḥ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1171 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Wisdom (ḥikma, fiqh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1172 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Witness of Faith, Witnessing and Witnesses (shahida, shahāda; shuhūd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1173 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Wives of the Prophet ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1174 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Womb (raḥim, riḥm, pl ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1175 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Women (nisāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1176 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Wonderment (ʿajab) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1177 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ World (dunyā, ʿālam, ʿālamīn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1178 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Worship (ʿibāda, nusuk, tabtīl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1179 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Y ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yaḥyā, upon him peace (John) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1181 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yāʾjūj and Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1182 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yaʿqūb (Isrāʾīl), upon him peace (Jacob, Israel) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1183 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yasaʿ, upon him peace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1184 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yathrib ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1185 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Year (ʿām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1186 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yūnus, upon him peace (Jonah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1187 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yūsuf, upon him peace (Joseph) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1188 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Z ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Zabūr ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1190 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Zakariyyā, upon him peace (Zachariah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1191 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Zakāt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1192 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Zaqqūm ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1193 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Zayd ibn Ḥārithaha ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1194 ]]<br /> |-<br /> |}</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%A1&diff=42 Шаблон:Шапка ЗС 2016-03-25T11:53:25Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div><span style="font-size:230%; font-family:'hoefler text','times new roman',serif; font-variant:small-caps;">Welcome to the encyclopedia [[Academy of the Quran | Quran Academy]],</span><br /><br /> <span style="padding:5px 0 0 0; font-size:90%;">Complete list of articles can be found '''[[List_of_Terms|here]]'''<br />Currently there are '''[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} {{plural:{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}|article|articles|articles}}]]''' in encyclopedia.</span><noinclude><br /> [[Категория:Шаблоны]]</noinclude></div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%A1&diff=41 Шаблон:Шапка ЗС 2016-03-25T11:52:39Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div><span style="font-size:230%; font-family:'hoefler text','times new roman',serif; font-variant:small-caps;">Welcome to the encyclopedia [[Academy of the Quran | Quran Academy]],</span><br /><br /> <span style="padding:5px 0 0 0; font-size:90%;">Complete list of articles can be found '''[[List of terms|here]]'''<br />Currently there are '''[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} {{plural:{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}|article|articles|articles}}]]''' in encyclopedia.</span><noinclude><br /> [[Категория:Шаблоны]]</noinclude></div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%A1&diff=40 Шаблон:Шапка ЗС 2016-03-25T11:52:14Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div><span style="font-size:230%; font-family:'hoefler text','times new roman',serif; font-variant:small-caps;">Welcome to the encyclopedia [[Academy of the Quran | Quran Academy]],</span><br /><br /> <span style="padding:5px 0 0 0; font-size:90%;">Complete list of articles can be found '''[[List of terms|here]]'''<br />Currently in encyclopedia '''[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} {{plural:{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}|article|articles|articles}}]]'''.</span><noinclude><br /> [[Категория:Шаблоны]]</noinclude></div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=31 Main Page 2016-03-23T19:53:40Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div>{| style="background:none; margin:1.2em 0 0 0; width:100%; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"<br /> |colspan="2" style="background:#F2F5FD; border:1px solid #C7D0F8; padding:10px 10px 0px 10px; text-align:center; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"|{{Шапка ЗС}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |}<br /> == Useful resources ==<br /> * [[List of Terms]]<br /> * [http://en.wiki.holyquranacademy.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B All]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Juz%27&diff=74 Juz' 2016-03-23T19:52:14Z

<p>Hqaweb: Новая страница: «ru:Джуз»</p> <hr /> <div>[[ru:Джуз]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Manzil&diff=73 Manzil 2016-03-23T19:50:45Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div>For the convenience of people who wish to read the [[Quran|Qur'an]] in a week the text may be divided into 7 portions, each portion is known as '''Manzil'''.<br /> <br /> The following division to 7 equal portions is by Hamza Al-Zayyat (d.156/772): <br /> # [[Al-Fatihah]] (chapter 1) through An-Nisa' (chapter 4) consisting of 4 [[surah|surahs]].<br /> # [[Al-Ma'ida]] (chapter 5) through At-Tawba (chapter 9) consisting of 5 surahs.<br /> # [[Yunus]] (chapter 10) through An-Nahl (chapter 16) consisting of 7 surahs.<br /> # [[Al Isra]]' (chapter 17) through Al-Furqan (chapter 25) consisting of 9 surahs.<br /> # [[Ash-Shuara]]' (chapter 26) through Ya-Seen (chapter 36) consisting of 11 surahs.<br /> # [[As-Saaffat]] (chapter 37) through Al-Hujarat (chapter 49) consisting of 13 surahs.<br /> # [[Qaf (sura)|Qaf]] (chapter 50) through An-Nass (chapter 114) consisting of 65 surahs.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Juz']]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [[Category:Quran reciting]]<br /> <br /> [[ru:Манзиль]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Manzil&diff=72 Manzil 2016-03-23T19:49:59Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div>For the convenience of people who wish to read the [[Quran|Qur'an]] in a week the text may be divided into 7 portions, each portion is known as '''Manzil'''.<br /> <br /> The following division to 7 equal portions is by Hamza Al-Zayyat (d.156/772): <br /> # [[Al-Fatihah]] (chapter 1) through An-Nisa' (chapter 4) consisting of 4 [[surah|surahs]].<br /> # [[Al-Ma'ida]] (chapter 5) through At-Tawba (chapter 9) consisting of 5 surahs.<br /> # [[Yunus]] (chapter 10) through An-Nahl (chapter 16) consisting of 7 surahs.<br /> # [[Al Isra]]' (chapter 17) through Al-Furqan (chapter 25) consisting of 9 surahs.<br /> # [[Ash-Shuara]]' (chapter 26) through Ya-Seen (chapter 36) consisting of 11 surahs.<br /> # [[As-Saaffat]] (chapter 37) through Al-Hujarat (chapter 49) consisting of 13 surahs.<br /> # [[Qaf (sura)|Qaf]] (chapter 50) through An-Nass (chapter 114) consisting of 65 surahs.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Juz]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [[Category:Quran reciting]]<br /> <br /> [[ru:Манзиль]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Manzil&diff=71 Manzil 2016-03-23T19:49:37Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div>For the convenience of people who wish to read the [[Quran|Qur'an]] in a week the text may be divided into 7 portions, each portion is known as '''Manzil'''.<br /> <br /> The following division to 7 equal portions is by Hamza Al-Zayyat (d.156/772): <br /> # [[Al-Fatihah]] (chapter 1) through An-Nisa' (chapter 4) consisting of 4 [[sura|surahs]].<br /> # [[Al-Ma'ida]] (chapter 5) through At-Tawba (chapter 9) consisting of 5 surahs.<br /> # [[Yunus]] (chapter 10) through An-Nahl (chapter 16) consisting of 7 surahs.<br /> # [[Al Isra]]' (chapter 17) through Al-Furqan (chapter 25) consisting of 9 surahs.<br /> # [[Ash-Shuara]]' (chapter 26) through Ya-Seen (chapter 36) consisting of 11 surahs.<br /> # [[As-Saaffat]] (chapter 37) through Al-Hujarat (chapter 49) consisting of 13 surahs.<br /> # [[Qaf (sura)|Qaf]] (chapter 50) through An-Nass (chapter 114) consisting of 65 surahs.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Juz]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [[Category:Quran reciting]]<br /> <br /> [[ru:Манзиль]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Manzil&diff=70 Manzil 2016-03-23T19:49:17Z

<p>Hqaweb: /* See also */</p> <hr /> <div>For the convenience of people who wish to read the [[Quran|Qur'an]] in a week the text may be divided into 7 portions, each portion is known as '''Manzil'''.<br /> <br /> The following division to 7 equal portions is by Hamza Al-Zayyat (d.156/772):<ref name=jaffer/> <br /> # [[Al-Fatihah]] (chapter 1) through An-Nisa' (chapter 4) consisting of 4 [[sura|surahs]].<br /> # [[Al-Ma'ida]] (chapter 5) through At-Tawba (chapter 9) consisting of 5 surahs.<br /> # [[Yunus]] (chapter 10) through An-Nahl (chapter 16) consisting of 7 surahs.<br /> # [[Al Isra]]' (chapter 17) through Al-Furqan (chapter 25) consisting of 9 surahs.<br /> # [[Ash-Shuara]]' (chapter 26) through Ya-Seen (chapter 36) consisting of 11 surahs.<br /> # [[As-Saaffat]] (chapter 37) through Al-Hujarat (chapter 49) consisting of 13 surahs.<br /> # [[Qaf (sura)|Qaf]] (chapter 50) through An-Nass (chapter 114) consisting of 65 surahs.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Juz]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [[Category:Quran reciting]]<br /> <br /> [[ru:Манзиль]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Manzil&diff=69 Manzil 2016-03-23T19:49:09Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div>For the convenience of people who wish to read the [[Quran|Qur'an]] in a week the text may be divided into 7 portions, each portion is known as '''Manzil'''.<br /> <br /> The following division to 7 equal portions is by Hamza Al-Zayyat (d.156/772):<ref name=jaffer/> <br /> # [[Al-Fatihah]] (chapter 1) through An-Nisa' (chapter 4) consisting of 4 [[sura|surahs]].<br /> # [[Al-Ma'ida]] (chapter 5) through At-Tawba (chapter 9) consisting of 5 surahs.<br /> # [[Yunus]] (chapter 10) through An-Nahl (chapter 16) consisting of 7 surahs.<br /> # [[Al Isra]]' (chapter 17) through Al-Furqan (chapter 25) consisting of 9 surahs.<br /> # [[Ash-Shuara]]' (chapter 26) through Ya-Seen (chapter 36) consisting of 11 surahs.<br /> # [[As-Saaffat]] (chapter 37) through Al-Hujarat (chapter 49) consisting of 13 surahs.<br /> # [[Qaf (sura)|Qaf]] (chapter 50) through An-Nass (chapter 114) consisting of 65 surahs.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Juz']]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [[Category:Quran reciting]]<br /> <br /> [[ru:Манзиль]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Manzil&diff=68 Manzil 2016-03-23T19:48:22Z

<p>Hqaweb: Новая страница: «ru:Манзиль»</p> <hr /> <div>[[ru:Манзиль]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Ayah&diff=67 Ayah 2016-03-23T19:43:22Z

<p>Hqaweb: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''Āyah''' (ar|آية; plural: '''āyāt''' ar|آيات) means "evidence" or "sign". In the context of [[Islam]]'s principal [[scripture]], the [[Quran]], ''ayah'' is used to mean "verse", i.e. each statement or paragraph marked by a number.<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Although meaning "verse" when using the Quran, it is doubtful whether "''ayah''" means anything other than "sign" or "remarkable event" in the Quran's text. The "signs" refer to various phenomena, ranging from the universe, its creation, the alternation between day and night, rainfall, the life and growth plants, etc. Other references are to [[miracle]]s or to the rewards of belief and the fate of unbelievers. For example:<br /> <br /> : "And of his signs is the creation of the heavens and earth and what He has dispersed throughout them of creatures." (42:29, i.e. ''sura'' 42, ''ayah'' 29)<br /> : "And a sign for them is the dead earth. We have brought it to life and brought forth from it grain, and from it they eat." (33:33)<br /> : "... and they denied him; therefore we destroyed them. Herein is indeed a sign yet most of them are not believers." (26:139)<br /> : "... you are but a mortal like us. So bring some sign if you are of the truthful." (26:154)<br /> <br /> Chapters in the Quran consist of several verses, varying in number from 3 to 286. Within a long chapter, the verses may be further grouped into thematic sequences or passages.<br /> <br /> For the purpose of interpretation, the verses are separated into two groups: those that are clear and unambiguous (''muhkam'') and those that are [[Allegory|allegorical]] (''mutashabeh'').[http://www.aicp.org/SupportingDocs/The%20Ayahs.pdf The Ayahs of the Quran: The Muhkam and the Mutashabih] (Association of Islamic Charitable Projects). This distinction is based on the Quran itself: "It is God Who has sent down to you the Book. In it are verses that are 'clear', they are the foundation of the Book. Others are 'allegorical' but those in whose hearts is perversity follow the part thereof that is allegorical, seeking discord, and searching for its hidden meanings, but no one knows its hidden meanings except God. And those who are firmly grounded in knowledge say: We believe in the Book, the whole of it is from our Lord. And none will grasp the Message except men of understanding.[[Ali-Imran]] [http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=3&verse=7 3:7] from the [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|Yusuf Ali]] translation of the Quran online at the [[Quranic Arabic Corpus]].<br /> <br /> The word ''ayah'' is also used to refer to the [[Chapters and verses of the Bible#Verses|verses of the Bible]] by [[Arab Christian]]s and Christians in countries where Arabic words are used for religious terms.For example, <br /> <br /> A common myth persists that the number of verses in the Quran is 6,666. In fact, the total number of verses in all chapters is 6,236, although this varies depending on how (or if) the ''[[Basmala]]'' appearing at the start of each chapter are counted.<br /> <br /> The [[Unicode]] symbol for a Quran verse, U+06DD, is: ۝&nbsp;.A (scanned) example of the Unicode ''ayah'' character is on page 3 of this [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/09419-encode-koranic.pdf Proposal for additional Unicode characters].<br /> <br /> The first ayahs in the Quran from a chronological order are ''Read [O Muhammad!] in the name of your Lord who created. (96.1) He created man from a clot. (96.2) Read, and your Lord is the Most Honorable (96.3) who taught with the pen'' from [[sura]] [[Al-Alaq]]. The first ayahs from a traditional order are ''In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate'' from sura [[Al-Fatiha]]. The first ayahs after the opening sura are '' Alif Lam Mim. This is the Scripture whereof there is no doubt, a guidance unto those who ward off (evil)'', from sura [[Al-Baqara]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Ayat| ]]<br /> [[Category:Arrangement of the Quran]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[ru:Аят]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Ayah&diff=66 Ayah 2016-03-23T19:42:57Z

<p>Hqaweb: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''Āyah''' (ar|آية; plural: '''āyāt''' ar|آيات) means "evidence" or "sign". In the context of [[Islam]]'s principal [[scripture]], the [[Quran]], ''ayah'' is used to mean "verse", i.e. each statement or paragraph marked by a number.<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Although meaning "verse" when using the Quran, it is doubtful whether "''ayah''" means anything other than "sign" or "remarkable event" in the Quran's text. The "signs" refer to various phenomena, ranging from the universe, its creation, the alternation between day and night, rainfall, the life and growth plants, etc. Other references are to [[miracle]]s or to the rewards of belief and the fate of unbelievers.{{cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |year=2009 |publisher=Facts On File |location=New York |isbn=9780816054541 |pages=77}} For example:<br /> <br /> : "And of his signs is the creation of the heavens and earth and what He has dispersed throughout them of creatures." (42:29, i.e. ''sura'' 42, ''ayah'' 29)<br /> : "And a sign for them is the dead earth. We have brought it to life and brought forth from it grain, and from it they eat." (33:33)<br /> : "... and they denied him; therefore we destroyed them. Herein is indeed a sign yet most of them are not believers." (26:139)<br /> : "... you are but a mortal like us. So bring some sign if you are of the truthful." (26:154)<br /> <br /> Chapters in the Quran consist of several verses, varying in number from 3 to 286. Within a long chapter, the verses may be further grouped into thematic sequences or passages.<br /> <br /> For the purpose of interpretation, the verses are separated into two groups: those that are clear and unambiguous (''muhkam'') and those that are [[Allegory|allegorical]] (''mutashabeh'').[http://www.aicp.org/SupportingDocs/The%20Ayahs.pdf The Ayahs of the Quran: The Muhkam and the Mutashabih] (Association of Islamic Charitable Projects). This distinction is based on the Quran itself: "It is God Who has sent down to you the Book. In it are verses that are 'clear', they are the foundation of the Book. Others are 'allegorical' but those in whose hearts is perversity follow the part thereof that is allegorical, seeking discord, and searching for its hidden meanings, but no one knows its hidden meanings except God. And those who are firmly grounded in knowledge say: We believe in the Book, the whole of it is from our Lord. And none will grasp the Message except men of understanding.[[Ali-Imran]] [http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=3&verse=7 3:7] from the [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|Yusuf Ali]] translation of the Quran online at the [[Quranic Arabic Corpus]].<br /> <br /> The word ''ayah'' is also used to refer to the [[Chapters and verses of the Bible#Verses|verses of the Bible]] by [[Arab Christian]]s and Christians in countries where Arabic words are used for religious terms.For example, <br /> <br /> A common myth persists that the number of verses in the Quran is 6,666. In fact, the total number of verses in all chapters is 6,236, although this varies depending on how (or if) the ''[[Basmala]]'' appearing at the start of each chapter are counted.<br /> <br /> The [[Unicode]] symbol for a Quran verse, U+06DD, is: ۝&nbsp;.A (scanned) example of the Unicode ''ayah'' character is on page 3 of this [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/09419-encode-koranic.pdf Proposal for additional Unicode characters].<br /> <br /> The first ayahs in the Quran from a chronological order are ''Read [O Muhammad!] in the name of your Lord who created. (96.1) He created man from a clot. (96.2) Read, and your Lord is the Most Honorable (96.3) who taught with the pen'' from [[sura]] [[Al-Alaq]]. The first ayahs from a traditional order are ''In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate'' from sura [[Al-Fatiha]]. The first ayahs after the opening sura are '' Alif Lam Mim. This is the Scripture whereof there is no doubt, a guidance unto those who ward off (evil)'', from sura [[Al-Baqara]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Ayat| ]]<br /> [[Category:Arrangement of the Quran]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[ru:Аят]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Ayah&diff=65 Ayah 2016-03-23T19:42:19Z

<p>Hqaweb: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''Āyah''' (ar|آية; plural: '''āyāt''' ar|آيات) means "evidence" or "sign". In the context of [[Islam]]'s principal [[scripture]], the [[Quran]], ''ayah'' is used to mean "verse", i.e. each statement or paragraph marked by a number.<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Although meaning "verse" when using the Quran, it is doubtful whether "''ayah''" means anything other than "sign" or "remarkable event" in the Quran's text. The "signs" refer to various phenomena, ranging from the universe, its creation, the alternation between day and night, rainfall, the life and growth plants, etc. Other references are to [[miracle]]s or to the rewards of belief and the fate of unbelievers.{{cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |year=2009 |publisher=Facts On File |location=New York |isbn=9780816054541 |pages=77}} For example:<br /> <br /> : "And of his signs is the creation of the heavens and earth and what He has dispersed throughout them of creatures." (42:29, i.e. ''sura'' 42, ''ayah'' 29)<br /> : "And a sign for them is the dead earth. We have brought it to life and brought forth from it grain, and from it they eat." (33:33)<br /> : "... and they denied him; therefore we destroyed them. Herein is indeed a sign yet most of them are not believers." (26:139)<br /> : "... you are but a mortal like us. So bring some sign if you are of the truthful." (26:154)<br /> <br /> Chapters in the Quran consist of several verses, varying in number from 3 to 286. Within a long chapter, the verses may be further grouped into thematic sequences or passages.<br /> <br /> For the purpose of interpretation, the verses are separated into two groups: those that are clear and unambiguous (''muhkam'') and those that are [[Allegory|allegorical]] (''mutashabeh'').<ref>[http://www.aicp.org/SupportingDocs/The%20Ayahs.pdf The Ayahs of the Quran: The Muhkam and the Mutashabih] (Association of Islamic Charitable Projects).</ref> This distinction is based on the Quran itself: "It is God Who has sent down to you the Book. In it are verses that are 'clear', they are the foundation of the Book. Others are 'allegorical' but those in whose hearts is perversity follow the part thereof that is allegorical, seeking discord, and searching for its hidden meanings, but no one knows its hidden meanings except God. And those who are firmly grounded in knowledge say: We believe in the Book, the whole of it is from our Lord. And none will grasp the Message except men of understanding.[[Ali-Imran]] [http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=3&verse=7 3:7] from the [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|Yusuf Ali]] translation of the Quran online at the [[Quranic Arabic Corpus]].<br /> <br /> The word ''ayah'' is also used to refer to the [[Chapters and verses of the Bible#Verses|verses of the Bible]] by [[Arab Christian]]s and Christians in countries where Arabic words are used for religious terms.For example, <br /> <br /> A common myth persists that the number of verses in the Quran is 6,666.{{cite book |last=Hixon |first=Lex |title=The heart of the Qurʼan : an introduction to Islamic spirituality |year=2003 |publisher=Quest |isbn=9780835608220 |edition=2.}} In fact, the total number of verses in all chapters is 6,236, although this varies depending on how (or if) the ''[[Basmala]]'' appearing at the start of each chapter are counted.<br /> <br /> The [[Unicode]] symbol for a Quran verse, U+06DD, is: ۝&nbsp;.A (scanned) example of the Unicode ''ayah'' character is on page 3 of this [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/09419-encode-koranic.pdf Proposal for additional Unicode characters].<br /> <br /> The first ayahs in the Quran from a chronological order are ''Read [O Muhammad!] in the name of your Lord who created. (96.1) He created man from a clot. (96.2) Read, and your Lord is the Most Honorable (96.3) who taught with the pen'' from [[sura]] [[Al-Alaq]]. The first ayahs from a traditional order are ''In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate'' from sura [[Al-Fatiha]]. The first ayahs after the opening sura are '' Alif Lam Mim. This is the Scripture whereof there is no doubt, a guidance unto those who ward off (evil)'', from sura [[Al-Baqara]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Ayat| ]]<br /> [[Category:Arrangement of the Quran]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[ru:Аят]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Ayah&diff=64 Ayah 2016-03-23T19:41:24Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''Āyah''' (ar|آية; plural: '''āyāt''' ar|آيات) means "evidence" or "sign". In the context of [[Islam]]'s principal [[scripture]], the [[Quran]], ''ayah'' is used to mean "verse", i.e. each statement or paragraph marked by a number.<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Although meaning "verse" when using the Quran, it is doubtful whether "''ayah''" means anything other than "sign" or "remarkable event" in the Quran's text. The "signs" refer to various phenomena, ranging from the universe, its creation, the alternation between day and night, rainfall, the life and growth plants, etc. Other references are to [[miracle]]s or to the rewards of belief and the fate of unbelievers.{{cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |year=2009 |publisher=Facts On File |location=New York |isbn=9780816054541 |pages=77}} For example:<br /> <br /> : "And of his signs is the creation of the heavens and earth and what He has dispersed throughout them of creatures." (42:29, i.e. ''sura'' 42, ''ayah'' 29)<br /> : "And a sign for them is the dead earth. We have brought it to life and brought forth from it grain, and from it they eat." (33:33)<br /> : "... and they denied him; therefore we destroyed them. Herein is indeed a sign yet most of them are not believers." (26:139)<br /> : "... you are but a mortal like us. So bring some sign if you are of the truthful." (26:154)<br /> <br /> Chapters in the Quran consist of several verses, varying in number from 3 to 286. Within a long chapter, the verses may be further grouped into thematic sequences or passages.<br /> <br /> For the purpose of interpretation, the verses are separated into two groups: those that are clear and unambiguous (''muhkam'') and those that are [[Allegory|allegorical]] (''mutashabeh'').<ref>[http://www.aicp.org/SupportingDocs/The%20Ayahs.pdf The Ayahs of the Quran: The Muhkam and the Mutashabih] (Association of Islamic Charitable Projects).</ref> This distinction is based on the Quran itself: "It is God Who has sent down to you the Book. In it are verses that are 'clear', they are the foundation of the Book. Others are 'allegorical' but those in whose hearts is perversity follow the part thereof that is allegorical, seeking discord, and searching for its hidden meanings, but no one knows its hidden meanings except God. And those who are firmly grounded in knowledge say: We believe in the Book, the whole of it is from our Lord. And none will grasp the Message except men of understanding."<ref>"[[Ali-Imran]] [http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=3&verse=7 3:7] from the [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|Yusuf Ali]] translation of the Quran online at the [[Quranic Arabic Corpus]].</ref><br /> <br /> The word ''ayah'' is also used to refer to the [[Chapters and verses of the Bible#Verses|verses of the Bible]] by [[Arab Christian]]s and Christians in countries where Arabic words are used for religious terms.For example, {{cite web |title='Yesus' Siapakah Dia? |url=http://www.kabarindonesia.com/berita.php?pil=19&dn=20070103185551 |work=[[KabarIndonesia]] |accessdate=21 July 2011 |language=Indonesian |quote=''...[[Book of Genesis|Kejadian]] 1:26. Dengan ayat-ayat dan penjelasan diatas...''}}<br /> <br /> A common myth persists that the number of verses in the Quran is 6,666.{{cite book |last=Hixon |first=Lex |title=The heart of the Qurʼan : an introduction to Islamic spirituality |year=2003 |publisher=Quest |isbn=9780835608220 |edition=2.}} In fact, the total number of verses in all chapters is 6,236, although this varies depending on how (or if) the ''[[Basmala]]'' appearing at the start of each chapter are counted.<br /> <br /> The [[Unicode]] symbol for a Quran verse, U+06DD, is: ۝&nbsp;.<ref>A (scanned) example of the Unicode ''ayah'' character is on page 3 of this [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/09419-encode-koranic.pdf Proposal for additional Unicode characters].</ref><br /> <br /> The first ayahs in the Quran from a chronological order are ''Read [O Muhammad!] in the name of your Lord who created. (96.1) He created man from a clot. (96.2) Read, and your Lord is the Most Honorable (96.3) who taught with the pen'' from [[sura]] [[Al-Alaq]]. The first ayahs from a traditional order are ''In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate'' from sura [[Al-Fatiha]]. The first ayahs after the opening sura are '' Alif Lam Mim. This is the Scripture whereof there is no doubt, a guidance unto those who ward off (evil)'', from sura [[Al-Baqara]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Ayat| ]]<br /> [[Category:Arrangement of the Quran]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[ru:Аят]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Ayah&diff=63 Ayah 2016-03-23T19:40:57Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''Āyah''' (ar|آية; plural: '''āyāt''' ar|آيات) means "evidence" or "sign". In the context of [[Islam]]'s principal [[scripture]], the [[Quran]], ''ayah'' is used to mean "verse", i.e. each statement or paragraph marked by a number.<br /> <br /> {{Quote|text=These are the ''ayat'' (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, revelations, etc.) of God, which We recite to you (O Muhammad) with truth. Then in which speech after God and His signs will they believe?|source=[http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=45&verse=6 ''Ayah'' 6] of "[[Al-Jathiya]]", the 45th ''[[sura]]'' (chapter) of the Quran ([[Muhammad Muhsin Khan|Mohsin Khan]] translation).}}<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Although meaning "verse" when using the Quran, it is doubtful whether "''ayah''" means anything other than "sign" or "remarkable event" in the Quran's text. The "signs" refer to various phenomena, ranging from the universe, its creation, the alternation between day and night, rainfall, the life and growth plants, etc. Other references are to [[miracle]]s or to the rewards of belief and the fate of unbelievers.{{cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |year=2009 |publisher=Facts On File |location=New York |isbn=9780816054541 |pages=77}} For example:<br /> <br /> : "And of his signs is the creation of the heavens and earth and what He has dispersed throughout them of creatures." (42:29, i.e. ''sura'' 42, ''ayah'' 29)<br /> : "And a sign for them is the dead earth. We have brought it to life and brought forth from it grain, and from it they eat." (33:33)<br /> : "... and they denied him; therefore we destroyed them. Herein is indeed a sign yet most of them are not believers." (26:139)<br /> : "... you are but a mortal like us. So bring some sign if you are of the truthful." (26:154)<br /> <br /> Chapters in the Quran consist of several verses, varying in number from 3 to 286. Within a long chapter, the verses may be further grouped into thematic sequences or passages.<br /> <br /> For the purpose of interpretation, the verses are separated into two groups: those that are clear and unambiguous (''muhkam'') and those that are [[Allegory|allegorical]] (''mutashabeh'').<ref>[http://www.aicp.org/SupportingDocs/The%20Ayahs.pdf The Ayahs of the Quran: The Muhkam and the Mutashabih] (Association of Islamic Charitable Projects).</ref> This distinction is based on the Quran itself: "It is God Who has sent down to you the Book. In it are verses that are 'clear', they are the foundation of the Book. Others are 'allegorical' but those in whose hearts is perversity follow the part thereof that is allegorical, seeking discord, and searching for its hidden meanings, but no one knows its hidden meanings except God. And those who are firmly grounded in knowledge say: We believe in the Book, the whole of it is from our Lord. And none will grasp the Message except men of understanding."<ref>"[[Ali-Imran]] [http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=3&verse=7 3:7] from the [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|Yusuf Ali]] translation of the Quran online at the [[Quranic Arabic Corpus]].</ref><br /> <br /> The word ''ayah'' is also used to refer to the [[Chapters and verses of the Bible#Verses|verses of the Bible]] by [[Arab Christian]]s and Christians in countries where Arabic words are used for religious terms.For example, {{cite web |title='Yesus' Siapakah Dia? |url=http://www.kabarindonesia.com/berita.php?pil=19&dn=20070103185551 |work=[[KabarIndonesia]] |accessdate=21 July 2011 |language=Indonesian |quote=''...[[Book of Genesis|Kejadian]] 1:26. Dengan ayat-ayat dan penjelasan diatas...''}}<br /> <br /> A common myth persists that the number of verses in the Quran is 6,666.{{cite book |last=Hixon |first=Lex |title=The heart of the Qurʼan : an introduction to Islamic spirituality |year=2003 |publisher=Quest |isbn=9780835608220 |edition=2.}} In fact, the total number of verses in all chapters is 6,236, although this varies depending on how (or if) the ''[[Basmala]]'' appearing at the start of each chapter are counted.<br /> <br /> The [[Unicode]] symbol for a Quran verse, U+06DD, is: ۝&nbsp;.<ref>A (scanned) example of the Unicode ''ayah'' character is on page 3 of this [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/09419-encode-koranic.pdf Proposal for additional Unicode characters].</ref><br /> <br /> The first ayahs in the Quran from a chronological order are ''Read [O Muhammad!] in the name of your Lord who created. (96.1) He created man from a clot. (96.2) Read, and your Lord is the Most Honorable (96.3) who taught with the pen'' from [[sura]] [[Al-Alaq]]. The first ayahs from a traditional order are ''In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate'' from sura [[Al-Fatiha]]. The first ayahs after the opening sura are '' Alif Lam Mim. This is the Scripture whereof there is no doubt, a guidance unto those who ward off (evil)'', from sura [[Al-Baqara]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Ayat| ]]<br /> [[Category:Arrangement of the Quran]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[ru:Аят]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Ayah&diff=62 Ayah 2016-03-23T19:40:09Z

<p>Hqaweb: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''Āyah''' ({{lang-ar|آية}}; plural: '''āyāt''' {{lang|ar|آيات}}) means "evidence" or "sign". In the context of [[Islam]]'s principal [[scripture]], the [[Quran]], ''ayah'' is used to mean "verse", i.e. each statement or paragraph marked by a number.<br /> <br /> {{Quote|text=These are the ''ayat'' (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, revelations, etc.) of God, which We recite to you (O Muhammad) with truth. Then in which speech after God and His signs will they believe?|source=[http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=45&verse=6 ''Ayah'' 6] of "[[Al-Jathiya]]", the 45th ''[[sura]]'' (chapter) of the Quran ([[Muhammad Muhsin Khan|Mohsin Khan]] translation).}}<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Although meaning "verse" when using the Quran, it is doubtful whether "''ayah''" means anything other than "sign" or "remarkable event" in the Quran's text. The "signs" refer to various phenomena, ranging from the universe, its creation, the alternation between day and night, rainfall, the life and growth plants, etc. Other references are to [[miracle]]s or to the rewards of belief and the fate of unbelievers.{{cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |year=2009 |publisher=Facts On File |location=New York |isbn=9780816054541 |pages=77}} For example:<br /> <br /> : "And of his signs is the creation of the heavens and earth and what He has dispersed throughout them of creatures." (42:29, i.e. ''sura'' 42, ''ayah'' 29)<br /> : "And a sign for them is the dead earth. We have brought it to life and brought forth from it grain, and from it they eat." (33:33)<br /> : "... and they denied him; therefore we destroyed them. Herein is indeed a sign yet most of them are not believers." (26:139)<br /> : "... you are but a mortal like us. So bring some sign if you are of the truthful." (26:154)<br /> <br /> Chapters in the Quran consist of several verses, varying in number from 3 to 286. Within a long chapter, the verses may be further grouped into thematic sequences or passages.<br /> <br /> For the purpose of interpretation, the verses are separated into two groups: those that are clear and unambiguous (''muhkam'') and those that are [[Allegory|allegorical]] (''mutashabeh'').<ref>[http://www.aicp.org/SupportingDocs/The%20Ayahs.pdf The Ayahs of the Quran: The Muhkam and the Mutashabih] (Association of Islamic Charitable Projects).</ref> This distinction is based on the Quran itself: "It is God Who has sent down to you the Book. In it are verses that are 'clear', they are the foundation of the Book. Others are 'allegorical' but those in whose hearts is perversity follow the part thereof that is allegorical, seeking discord, and searching for its hidden meanings, but no one knows its hidden meanings except God. And those who are firmly grounded in knowledge say: We believe in the Book, the whole of it is from our Lord. And none will grasp the Message except men of understanding."<ref>"[[Ali-Imran]] [http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=3&verse=7 3:7] from the [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|Yusuf Ali]] translation of the Quran online at the [[Quranic Arabic Corpus]].</ref><br /> <br /> The word ''ayah'' is also used to refer to the [[Chapters and verses of the Bible#Verses|verses of the Bible]] by [[Arab Christian]]s and Christians in countries where Arabic words are used for religious terms.For example, {{cite web |title='Yesus' Siapakah Dia? |url=http://www.kabarindonesia.com/berita.php?pil=19&dn=20070103185551 |work=[[KabarIndonesia]] |accessdate=21 July 2011 |language=Indonesian |quote=''...[[Book of Genesis|Kejadian]] 1:26. Dengan ayat-ayat dan penjelasan diatas...''}}<br /> <br /> A common myth persists that the number of verses in the Quran is 6,666.{{cite book |last=Hixon |first=Lex |title=The heart of the Qurʼan : an introduction to Islamic spirituality |year=2003 |publisher=Quest |isbn=9780835608220 |edition=2.}} In fact, the total number of verses in all chapters is 6,236, although this varies depending on how (or if) the ''[[Basmala]]'' appearing at the start of each chapter are counted.<br /> <br /> The [[Unicode]] symbol for a Quran verse, U+06DD, is: ۝&nbsp;.<ref>A (scanned) example of the Unicode ''ayah'' character is on page 3 of this [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/09419-encode-koranic.pdf Proposal for additional Unicode characters].</ref><br /> <br /> The first ayahs in the Quran from a chronological order are ''Read [O Muhammad!] in the name of your Lord who created. (96.1) He created man from a clot. (96.2) Read, and your Lord is the Most Honorable (96.3) who taught with the pen'' from [[sura]] [[Al-Alaq]]. The first ayahs from a traditional order are ''In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate'' from sura [[Al-Fatiha]]. The first ayahs after the opening sura are '' Alif Lam Mim. This is the Scripture whereof there is no doubt, a guidance unto those who ward off (evil)'', from sura [[Al-Baqara]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Ayat| ]]<br /> [[Category:Arrangement of the Quran]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[ru:Аят]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Ayah&diff=61 Ayah 2016-03-23T19:39:40Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''Āyah''' ({{lang-ar|آية}}; plural: '''āyāt''' {{lang|ar|آيات}}) means "evidence" or "sign". In the context of [[Islam]]'s principal [[scripture]], the [[Quran]], ''ayah'' is used to mean "verse", i.e. each statement or paragraph marked by a number.<br /> <br /> {{Quote|text=These are the ''ayat'' (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, revelations, etc.) of God, which We recite to you (O Muhammad) with truth. Then in which speech after God and His signs will they believe?|source=[http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=45&verse=6 ''Ayah'' 6] of "[[Al-Jathiya]]", the 45th ''[[sura]]'' (chapter) of the Quran ([[Muhammad Muhsin Khan|Mohsin Khan]] translation).}}<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Although meaning "verse" when using the Quran, it is doubtful whether "''ayah''" means anything other than "sign" or "remarkable event" in the Quran's text. The "signs" refer to various phenomena, ranging from the universe, its creation, the alternation between day and night, rainfall, the life and growth plants, etc. Other references are to [[miracle]]s or to the rewards of belief and the fate of unbelievers.{{cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |year=2009 |publisher=Facts On File |location=New York |isbn=9780816054541 |pages=77}} For example:<br /> <br /> : "And of his signs is the creation of the heavens and earth and what He has dispersed throughout them of creatures." (42:29, i.e. ''sura'' 42, ''ayah'' 29)<br /> : "And a sign for them is the dead earth. We have brought it to life and brought forth from it grain, and from it they eat." (33:33)<br /> : "... and they denied him; therefore we destroyed them. Herein is indeed a sign yet most of them are not believers." (26:139)<br /> : "... you are but a mortal like us. So bring some sign if you are of the truthful." (26:154)<br /> <br /> Chapters in the Quran consist of several verses, varying in number from 3 to 286. Within a long chapter, the verses may be further grouped into thematic sequences or passages.<br /> <br /> For the purpose of interpretation, the verses are separated into two groups: those that are clear and unambiguous (''muhkam'') and those that are [[Allegory|allegorical]] (''mutashabeh'').<ref>[http://www.aicp.org/SupportingDocs/The%20Ayahs.pdf The Ayahs of the Quran: The Muhkam and the Mutashabih] (Association of Islamic Charitable Projects).</ref> This distinction is based on the Quran itself: "It is God Who has sent down to you the Book. In it are verses that are 'clear', they are the foundation of the Book. Others are 'allegorical' but those in whose hearts is perversity follow the part thereof that is allegorical, seeking discord, and searching for its hidden meanings, but no one knows its hidden meanings except God. And those who are firmly grounded in knowledge say: We believe in the Book, the whole of it is from our Lord. And none will grasp the Message except men of understanding."<ref>"[[Ali-Imran]] [http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=3&verse=7 3:7] from the [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|Yusuf Ali]] translation of the Quran online at the [[Quranic Arabic Corpus]].</ref><br /> <br /> The word ''ayah'' is also used to refer to the [[Chapters and verses of the Bible#Verses|verses of the Bible]] by [[Arab Christian]]s and Christians in countries where Arabic words are used for religious terms.<ref>For example, {{cite web |title='Yesus' Siapakah Dia? |url=http://www.kabarindonesia.com/berita.php?pil=19&dn=20070103185551 |work=[[KabarIndonesia]] |accessdate=21 July 2011 |language=Indonesian |quote=''...[[Book of Genesis|Kejadian]] 1:26. Dengan ayat-ayat dan penjelasan diatas...''}}</ref><br /> <br /> A common myth persists that the number of verses in the Quran is 6,666.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hixon |first=Lex |title=The heart of the Qurʼan : an introduction to Islamic spirituality |year=2003 |publisher=Quest |isbn=9780835608220 |edition=2.}}</ref> In fact, the total number of verses in all chapters is 6,236, although this varies depending on how (or if) the ''[[Basmala]]'' appearing at the start of each chapter are counted.<br /> <br /> The [[Unicode]] symbol for a Quran verse, U+06DD, is: ۝&nbsp;.<ref>A (scanned) example of the Unicode ''ayah'' character is on page 3 of this [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/09419-encode-koranic.pdf Proposal for additional Unicode characters].</ref><br /> <br /> The first ayahs in the Quran from a chronological order are ''Read [O Muhammad!] in the name of your Lord who created. (96.1) He created man from a clot. (96.2) Read, and your Lord is the Most Honorable (96.3) who taught with the pen'' from [[sura]] [[Al-Alaq]]. The first ayahs from a traditional order are ''In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate'' from sura [[Al-Fatiha]]. The first ayahs after the opening sura are '' Alif Lam Mim. This is the Scripture whereof there is no doubt, a guidance unto those who ward off (evil)'', from sura [[Al-Baqara]].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Ayat| ]]<br /> [[Category:Arrangement of the Quran]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[ru:Аят]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Ayah&diff=60 Ayah 2016-03-23T19:39:14Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ahmet Karahisari 001.jpg|thumb|260px|A 16th-century Quran opened to show ''[[sura]]'' (chapter) 2, '''''ayat''''' (verses) 1-4.]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Āyah''' ({{lang-ar|آية}}; plural: '''āyāt''' {{lang|ar|آيات}}) means "evidence" or "sign". In the context of [[Islam]]'s principal [[scripture]], the [[Quran]], ''ayah'' is used to mean "verse", i.e. each statement or paragraph marked by a number.<br /> <br /> {{Quote|text=These are the ''ayat'' (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, revelations, etc.) of God, which We recite to you (O Muhammad) with truth. Then in which speech after God and His signs will they believe?|source=[http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=45&verse=6 ''Ayah'' 6] of "[[Al-Jathiya]]", the 45th ''[[sura]]'' (chapter) of the Quran ([[Muhammad Muhsin Khan|Mohsin Khan]] translation).}}<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Although meaning "verse" when using the Quran, it is doubtful whether "''ayah''" means anything other than "sign" or "remarkable event" in the Quran's text. The "signs" refer to various phenomena, ranging from the universe, its creation, the alternation between day and night, rainfall, the life and growth plants, etc. Other references are to [[miracle]]s or to the rewards of belief and the fate of unbelievers.{{cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |year=2009 |publisher=Facts On File |location=New York |isbn=9780816054541 |pages=77}} For example:<br /> <br /> : "And of his signs is the creation of the heavens and earth and what He has dispersed throughout them of creatures." (42:29, i.e. ''sura'' 42, ''ayah'' 29)<br /> : "And a sign for them is the dead earth. We have brought it to life and brought forth from it grain, and from it they eat." (33:33)<br /> : "... and they denied him; therefore we destroyed them. Herein is indeed a sign yet most of them are not believers." (26:139)<br /> : "... you are but a mortal like us. So bring some sign if you are of the truthful." (26:154)<br /> <br /> Chapters in the Quran consist of several verses, varying in number from 3 to 286. Within a long chapter, the verses may be further grouped into thematic sequences or passages.<br /> <br /> For the purpose of interpretation, the verses are separated into two groups: those that are clear and unambiguous (''muhkam'') and those that are [[Allegory|allegorical]] (''mutashabeh'').<ref>[http://www.aicp.org/SupportingDocs/The%20Ayahs.pdf The Ayahs of the Quran: The Muhkam and the Mutashabih] (Association of Islamic Charitable Projects).</ref> This distinction is based on the Quran itself: "It is God Who has sent down to you the Book. In it are verses that are 'clear', they are the foundation of the Book. Others are 'allegorical' but those in whose hearts is perversity follow the part thereof that is allegorical, seeking discord, and searching for its hidden meanings, but no one knows its hidden meanings except God. And those who are firmly grounded in knowledge say: We believe in the Book, the whole of it is from our Lord. And none will grasp the Message except men of understanding."<ref>"[[Ali-Imran]] [http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=3&verse=7 3:7] from the [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|Yusuf Ali]] translation of the Quran online at the [[Quranic Arabic Corpus]].</ref><br /> <br /> The word ''ayah'' is also used to refer to the [[Chapters and verses of the Bible#Verses|verses of the Bible]] by [[Arab Christian]]s and Christians in countries where Arabic words are used for religious terms.<ref>For example, {{cite web |title='Yesus' Siapakah Dia? |url=http://www.kabarindonesia.com/berita.php?pil=19&dn=20070103185551 |work=[[KabarIndonesia]] |accessdate=21 July 2011 |language=Indonesian |quote=''...[[Book of Genesis|Kejadian]] 1:26. Dengan ayat-ayat dan penjelasan diatas...''}}</ref><br /> <br /> A common myth persists that the number of verses in the Quran is 6,666.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hixon |first=Lex |title=The heart of the Qurʼan : an introduction to Islamic spirituality |year=2003 |publisher=Quest |isbn=9780835608220 |edition=2.}}</ref> In fact, the total number of verses in all chapters is 6,236, although this varies depending on how (or if) the ''[[Basmala]]'' appearing at the start of each chapter are counted.<br /> <br /> The [[Unicode]] symbol for a Quran verse, U+06DD, is: ۝&nbsp;.<ref>A (scanned) example of the Unicode ''ayah'' character is on page 3 of this [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/09419-encode-koranic.pdf Proposal for additional Unicode characters].</ref><br /> <br /> The first ayahs in the Quran from a chronological order are ''Read [O Muhammad!] in the name of your Lord who created. (96.1) He created man from a clot. (96.2) Read, and your Lord is the Most Honorable (96.3) who taught with the pen'' from [[sura]] [[Al-Alaq]]. The first ayahs from a traditional order are ''In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate'' from sura [[Al-Fatiha]]. The first ayahs after the opening sura are '' Alif Lam Mim. This is the Scripture whereof there is no doubt, a guidance unto those who ward off (evil)'', from sura [[Al-Baqara]].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Ayat| ]]<br /> [[Category:Arrangement of the Quran]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[ru:Аят]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Ayah&diff=59 Ayah 2016-03-23T19:37:04Z

<p>Hqaweb: Новая страница: «ru:Аят»</p> <hr /> <div>[[ru:Аят]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=List_of_Terms&diff=51 List of Terms 2016-03-23T19:32:57Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div>Список статей энциклопедии Академии Корана на английском, русском и арабском языках.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" border="1"<br /> |-<br /> == А ==<br /> ! width="300" |English<br /> ! width="300" |Кириллица<br /> ! width="300" |العَرَبِية‎<br /> |-<br /> | [[ A'isha bint Abi Bakr ]] || [[Аиша бинт Абу Бакр]] || [[عائشة بنت أَبي بكر]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aaron]] || [[Харун]] (Аарон) || [[هارون‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ability]] (istiṭāʿa) || [[Возможность]] || [[ 5 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ablution]] (ghusl, wuḍūʾ, tayammum) || [[Омовение]] || [[ 6 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abode]] (dār) || [[Дом]] (обитель) || [[ 7 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abortion]] || [[Аборт]] || [[إجهاض]]<br /> |-<br /> | [['Abraha al-Ashram]] || [[Абраха аль-Ашрам]] || [[أبرهة الأشرم]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abraham]] || [[Ибрахим]] (Авраам) || [[إبراهيم‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abrogation]] || [[Отмена]] [аятов] || [[ 12 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abstinence]] || [[Аскетизм]] (зухд) || [[زهد‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abū Bakr]] || [[Абу Бакр]] || [[أبو بكر‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abū Lahab]] || [[Абу Лахаб]] || [[أبو لهب]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abyssinia]] || [[Эфиопия]] || [[ 19 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acquisition]] (kasb) || [[Приобретение]] (касб) || [[كسب‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ād]] || [[Адиты]] || [[عاد‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Adam and Eve]] || [[Адам и Хавва]] || [[آدم و حواء]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ādam]] || [[Адам]] || [[ 24 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Adoption]] || [[Усыновление и удочерение]] || [[ 25 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Adoration]] || [[Поклонение]] || [[ 26 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Adultery and Fornication]] (zinā) || [[Прелюбодеяние и блуд]] (зина) || [[زنا‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Advice]] (naṣīḥa) || [[Наставление]] (насиха) || [[نصيحة]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Afternoon]] || [[Послеполуденное время]] (аср) || [[ 32 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Age of Ignorance]] || [[Эпоха невежества]] (джахилия) || [[ 33 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aggression]] (ʿadāʾ, iʿtidāʾ) || [[Агрессия]] || [[ 34 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Agriculture]] (zirāʿa) || [[Земледелие]] || [[ 35 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Agriculture and Vegetation]] || [[ Земледелие и растительность ]] || [[ 36 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aḥmad]] || [[Ахмад]] (пророк) || [[أحمد‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Air and Wind]] || [[Воздух и ветер]] || [[ 38 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Alaqa]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 39 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Al-'Arim ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 40 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Alexander]] || [[Александр]] || [[ 41 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [['Ali bin Abi Talib]] || [[Али ибн Абу Талиб]] || [[علي بن أبي طالب]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Allāh]] || [[Аллах]] || [[الله]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Alliance and Treaty]] (ʿahd; ʿaqd; aymān; dhimma; ḥilf; mīthāq) || [[Союзничество и договор]] || [[ 44 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Almsgiving]] (ṣadaqa) || [[Садака]] || [[صدقة‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ambiguous]] || [[ Двусмысленный ]] || [[ 47 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Amulets]] || [[Амулеты]] || [[ 48 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anatomy]] || [[Анатомия]] || [[ 49 ]]<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | [[Angel(s)]] (malak, malāʾika) || [[Ангел]] || [[ 51 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anger]] (ghaḍab, ghayẓ, sakhaṭ) || [[Гнев]] || [[ 53 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Animal Life]] || [[Животная жизнь]] || [[ 54 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Animals]] (dābba, dawābb) || [[Животные]] || [[ 55 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anointing]] || [[Помазывание]] || [[ 56 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anonymous Mentions]] (mubhamāt) || [[ А ]] || [[ 57 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anṣār]] || [[Ансары]] || [[ 58 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anthropomorphism]] || [[Антропоморфизм]] || [[ 59 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Antichrist]] || [[Антихрист]] (Масих ад-Даджал) || [[ 60 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apocalypse]] || [[Апокалипсис]] || [[ 61 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apologetics]] || [[Апологетика]] || [[ 62 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apostasy]] (ridda) || [[Вероотступничество]] (ридда) || [[ 64 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apostle]] || [[Апостол]] || [[ 65 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apparition]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 66 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apportionment]] (qadr, taqdīr) || [[ А ]] || [[ 67 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aqṣā Mosque]] || [[Аль-Акса]] || [[المسجد الاقصى‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arabic]] || [[Арабский]] || [[ 70 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arabic Language]] || [[Арабский язык]] || [[لغة عربية]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arabic Script]] || [[Арабская письменность]] || [[ 72 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arabs]] || [[Арабы]] || [[ 73 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arafāt]] || [[Арафат]] (гора) || [[ 74 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arbitration]] (taḥkīm) || [[ Арбитраж (третейский суд) ]] || [[ 77 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Archaeology and the Qur'an ]] || [[ Археология в Коране ]] || [[ 79 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ark (fulk, safīna) ]] || [[ Ковчег ]] || [[ 81 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Arrogance ]] || [[ Высокомерие ]] || [[ 82 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Art and Architecture and the Qur'an ]] || [[ Искусство, архитектура в Коране ]] || [[ 83 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Artery and Vein ]] || [[ Артерия и вена ]] || [[ 84 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ascension ]] || [[ Вознесение ]] || [[ 86 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Asceticism ]] || [[ Аскетизм ]] || [[ 87 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ashes ]] || [[ Прах ]] || [[ 88 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Astray (ḍāll) ]] || [[ Заблудший ]] || [[ 90 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Atom (dharra) ]] || [[ Мельчайшая частица ]] || [[ 91 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Atonement ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 92 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Authority(ies) (sulṭān, ulū al-amr) ]] || [[ Власть ]] || [[ 94 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Avarice and Greed (bukhl, ḥirṣ, shuḥḥ) ]] || [[ Жадность и скупость ]] || [[ 96 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Awe of Allah (khashyat Allāh) ]] || [[ Богобоязненность ]] || [[ 97 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ayyūb ]] || [[ Айюб (пророк) ]] || [[ 98 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Āzar ]] || [[ Азар ]] || [[ 99 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Baal ]] || [[ Ваал ]] || [[ 102 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bābil (Babel) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 103 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Babylon ]] || [[ Вавилон ]] || [[ 104 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Backbiting (ghība) ]] || [[ Злословие ]] || [[ 105 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Badr ]] || [[ Бадр ]] || [[ 106 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Baha"is ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 108 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Baʿl ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 109 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Baptism ]] || [[ Крещение ]] || [[ 110 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Barelwis ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 111 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Barrier ]] || [[ Преграда ]] || [[ 112 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Barzakh ]] || [[ Барзах ]] || [[ 113 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Basmala (Theonymic Invocation) ]] || [[ Басмала ]] || [[ 116 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Beautiful Names of Allah (asmāʾ al-ḥusnā) ]] || [[ Прекрасные имена Аллаха ]] || [[ 117 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Beauty (ḥusn, jamāl, zīna) ]] || [[ Прелесть (красота, украшение) ]] || [[ 119 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bedouin(s) (aʿrāb) ]] || [[ Бедуин ]] || [[ 121 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Beguilement (istidrāj, imhāl) ]] || [[ Отсрочка ]] || [[ 122 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Belief (īmān) ]] || [[ Вера (иман) ]] || [[ 123 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Belief and Unbelief ]] || [[ Вера и неверие ]] || [[ 124 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Believer(s) (muʾmin, muʾminūn) ]] || [[ Верующие ]] || [[ 125 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Belying the Prophet ]] || [[ Отвержение пророка ]] || [[ 126 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Benjamin ]] || [[ Буньямин (Вениамин) ]] || [[ 127 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bible ]] || [[ Библия ]] || [[ 128 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bilqis ]] || [[ Царица Савская ]] || [[ 129 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Biology as the Creation and Stages of Life ]] || [[ Биология как творение и стадии жизни ]] || [[ 130 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Birth (wilāda) ]] || [[ Рождение ]] || [[ 132 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Birth Control ]] || [[ Контроль рождаемости ]] || [[ 133 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blasphemy (Ilḥād) ]] || [[ Богохульство ]] || [[ 135 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blessing ]] || [[ Благословение ]] || [[ 136 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blessings, Bounties and Favors of Allah (barakāt, faḍl Allāh, mann Allāh, naʿīm, niʿmat Allāh) ]] || [[ Благословения, щедроты и милости Аллаха ]] || [[ 137 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blood (dam) ]] || [[ Кровь ]] || [[ دم]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blood and Blood Clot ]] || [[ Кровь и сгусток крови ]] || [[ 139 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blood Money (diya) ]] || [[ Плата за кровь ]] || [[ دية‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bloodshed ]] || [[ Кровопролитие ]] || [[ 142 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bloodshed (safk al-dam) ]] || [[ Кровопролитие ]] || [[ 143 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Boast ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 144 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Body (badan, jism, jasad) ]] || [[ Тело ]] || [[ 145 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bones (ʿiẓām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 146 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Book ]] || [[ Книга ]] || [[ 147 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Book(s) (kitāb, kutub, ṣuḥuf) ]] || [[ Книга, Книги ]] || [[ 148 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Booty ]] || [[ Трофеи ]] || [[ 149 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Booty (maghānim, ghanima, afāʾa, anfāl) ]] || [[ Трофеи ]] || [[ 150 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Boundaries and Precepts ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 151 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Boundaries of Allah (ḥudūd Allah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 152 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bowing and Prostrating (rukūʿ, sujūd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 153 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bowing and Prostration ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 154 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bread ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 155 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Breaking Trusts and Contracts ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 156 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Breastfeeding (raḍāʿ) ]] || [[ Грудное вскармливание ]] || [[ 157 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bribery (suḥt, ighlāl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 158 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bridewealth ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 159 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Brother and Brotherhood ]] || [[ Брат и братство ]] || [[ 160 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Brother and Brotherhood (akh, ikhwān, akhawāt) ]] || [[ Брат и братство ]] || [[ 161 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Burial ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 162 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Burial (iqbār, muwārāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 163 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Buying and Selling (bayʿ, shirāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 164 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Byzantines ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 165 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ C ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cain and Abel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 167 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calendar ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 168 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calf (ʿijl) ]] || [[ Телец ]] || [[ 169 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calf of Gold ]] || [[ Золотой телец ]] || [[ 170 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Caliph ]] || [[ Халиф ]] || [[ 171 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Caliph (khalīfa) ]] || [[ Халиф ]] || [[ 172 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Call to Prayer (adhān, iqāma) ]] || [[ Призыв к молитве ]] || [[ 173 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calligraphy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 174 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calling to Allah (daʿwa) ]] || [[ Призыв к Аллаху ]] || [[ 175 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calumny (buhtān) ]] || [[ Клевета ]] || [[ 176 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Camel ]] || [[ Верблюд ]] || [[ 177 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Camphor ]] || [[ Камфара ]] || [[ 178 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Canonical Recitations (qirāʾāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 179 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Captives ]] || [[ Пленники ]] || [[ 180 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Captives (asīr, asārā) ]] || [[ Пленники ]] || [[ 181 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Caravan ]] || [[ Караван ]] || [[ 182 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Caravan (qāfila, sayyāra) ]] || [[ Караван ]] || [[ 183 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Carrion ]] || [[ Мертвечина ]] || [[ 184 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Carrion (mayta) ]] || [[ Мертвечина ]] || [[ 185 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cave ]] || [[ Пещера ]] || [[ 186 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cave (ghār) ]] || [[ Пещера ]] || [[ 187 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chambers (ḥujurāt) ]] || [[ Комнаты ]] || [[ 188 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chastisement and Punishment ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 189 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chastity ]] || [[ целомудрие ]] || [[ 190 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chastity (iḥṣān, taʿaffuf) ]] || [[ целомудрие ]] || [[ 191 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cheating ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 192 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cheating (akl amwāl al-nās bi-l-bāṭil, bakhs, taghābun, taṭfīf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 193 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Childhood and Youth (ṭifl, ghulām, fatā) ]] || [[ Детство и юность ]] || [[ 194 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Children ]] || [[ Дети ]] || [[ 195 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Children (dhurriyya, ibn, banūn, walad, awlād, ḥaml, mawʾūda) ]] || [[ Дети ]] || [[ 196 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Children of Israel ]] || [[ Дети Израиля ]] || [[ 197 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Children of Isrāʾīl (banū Isrāʾīl) ]] || [[ Дети Исраила ]] || [[ 198 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Christianity (naṣrāniyya) ]] || [[ Христианство ]] || [[ 199 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Christians and Christianity ]] || [[ Христиане и христианство ]] || [[ 200 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chronicles of the Qurʾān (qaṣaṣ, qiṣaṣ al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 201 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chronology and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 202 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Church ]] || [[ Церковь ]] || [[ 203 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Churches, Synagogues and Monasteries (biyaʿ, ṣawāmiʿ) ]] || [[ Церкви, Синагоги и Монастыри ]] || [[ 204 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Circumcision ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 205 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ City ]] || [[ Город ]] || [[ 206 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ City (balad, qarya, madīna) ]] || [[ Город ]] || [[ 207 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Clay ]] || [[ Глина ]] || [[ 208 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Clay (ṭīn, ṣalṣāl) ]] || [[ Глина ]] || [[ 209 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cleanliness and Ablution ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 210 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Client(s) (mawlā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 211 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Clients and Clientage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 212 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Clothing ]] || [[ Одежда ]] || [[ 213 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Clouds (ghamām, muzn, saḥāb, ʿāriḍ) ]] || [[ Облака ]] || [[ 214 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Codices of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 215 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Coercion (ikrāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 216 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Coherence of the Qurʾān (naẓm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 217 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Collection of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 218 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Color(s) (lawn, alwān, ṣibgha) ]] || [[ Цвет, цвета ]] || [[ 219 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Colors ]] || [[ Цвета ]] || [[ 220 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Commanding Good and Forbidding Wrong (amr bil-maʿrūf, nahī ʿan al-munkar) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 221 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Commandments ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 222 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Community (umma) ]] || [[ Община ]] || [[ 223 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Community and Society in the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 224 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Companion (sāḥib) ]] || [[ Сподвижник ]] || [[ 225 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Companions of the Prophet ]] || [[ Сподвижники Пророка ]] || [[ 226 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Companions of the Prophet (aṣāḥ al-Rasūl) ]] || [[ Сподвижники Пророка ]] || [[ 227 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Competition (tanāfus fīl dunyā, takāthur, tafākhur, tasābuq fīl khayrāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 228 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Compilation of the Qurʾān (jamʿ al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 229 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Computers and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 230 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conceit ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 231 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Concubines ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 232 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Confidences (najwā, tanājī) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 233 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conjecture (ẓann) ]] || [[ Предположение ]] || [[ 234 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conquest ]] || [[ Победа ]] || [[ 235 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conquest (fatḥ) ]] || [[ Победа ]] || [[ 236 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Consecration of Animals ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 237 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Consecration of Animals (Q 5:103) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 238 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Consolation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 239 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Consultation ]] || [[ Совет ]] || [[ 240 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Consultation (shūrā) ]] || [[ Совет ]] || [[ 241 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Contamination ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 242 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Contemplation (tafakkur, tadabbur) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 243 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Contemporary Critical Practices and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 244 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Contentment (riḍwān, riḍā, yarḍā) ]] || [[ Довольство ]] || [[ 245 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Contracts and Alliances ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 246 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conversion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 247 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conveying the Message (balāgh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 248 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Coral ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 249 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Corruption ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 250 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Corruption (fasād, fisq, ʿanat) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 251 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cosmology ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 252 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cosmology ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 253 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Courage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 254 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Court ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 255 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Covenant ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 256 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Covenant (mīthāq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 257 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Createdness of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 258 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Creation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 259 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Creation (khalq, takwīn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 260 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Creeds ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 261 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Criterion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 262 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Criterion (furqān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 263 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Crucifixion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 264 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Crucifixion (ṣalb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 265 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cups (akwāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 266 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cups and Vessels ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 267 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Curse ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 268 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Curse (laʿna) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 269 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ D ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Darkness ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 271 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Darkness (aẓlama, muẓlimūn, janna al-layl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 272 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Date Palm ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 273 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Date Palm (nakhl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 274 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ David ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 275 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dawn (fajr, ṣubḥ) and Morning (bukra, ghuduw, ḍuḥā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 276 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dāwūd (David) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 277 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Day (yawm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 278 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Day and Night ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 279 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Day of Judgment (Yawm al-ḥisāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 280 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Day, Times of ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 281 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Days of Allah (ayyām Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 282 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Days of God ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 283 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Death and the Dead ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 284 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Death and the Dead (mawt, yaqīn, mayyat) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 285 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Debate and Disputation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 286 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Debt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 287 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Debt (dayn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 288 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deceit and Delusion (ghurūr, khidāʿ, izlāl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 289 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Decision ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 290 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deeds (aʿmāl, ytafʿalūn, ḥasanāt, sayyiāʾt, al-bāqiyāt al-ṣāliḥāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 291 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deferral ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 292 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deliverance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 293 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deliverance (khalāṣ, maḥīṣ, rawḥ Allāh, najāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 294 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deluge (ṭūfān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 295 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Demanding Gratitude (mann) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 296 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deobandis ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 297 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Descent of the Qurʾān (nuzūl, al-makkī wal-madanī) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 298 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Despair ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 299 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Despair (yaʾs, qunūṭ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 300 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Destiny ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 301 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Devil ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 302 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dhu l-Kifl ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 303 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dhūl-Kifl ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 304 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dhūl-Qarnayn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 305 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dialects ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 306 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dialogues ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 307 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dialogues in the Qurʾān (munājāt al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 308 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Difficult Passages ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 309 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Difficult Passages of the Qurʾān (mushkil al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 310 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disbelief (kufr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 311 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disbeliever(s) (kāfirūn, kuffār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 312 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disciples of ʿĪṣā, upon him peace (ḥawāriyyūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 313 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disobedience ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 314 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disobedience (fusūq, ʿiṣyān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 315 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dissension ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 316 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dissimulation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 317 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disunity and Disagreement (iftirāq, tafarruq, ikhtilāf, shiyaʿ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 318 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Divination ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 319 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Divine Decree (qaḍāʾ and qadar; amr Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 320 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dog ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 321 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Doubt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 322 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dowry (ṣadāq, ajr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 323 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dreams and Sleep ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 324 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dreams and their Interpretation (ruʾyā, taʿbīr al-ruʾyā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 325 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Drowning ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 326 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Drowning (gharq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 327 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Druzes ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 328 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ E ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ear(s) (udhun) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 330 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ears ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 331 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Earth ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 332 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Earth (arḍ, sāhira) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 333 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ East and West (mashriq, maghrib) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 334 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eclipses (kusūf, khusūf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 335 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Economics ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 336 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Egypt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 337 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Egypt (miṣr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 338 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Election ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 339 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Election (iṣṭifāʾ, ijtibāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 340 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Elijah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 341 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Elisha ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 342 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Embellishments (zukhruf, zīna) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 343 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Emigrants and Helpers ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 344 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Emigration ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 345 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Enemies ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 346 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Enmity and Enemies (ʿadāwa, ʿudwān, aʿdāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 347 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Enormities (kabāʾir) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 348 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Enumerating Divine Favors (ʿadd niʿmat Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 349 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Envy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 350 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Envy (ḥasad) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 351 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Epigraphy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 352 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Error ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 353 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eschatology ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 354 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eternity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 355 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eternity (khulūd, abad, azal, sarmad) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 356 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ethics ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 357 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ethics and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 358 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ethiopia ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 359 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Etiquettes (ādāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 360 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Evening ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 361 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Evening (aṣīl, ʿashiyya, maghrib, ānāʾ al-layl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 362 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Everyday Life, Qur"an In ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 363 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Evil ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 364 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Evil Deeds ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 365 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Excellence (iḥsān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 366 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Exegesis of the Qur"an: Classical and Medieval ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 367 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Exegesis of the Qur"an: Early Modern and Contemporary ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 368 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Exegesis of the Qurʾān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 369 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Exhortations ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 370 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Exhortations (ʿiẓa, mawʿiẓa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 371 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Expeditions and Battles ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 372 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Expiation (kaffāra) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 373 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eyes ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 374 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eyes and Eyesight (ʿayn, ʿaynayn, baṣar, abṣār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 375 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ezekiel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 376 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ezra ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 377 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ F ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fa†ima ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 379 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Face ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 380 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Face (wajh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 381 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Face of Allah (wajh Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 382 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Face of God ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 383 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Failure ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 384 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Failure (khayb, khusrān, ḥubūṭ al-ʿamal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 385 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Faith ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 386 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fall of Man ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 387 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Falsehood (kadhib, iftirāʾ, bāṭil, ifk, taqawwal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 388 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Family ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 389 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Family and Household (ahl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 390 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Family of the Prophet ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 391 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Family of the Prophet (ahl al-bayt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 392 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Famine ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 393 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Famine (masghaba, jūʿ, sana) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 394 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Farewell Pilgrimage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 395 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Farewell Pilgrimage (ḥijjat al-wadāʿ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 396 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fasting ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 397 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fasting (ṣawm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 398 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fate ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 399 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fati.a ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 400 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fatigue (naṣab, sina, lughūb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 401 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fear ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 402 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fear (khawf, ḥidhr; ishfāq; rahaba; fazaʿ; ruʿb, wajal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 403 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Feet ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 404 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Feet (qadam, aqdām, rijl, arjul) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 405 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Felicity and wretchedness (saʿāda, shiqwa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 406 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Feminism and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 407 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Festivals and Commemorative Days ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 408 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fighting ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 409 ]]<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Firʿawn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 410 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fire ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 411 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fire, firebrand, torch (nār, qabas, shihāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 412 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Flogging ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 413 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Flying ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 414 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Food and Drink ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 415 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Food and Drink (ṭaʿām, sharāb; iṭʿām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 416 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fools (sufahāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 417 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Footstool (kursī) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 418 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Forbidden ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 419 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Foreign Vocabulary ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 420 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Foreign Words of the Qurʾān (al-mustaʿrab) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 421 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Foretelling in the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 422 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Forgery ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 423 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Forgetfulness (nisyān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 424 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Forgiveness ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 425 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Forgiveness and Forbearance (ghufrān, maghfira, ʿafw, ṣafḥ, istighfār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 426 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Form and Structure of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 427 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fosterage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 428 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Freedom and Emancipation (ḥurr, taḥrīr, iʿtāq, fakku raqaba) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 429 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Freedom and Predestination ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 430 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Friday (Jumuʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 431 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Friday Prayer ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 432 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Friends and Friendship ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 433 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Friends and Friendship (waliy, walāya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 434 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Friends of Allah (awliyāʾ Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 435 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fruits ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 436 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Furniture and Furnishings ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 437 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ G ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gabriel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 439 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gambling ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 440 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gambling (maysir) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 441 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Garden ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 442 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Garden (janna) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 443 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Garments (libās, thiyāb, ḥilya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 444 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gate (bāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 445 ]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gender ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 446 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Generations ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 447 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Generosity (ikrām, inʿām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 448 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Geography ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 449 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Geography of and in the Qurʾān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 450 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gift-Giving ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 451 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Glad Tidings and Warnings (bushrā, nudhur) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 452 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Glorification (tasbīḥ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 453 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Glorification of God ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 454 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Glory ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 455 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ God and his Attributes ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 456 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gog and Magog ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 457 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gold ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 458 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gold and Silver (dhahab, wariq, fiḍḍa, ḥulī) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 459 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Goliath ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 460 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Good and Evil ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 461 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Good Deeds ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 462 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Good News ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 463 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gospel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 464 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gossip ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 465 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gossip (hamz, lamz, namīma) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 466 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Grace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 467 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Grammar and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 468 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Grasses ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 469 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gratitude (shukr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 470 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gratitude and Ingratitude ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 471 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Grave (qabr, ajdāth) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 472 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Greetings (taḥiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 473 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Guardianship ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 474 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Guardianship (kafāla, wilāyat ʿadl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 475 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Guest and Hospitality (ḍayf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 476 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Guidance and Misguidance (hudā, ḍalāl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 477 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ H ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hadith and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 479 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hafsa ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 480 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hajj (ḥajj) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 481 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hāmān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 482 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Haman ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 483 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hamza b. 'Abd al-Mu††alib ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 484 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hand (s) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 485 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hand of Allah (yad Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 486 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hand(s) (yad, aydī) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 487 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hanif ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 488 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ḥanīf and Ḥunafāʾ ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 489 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Happiness and Sadness (faraḥ, ḥuzn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 490 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Harmony and Balance (I’tidal, wasatiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 491 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hārūn (Aaron) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 492 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Harūt and Mārūt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 493 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Harut and Marut ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 494 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ḥawwāʾ (Eve) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 495 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Head (raʾs) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 496 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Health and Sickness (ṣāliḥ, ḥariḍ, mariḍ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 497 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hearing and Deafness ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 498 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hearing and Deafness (samʿ, ṣumm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 499 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heart ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 500 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heart (qalb, fuāʾd, ṣadr, baṣīra) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 501 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heaven and Sky ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 502 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heavenly Book ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 503 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heedlessness (ghafla) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 504 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heights (aʿrāf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 505 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hell (jaḥīm, jahannam, nār, saʿīr, ṣaqar) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 506 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hell and Hellfire ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 507 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hereafter (al-Ākhira) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 508 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heresy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 509 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hidden and the Hidden ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 510 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hides and Fleece ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 511 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hiding Knowledge (katama) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 512 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Highmost Places (ʿIlliyyūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 513 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hijr ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 514 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hijra ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 515 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ History and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 516 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Holy Spirit ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 517 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Holy Spirit (rūḥ al-qudus) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 518 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Homosexuality ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 519 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Homosexuality ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 520 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Honey ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 521 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Honey (ʿasal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 522 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Honor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 523 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hope ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 524 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hope (rajāʾ, ṭamaʿ, amal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 525 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hospitality and Courtesy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 526 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hostages ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 527 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hot and Cold ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 528 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Houris ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 529 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Houris (ḥūr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 530 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ House of ʿImrān (Āl ʿImrān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 531 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ House, Domestic and Divine ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 532 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hud ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 533 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hūd, upon him peace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 534 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hudaybiya ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 535 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Humans (banū Ādam) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 536 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Humility (khushūʿ, dhull) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 537 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Humor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 538 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ḥunayn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 539 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hunayn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 540 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hunting and Fishing ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 541 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hunting and Game (ṣayd, ṣayd al-baḥr, ḥūt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 542 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hypocrisy and Hypocrites (nifāq, munāfiqūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 543 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hypocrites and Hypocrisy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 544 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ I ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iafa and Marwa ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 546 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iblis ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 547 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ibrāhīm, upon him peace (Abraham) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 548 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iconoclasm ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 549 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idle Speech (laghw) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 550 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idolatry and Idolaters ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 551 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idols and Idolatry (aṣnām, awthān, jibt, ṭāghūt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 552 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idols and Images ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 553 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idris ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 554 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idrīs, upon him peace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 555 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ 'Ifrit ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 556 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ignorance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 557 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ignorance (jahl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 558 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ilaf ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 559 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Illegitimacy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 560 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Illiteracy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 561 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ 'Illiyyun ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 562 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Illness and Health ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 563 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ilyās, upon him peace (Elijah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 564 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Imam ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 565 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Immunity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 566 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Impeccability ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 567 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Impotence ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 568 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ 'Imran ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 569 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Indifference ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 570 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Infallibility of Prophets (ʿiṣmat al-anbiyā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 571 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Infanticide ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 572 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Informants ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 573 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ingratitude (kufr al-niʿma) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 574 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inheritance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 575 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inheritance and Patrimony (mīrāth, turāth) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 576 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inimitability ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 577 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inimitability of the Qurʾān (iʿjāz) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 578 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Injīl (Evangel) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 579 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Injustice (ẓulm, ṭughyān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 580 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Innate Nature (fiṭra) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 581 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Innovation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 582 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Innovation (bidʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 583 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inquisition ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 584 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Insanity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 585 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Insolence and Obstinacy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 586 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Insolence and Obstinacy (ʿanīd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 587 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inspiration (ilhām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 588 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Instruments ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 589 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intellect ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 590 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intellect (ʿaql, lubb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 591 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intention ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 592 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intention (niyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 593 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intercession ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 594 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intercession (shafāʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 595 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Interpretation (taʾwīl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 596 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intoxicants ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 597 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intoxicants (khamr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 598 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Invitation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 599 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iram ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 600 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iram ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 601 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iraq ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 602 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iron (ḥadīd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 603 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Īsā, upon him peace (Jesus) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 604 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Isaac ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 605 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Isaiah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 606 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Isḥāq, upon him peace (Isaac) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 607 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ishmael ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 608 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Islām ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 609 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Islam ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 610 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ismāʿīl, upon him peace (Ishmael) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 611 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Israel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 612 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ J ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jacob ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 614 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jāhiliyya ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 615 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jālūt (Goliath) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 616 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jerusalem ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 617 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jesus ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 618 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jews and Judaism ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 619 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jibrīl, upon him peace (Gabriel) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 620 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jibt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 621 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jihad ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 622 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jihad ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 623 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jinn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 624 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jinn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 625 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jizya ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 626 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Job ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 627 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ John the Baptist ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 628 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jonah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 629 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Joseph ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 630 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Journey ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 631 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Joy and Misery ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 632 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Judgment ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 633 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Judgment (ḥukm, dīn, ḥisāb, raʾy etc ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 634 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Judi ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 635 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Just (al-Abrār, ṣiddiqūn, ṣāliḥūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 636 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Justice (ʿadl, qisṭ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 637 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Justice and Injustice ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 638 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ K ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kaʿba ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 640 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ka'ba ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 641 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kha.ir/Khi.r ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 642 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Khadija ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 643 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Khaḍir (al) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 644 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kharijis ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 645 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Killing (qatl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 646 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kindered (ṣilat al-arḥām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 647 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kingdom and Kings (mulk, mulūk, malakūt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 648 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kings and Rulers ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 649 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kinship ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 650 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Knowledge (ʿilm, maʿrifa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 651 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Knowledge and Learning ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 652 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Korah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 653 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ L ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lactation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 655 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lamp ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 656 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lamp (sirāj ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 657 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Language and Speech (kalām, lisān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 658 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Language and Style of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 659 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Language of the Qurʾān (lughat al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 660 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Language, Concept of ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 661 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Last Judgment ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 662 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Laudation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 663 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Laughter ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 664 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Laughter and Weeping (ḍaḥik, bukāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 665 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Law (shirʿa, sharīʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 666 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Law and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 667 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lawful and Unlawful ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 668 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lawful and Unlawful (ḥalāl, ḥarām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 669 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Left Hand and Right Hand ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 670 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Legal Punishments (ḥudūd, taʿzīr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 671 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Legal Responsibility (taklīf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 672 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lessons of History (ʿibra) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 673 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lie ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 674 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Life ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 675 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Life (ʿīsha, maʿāsh, maʿīsha, ḥayawān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 676 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Life of this World (ḥayāt al-dunyā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 677 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Light ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 678 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Light (nūr, ḍawā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 679 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Literacy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 680 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Literary Structures of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 681 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Literature and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 682 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Load or Burden ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 683 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Loan (qarḍ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 684 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lord ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 685 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lordship (Rubūbiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 686 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Loss (naqṣ, khasār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 687 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lot ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 688 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Love and Affection ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 689 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Love, Desire, and Lust (wudd, ḥubb, hawā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 690 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Loyalty ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 691 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Luqmān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 692 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Luqman ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 693 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lūṭ, upon him peace (Lot) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 694 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ M ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Madina ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 696 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Madyan ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 697 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Magians ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 698 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Magic ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 699 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Magic (siḥr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 700 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Maintenance and Upkeep ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 701 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Majūs (Zoroastrians) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 702 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Makka ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 703 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Manifest and Hidden (shahāda, ẓahara, baṭana, ghayb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 704 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Manual Labor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 705 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Manuscripts of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 706 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Markets ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 707 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Marriage and Divorce ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 708 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Marriage and Divorce (nikāḥ, zawāj, ṭalāq, liʿān, ẓihār, khulʿ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 709 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Martyrdom and Martyrs (shahāda, shuhadāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 710 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Martyrs ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 711 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Marvels ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 712 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mary ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 713 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Maryam (Mary) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 714 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mashʿar al-Ḥarām ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 715 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Masjid al-Ḥarām ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 716 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Material Culture and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 717 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Maturity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 718 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Measurement ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 719 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mecca ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 720 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Media and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 721 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Medicine (shifāʾ, ṭibb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 722 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Medicine and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 723 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Medina ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 724 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Memory ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 725 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Men (rijāl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 726 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Men of the Cave ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 727 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Menstruation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 728 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Menstruation (ḥayḍ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 729 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mercy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 730 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mercy (raḥma) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 731 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Messenger ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 732 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Metals and Minerals ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 733 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Metaphor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 734 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Michael ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 735 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Midian ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 736 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mīkāʾīl, upon him peace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 737 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Milk ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 738 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Minerals (ḥajar, maʿādin) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 739 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Miracles ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 740 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Miracles (muʿjizāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 741 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Miracles of the Prophet, upon him peace and blessings ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 742 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Miscreants (mujrimūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 743 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mockery ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 744 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mockery (huzuw, sukhr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 745 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Model of Excellence (uswatun ḥasana) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 746 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Moderation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 747 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Moderation and the Middle Path (wasaṭiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 748 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Modesty ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 749 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Monasticism and Monks ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 750 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Monasticism and Monks (rahbāniyya, qissīsiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 751 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Money ]] || [[Деньги]] || [[ 752 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Months ]] || [[Месяц]] || [[ 753 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Moon ]] || [[Луна]] || [[ 754 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Moon (qamar) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 755 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Morning ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 756 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Moses ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 757 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mosque ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 758 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mosque (masjid) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 759 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mosque of the Dissension ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 760 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mother of Mūsā (Umm Mūsā) ]] || [[Мать Мусы]] || [[ 761 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mountains]] (jibāl) || [[Горы]] || [[ 762 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mu af ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 763 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mu.ammad ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 764 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Muhājirūn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 765 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Muḥammad, upon him blessings and peace ]] || [[Мухаммад]] || [[ 766 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Muḥkam and Mutashābih Verses ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 767 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Murder ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 768 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mūsā, upon him be peace (Moses) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 769 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Musaylima ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 770 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Music and Musical Instruments (samada, lahwa al-ḥadīth) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 771 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mu'tazila ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 772 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mute (abkam, bukm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 773 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mysterious Letters ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 774 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Myths and Legends (asāṭīr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 775 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Myths and Legends in the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 776 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ N ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Na.ir (Banu al-) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 778 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Najran ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 779 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Names of the Prophet ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 780 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Names of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 781 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Names of the Qurʾān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 782 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Namus ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 783 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Narratives ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 784 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nature as Signs ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 785 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Neck ornaments (qalāʾid) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 786 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Neighbors and Neighborhood (jār, jiwār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 787 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ News ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 788 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Night and Day (al-layl wal-nahār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 789 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Night Journey and Ascension (al-isrāʾ wal-miʿrāj) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 790 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Night of Power ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 791 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Night of Qadr (Laylat al-qadr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 792 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nimrod ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 793 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nimrūd ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 794 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Noah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 795 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nomads ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 796 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Noon ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 797 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nose ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 798 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nudity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 799 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nūḥ, upon him peace (Noah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 800 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Numbers and Enumeration ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 801 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Numbers and Enumeration (ʿadd, ʿadad) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 802 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Numerology ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 803 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Numismatics ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 804 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ O ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oaths ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 806 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oaths (qasam, yamīn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 807 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Obedience ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 808 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Obedience (ṭāʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 809 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Occasions of Revelation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 810 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Occasions of Revelation (asbāb al-nuzūl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 811 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oceans (baḥr, biḥār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 812 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Odors and Smells ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 813 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oft-Repeated ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 814 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Old Age (haram, ardhal al-ʿumur, ʿajz, shaykhūkha) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 815 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Olive(s) (zaytūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 816 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Opening Letters (ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿat) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 817 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Opposition to Mu.ammad ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 818 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oppressed of the Earth (mustaḍʿafūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 819 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oppressed on Earth, The ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 820 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oppression ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 821 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oppression (baghī, ʿulūw, rahaq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 822 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Orality ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 823 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Orality and Writing in Arabia ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 824 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Order of Sūras (tartīb al-suwar) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 825 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ornamentation and Illumination ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 826 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Orphans ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 827 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Orphans (yatīm, yatāmā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 828 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Orthography ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 829 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ P ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pairs (azwāj, zawj) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 831 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pairs and Pairing ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 832 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parable ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 833 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parables of the Qurʾān (amthāl al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 834 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Paradise ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 835 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Paradise(s) (janna, jannāt, firdaws, ʿadn, khuld, maʾwā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 836 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parents ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 837 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parents (wālidān, abawān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 838 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parody of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 839 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parties and Factions ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 840 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Past Nations (al-umam al-khāliya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 841 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Path (minhāj, sabīl, sharīʿa, shirʿa, ṣirāṭ, sunna) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 842 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Path of Allah (sabīl Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 843 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Path or Way ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 844 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Patriarchy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 845 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Peace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 846 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Peace (ṣulḥ, salām, musālama) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 847 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pen and Writing (qalam, kitāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 848 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People (nās, qawm, malaʾa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 849 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of al-Rass (ahl al-Rass) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 850 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Book ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 851 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Book (ahl al-Kitāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 852 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Cave (ahl al-kahf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 853 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Ditch ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 854 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Elephant ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 855 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Elephant (aṣḥāb al-fīl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 856 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Heights ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 857 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the House ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 858 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Remembrance (ahl al-dhikr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 859 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Thicket ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 860 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of Ukhdūd ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 861 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of Wisdom (ulū al-albāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 862 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Perjury (ḥinth, qawl al-zūr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 863 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Perseverance, Patience and Fortitude (ṣabr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 864 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Persian Literature and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 865 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pharaoh ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 866 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Philosophy and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 867 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Piety ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 868 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pilgrimage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 869 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pillars of Islam (arkān al-islām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 870 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pit ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 871 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Place of Abraham ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 872 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Plagues ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 873 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Planets and Stars ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 874 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Plants and Vegetation (nabāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 875 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Play and Distraction (laʿib, lahw) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 876 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pledge ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 877 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pledge (bayʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 878 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Poetry and Poets ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 879 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Poets and Poetry (shiʿr, shuʿarāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 880 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Polemic and Polemical Language ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 881 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Politics and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 882 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Poll Tax ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 883 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Polysemy in the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 884 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Polytheism and Atheism ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 885 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Polytheism and Polytheists (shirk, mushrikūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 886 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Popular and Talismanic Uses of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 887 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Portents ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 888 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Possession and Possessions ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 889 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Possessions and Property (māl, matāʿ, milk) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 890 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Post-Enlightenment Academic Study of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 891 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Poverty (faqr, fāqa, matraba) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 892 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Poverty and the Poor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 893 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Power (qudra) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 894 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Power and Impotence ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 895 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Praise ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 896 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Praise of Allāh Most High (ḥamd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 897 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Praise Worthy Station (maqām maḥmūd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 898 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prayer ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 899 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prayer Formulas ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 900 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prayer(s) (Ṣalāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 901 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pre-1800 Preoccupations of Qur"anic Studies ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 902 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pre-Islamic Arabia and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 903 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Preservation (ḥifẓ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 904 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Preserved Tablet ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 905 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Preserved Tablet (al-lawḥ al-maḥfūẓ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 906 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pride ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 907 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Printing of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 908 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prisoners ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 909 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prisonors of War ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 910 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Profane and Sacred ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 911 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prohibited Degrees ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 912 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Promises and Threats (waʿd wal-waʿīd, mīʿād, mawʿūd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 913 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Proof ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 914 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Proof (burhān, ḥujja, sulṭān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 915 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Property ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 916 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prophethood (nubuwwa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 917 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prophets and Prophethood ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 918 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Protection ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 919 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Provocation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 920 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Psalms ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 921 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Punishment Stories ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 922 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Purification (tazkiya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 923 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Q ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Qārūn (Korah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 925 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Qaynuqa'(Banu) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 926 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Qibla ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 927 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Qibla ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 928 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Quakes and Disasters (zalāzil, maṣāʾib) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 929 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ [[ Qurʾān]] || [[Коран]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Qurʾānic Rulings (aḥkām al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 931 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Quray.a(Banu al-) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 932 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Quraysh ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 933 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Quraysh ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 934 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ R ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rabb ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 936 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rabbis (aḥbār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 937 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Races ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 938 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Raḥmān (al-) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 939 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rain (maṭar, ghayth) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 940 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rama.an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 941 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ramaḍān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 942 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ranks and Orders ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 943 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Raqim ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 944 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rare Words of the Qurʾān (gharīb al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 945 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rass ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 946 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Reading and Recitation (qirāʾa, talā, tilāwa, rattil, tartīl, yatlū(n)) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 947 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Readings of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 948 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rebellion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 949 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Recitation of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 950 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Reciters of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 951 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Reflection and Deliberation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 952 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Religion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 953 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Religion (dīn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 954 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Religious Pluralism and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 955 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Remembrance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 956 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Remembrance of Allah (dhikr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 957 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Remnant ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 958 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Repentance (tawba, ināba, ikhbāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 959 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Repentance and Penance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 960 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Respite (amhala, ajal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 961 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Responsibility ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 962 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Resurrection ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 963 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Resurrection (qiyāma) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 964 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Retaliation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 965 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Retaliation (iʿtidāʾ bil-mithl, qiṣāṣ, ʿadl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 966 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Retreat and Seclusion (iʿtikāf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 967 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Revelation and Inspiration ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 968 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Revision and Alteration ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 969 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Reward and Punishment ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 970 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rhetoric and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 971 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rhymed Prose ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 972 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ritual and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 973 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ritual Purity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 974 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rod ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 975 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ S ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sabbath ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 977 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sabians ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 978 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sacred Precincts ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 979 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sacrifice ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 980 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Saint ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 981 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Salih ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 982 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Salvation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 983 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Samaritans ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 984 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Samson ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 985 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Samuel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 986 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sand ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 987 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Satanic Verses ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 988 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Saul ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 989 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Scholar ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 990 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Science and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 991 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Scripture and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 992 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Scrolls ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 993 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Seasons ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 994 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Secrets ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 995 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Seeing and Hearing ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 996 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Servants ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 997 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sex and Sexuality ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 998 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sheba ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 999 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sheets ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1000 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Shekhinah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1001 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Shi'a ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1002 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Shiffin, Battle of ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1003 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Shi'ism and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1004 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ships ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1005 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Shu'ayb ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1006 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Signs ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1007 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Silk ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1008 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Simile ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1009 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sin, Major and Minor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1010 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sinai ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1011 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sira and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1012 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sirius ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1013 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sister ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1014 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Slaughter ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1015 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Slaves and Slavery ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1016 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sleep ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1017 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Smell ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1018 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Smoke ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1019 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Social Sciences and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1020 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Solomon ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1021 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Soothsayer ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1022 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Soul ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1023 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1024 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ South Asian Literatures and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1025 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Southeast Asian Qur"anic Literature ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1026 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sovereignty ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1027 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spatial Relations ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1028 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Speech ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1029 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Speech of Allah (kalām, kalimat Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1030 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spending (infāq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1031 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spider ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1032 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spirit ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1033 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spirit (rūḥ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1034 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spiritual Beings ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1035 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sports ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1036 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Springs and Fountains ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1037 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spying (tajassus) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1038 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Squandering (isrāf, tabdhīr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1039 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Stars and Planets (nujūm, kawākib) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1040 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Station of Ibrāhīm ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1041 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Stone ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1042 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Stones ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1043 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Stoning ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1044 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Strangers and Foreigners ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1045 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Subservience (taskhīr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1046 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Success (falāḥ, fawz) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1047 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Succor (naṣr, ʿawn, ghawth) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1048 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Suffering ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1049 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sufism and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1050 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Suicide ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1051 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Suicide (qatala nafsahu) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1052 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sulaymān, upon him peace (Solomon) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1053 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sun ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1054 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sun (shams) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1055 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sunna ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1056 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Supererogatory Prayers and Deeds (nafl, nāfila, nawāfil) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1057 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Supplication and Answer (duʿāʾ, istijāba) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1058 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sūra ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1059 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sura (s) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1060 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Suspicion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1061 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Suspicion (sūʾ al-ẓann) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1062 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sustenance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1063 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sustenance (rizq, ṭaʿām, qūt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1064 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Symbolic Imagery ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1065 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Syria ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1066 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Syro-Palestine (al-Shām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1067 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ T ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Table ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1069 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Table Spread (al-Māʾida) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1070 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Talent ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1071 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ṭālūt (Saul) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1072 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tampering (taḥrīf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1073 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Taqwā ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1074 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tawḥīd (tawḥīd, tabattul, ḥanīf, ḥunafāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1075 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Taxation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1076 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Teaching ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1077 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Teaching and Preaching the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1078 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Teeth ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1079 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Temporary Marriage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1080 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ten Nights of Dhūl-Ḥijja ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1081 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tents and Tent Pegs ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1082 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Textual Criticism of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1083 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Thamūd ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1084 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ The Name, the Naming, the Named (ism, tasmiya, musamma) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1086 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ The Qurʾān and History (taʾrīkh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1087 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ The Qurʾān and the Order of Nature ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1088 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Theft ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1089 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Theft and Robbery (sariqa, ghaṣb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1090 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Theology and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1091 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Theophany ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1092 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Thing (shayʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1093 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Throne of Allah (ʿarsh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1094 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Throne of God ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1095 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Thunder and Lightning (al-raʿd, barq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1096 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Time ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1097 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Time (waqt, ʿaṣr…) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1098 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tolerance and Coercion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1099 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tongue (lisān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1100 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tools for the Scholarly Study of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1101 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Torah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1102 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trade and Commerce ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1104 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tradition and Custom ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1105 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Traditional Disciplines of Qur"anic Studies ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1106 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tranquility and trembling (sakīna, wajal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1107 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Transcendence and Anthropomorphism (tanzīh, taqdīs, tashbīh, tajsīm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1108 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Transgression (fujūr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1109 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Transitoriness ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1110 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Translations of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1111 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Travel, Traveler (siyāḥa, musāfir, ḍaraba fīl-arḍ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1112 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tree (s) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1113 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tree(s) (shajar) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1114 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trial ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1115 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trials and Strife (balāʾ, ibtilāʾ, fitna) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1116 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tribe(s) and Confederates (qabāʾil, aḥzāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1117 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tribes and Clans ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1118 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trinity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1119 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trinity (qawluhum thalātha) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1120 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trips and Voyages ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1121 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Troops ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1122 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Troops (jund, junūd, ribbiyyūnrubbiyyūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1123 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trumpet (ṣūr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1124 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trust and Patience ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1125 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trust in Allah (tawakkul) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1126 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trust(s) (amānāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1127 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Truth ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1128 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Truth (ḥaqq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1129 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Truthfulness (ṣidq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1130 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tubbaʿ ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1131 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tubba' ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1132 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ṭūr ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1133 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Turkish Literature and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1134 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tuwa ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1135 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Two Sons of Ādam ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1136 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ U ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Uḥud ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1138 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ummi ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1139 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Umra ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1140 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Uncertainty ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1141 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Understanding (fahm…) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1142 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Unity of the Text of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1143 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Unlettered (ummī, ummiyyūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1144 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Usury ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1145 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Usury (ribā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1146 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ 'Uthman ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1147 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Uzayr ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1148 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ V ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Vehicles ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1150 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Veil ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1151 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Veil (khimār, jilbāb, ḥijāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1152 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Vengeance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1153 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Verse (āya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1154 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Verse (s) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1155 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Victory (fawz) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1156 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Vigil prayer(s) (tahajjud) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1157 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Vows (nadhr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1158 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ W ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Waiting Period (ʿidda) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1160 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ War (ḥarb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1161 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Water (māʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1162 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Way of Allāh (Sunnat Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1163 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Wealth and Prosperity (khayr, ghinā, naʿīm, naʿmāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1164 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Weapons (asliḥa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1165 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Weights and Measures (mawāzin, makāyil) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1166 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Whisperings (waswasa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1167 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Widows (arāmil) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1168 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Will, Want and Volition (irāda) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1169 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Wills, Bequests, Directives and Divine Stipulations (waṣiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1170 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Winds (rīḥ, riyāḥ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1171 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Wisdom (ḥikma, fiqh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1172 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Witness of Faith, Witnessing and Witnesses (shahida, shahāda; shuhūd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1173 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Wives of the Prophet ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1174 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Womb (raḥim, riḥm, pl ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1175 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Women (nisāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1176 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Wonderment (ʿajab) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1177 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ World (dunyā, ʿālam, ʿālamīn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1178 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Worship (ʿibāda, nusuk, tabtīl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1179 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Y ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yaḥyā, upon him peace (John) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1181 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yāʾjūj and Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1182 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yaʿqūb (Isrāʾīl), upon him peace (Jacob, Israel) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1183 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yasaʿ, upon him peace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1184 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yathrib ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1185 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Year (ʿām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1186 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yūnus, upon him peace (Jonah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1187 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yūsuf, upon him peace (Joseph) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1188 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Z ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Zabūr ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1190 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Zakariyyā, upon him peace (Zachariah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1191 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Zakāt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1192 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Zaqqūm ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1193 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Zayd ibn Ḥārithaha ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1194 ]]<br /> |-<br /> |}</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=List_of_Terms&diff=50 List of Terms 2016-03-23T19:32:43Z

<p>Hqaweb: Новая страница: «Список статей энциклопедии Академии Корана на английском, русском и арабском языках. {| c…»</p> <hr /> <div>Список статей энциклопедии Академии Корана на английском, русском и арабском языках.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" border="1"<br /> |-<br /> == А ==<br /> ! width="300" |English<br /> ! width="300" |Кириллица<br /> ! width="300" |العَرَبِية‎<br /> |-<br /> | [[ A'isha bint Abi Bakr ]] || [[Аиша бинт Абу Бакр]] || [[عائشة بنت أَبي بكر]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aaron]] || [[Харун]] (Аарон) || [[هارون‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ability]] (istiṭāʿa) || [[Возможность]] || [[ 5 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ablution]] (ghusl, wuḍūʾ, tayammum) || [[Омовение]] || [[ 6 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abode]] (dār) || [[Дом]] (обитель) || [[ 7 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abortion]] || [[Аборт]] || [[إجهاض]]<br /> |-<br /> | [['Abraha al-Ashram]] || [[Абраха аль-Ашрам]] || [[أبرهة الأشرم]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abraham]] || [[Ибрахим]] (Авраам) || [[إبراهيم‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abrogation]] || [[Отмена]] [аятов] || [[ 12 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abstinence]] || [[Аскетизм]] (зухд) || [[زهد‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abū Bakr]] || [[Абу Бакр]] || [[أبو بكر‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abū Lahab]] || [[Абу Лахаб]] || [[أبو لهب]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abyssinia]] || [[Эфиопия]] || [[ 19 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acquisition]] (kasb) || [[Приобретение]] (касб) || [[كسب‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ād]] || [[Адиты]] || [[عاد‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Adam and Eve]] || [[Адам и Хавва]] || [[آدم و حواء]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ādam]] || [[Адам]] || [[ 24 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Adoption]] || [[Усыновление и удочерение]] || [[ 25 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Adoration]] || [[Поклонение]] || [[ 26 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Adultery and Fornication]] (zinā) || [[Прелюбодеяние и блуд]] (зина) || [[زنا‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Advice]] (naṣīḥa) || [[Наставление]] (насиха) || [[نصيحة]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Afternoon]] || [[Послеполуденное время]] (аср) || [[ 32 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Age of Ignorance]] || [[Эпоха невежества]] (джахилия) || [[ 33 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aggression]] (ʿadāʾ, iʿtidāʾ) || [[Агрессия]] || [[ 34 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Agriculture]] (zirāʿa) || [[Земледелие]] || [[ 35 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Agriculture and Vegetation]] || [[ Земледелие и растительность ]] || [[ 36 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aḥmad]] || [[Ахмад]] (пророк) || [[أحمد‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Air and Wind]] || [[Воздух и ветер]] || [[ 38 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Alaqa]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 39 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Al-'Arim ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 40 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Alexander]] || [[Александр]] || [[ 41 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [['Ali bin Abi Talib]] || [[Али ибн Абу Талиб]] || [[علي بن أبي طالب]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Allāh]] || [[Аллах]] || [[الله]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Alliance and Treaty]] (ʿahd; ʿaqd; aymān; dhimma; ḥilf; mīthāq) || [[Союзничество и договор]] || [[ 44 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Almsgiving]] (ṣadaqa) || [[Садака]] || [[صدقة‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ambiguous]] || [[ Двусмысленный ]] || [[ 47 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Amulets]] || [[Амулеты]] || [[ 48 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anatomy]] || [[Анатомия]] || [[ 49 ]]<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | [[Angel(s)]] (malak, malāʾika) || [[Ангел]] || [[ 51 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anger]] (ghaḍab, ghayẓ, sakhaṭ) || [[Гнев]] || [[ 53 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Animal Life]] || [[Животная жизнь]] || [[ 54 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Animals]] (dābba, dawābb) || [[Животные]] || [[ 55 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anointing]] || [[Помазывание]] || [[ 56 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anonymous Mentions]] (mubhamāt) || [[ А ]] || [[ 57 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anṣār]] || [[Ансары]] || [[ 58 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anthropomorphism]] || [[Антропоморфизм]] || [[ 59 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Antichrist]] || [[Антихрист]] (Масих ад-Даджал) || [[ 60 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apocalypse]] || [[Апокалипсис]] || [[ 61 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apologetics]] || [[Апологетика]] || [[ 62 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apostasy]] (ridda) || [[Вероотступничество]] (ридда) || [[ 64 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apostle]] || [[Апостол]] || [[ 65 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apparition]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 66 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apportionment]] (qadr, taqdīr) || [[ А ]] || [[ 67 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aqṣā Mosque]] || [[Аль-Акса]] || [[المسجد الاقصى‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arabic]] || [[Арабский]] || [[ 70 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arabic Language]] || [[Арабский язык]] || [[لغة عربية]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arabic Script]] || [[Арабская письменность]] || [[ 72 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arabs]] || [[Арабы]] || [[ 73 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arafāt]] || [[Арафат]] (гора) || [[ 74 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arbitration]] (taḥkīm) || [[ Арбитраж (третейский суд) ]] || [[ 77 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Archaeology and the Qur'an ]] || [[ Археология в Коране ]] || [[ 79 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ark (fulk, safīna) ]] || [[ Ковчег ]] || [[ 81 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Arrogance ]] || [[ Высокомерие ]] || [[ 82 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Art and Architecture and the Qur'an ]] || [[ Искусство, архитектура в Коране ]] || [[ 83 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Artery and Vein ]] || [[ Артерия и вена ]] || [[ 84 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ascension ]] || [[ Вознесение ]] || [[ 86 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Asceticism ]] || [[ Аскетизм ]] || [[ 87 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ashes ]] || [[ Прах ]] || [[ 88 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Astray (ḍāll) ]] || [[ Заблудший ]] || [[ 90 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Atom (dharra) ]] || [[ Мельчайшая частица ]] || [[ 91 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Atonement ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 92 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Authority(ies) (sulṭān, ulū al-amr) ]] || [[ Власть ]] || [[ 94 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Avarice and Greed (bukhl, ḥirṣ, shuḥḥ) ]] || [[ Жадность и скупость ]] || [[ 96 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Awe of Allah (khashyat Allāh) ]] || [[ Богобоязненность ]] || [[ 97 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ayyūb ]] || [[ Айюб (пророк) ]] || [[ 98 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Āzar ]] || [[ Азар ]] || [[ 99 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Baal ]] || [[ Ваал ]] || [[ 102 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bābil (Babel) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 103 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Babylon ]] || [[ Вавилон ]] || [[ 104 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Backbiting (ghība) ]] || [[ Злословие ]] || [[ 105 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Badr ]] || [[ Бадр ]] || [[ 106 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Baha"is ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 108 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Baʿl ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 109 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Baptism ]] || [[ Крещение ]] || [[ 110 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Barelwis ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 111 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Barrier ]] || [[ Преграда ]] || [[ 112 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Barzakh ]] || [[ Барзах ]] || [[ 113 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Basmala (Theonymic Invocation) ]] || [[ Басмала ]] || [[ 116 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Beautiful Names of Allah (asmāʾ al-ḥusnā) ]] || [[ Прекрасные имена Аллаха ]] || [[ 117 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Beauty (ḥusn, jamāl, zīna) ]] || [[ Прелесть (красота, украшение) ]] || [[ 119 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bedouin(s) (aʿrāb) ]] || [[ Бедуин ]] || [[ 121 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Beguilement (istidrāj, imhāl) ]] || [[ Отсрочка ]] || [[ 122 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Belief (īmān) ]] || [[ Вера (иман) ]] || [[ 123 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Belief and Unbelief ]] || [[ Вера и неверие ]] || [[ 124 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Believer(s) (muʾmin, muʾminūn) ]] || [[ Верующие ]] || [[ 125 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Belying the Prophet ]] || [[ Отвержение пророка ]] || [[ 126 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Benjamin ]] || [[ Буньямин (Вениамин) ]] || [[ 127 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bible ]] || [[ Библия ]] || [[ 128 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bilqis ]] || [[ Царица Савская ]] || [[ 129 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Biology as the Creation and Stages of Life ]] || [[ Биология как творение и стадии жизни ]] || [[ 130 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Birth (wilāda) ]] || [[ Рождение ]] || [[ 132 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Birth Control ]] || [[ Контроль рождаемости ]] || [[ 133 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blasphemy (Ilḥād) ]] || [[ Богохульство ]] || [[ 135 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blessing ]] || [[ Благословение ]] || [[ 136 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blessings, Bounties and Favors of Allah (barakāt, faḍl Allāh, mann Allāh, naʿīm, niʿmat Allāh) ]] || [[ Благословения, щедроты и милости Аллаха ]] || [[ 137 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blood (dam) ]] || [[ Кровь ]] || [[ دم]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blood and Blood Clot ]] || [[ Кровь и сгусток крови ]] || [[ 139 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Blood Money (diya) ]] || [[ Плата за кровь ]] || [[ دية‎]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bloodshed ]] || [[ Кровопролитие ]] || [[ 142 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bloodshed (safk al-dam) ]] || [[ Кровопролитие ]] || [[ 143 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Boast ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 144 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Body (badan, jism, jasad) ]] || [[ Тело ]] || [[ 145 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bones (ʿiẓām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 146 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Book ]] || [[ Книга ]] || [[ 147 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Book(s) (kitāb, kutub, ṣuḥuf) ]] || [[ Книга, Книги ]] || [[ 148 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Booty ]] || [[ Трофеи ]] || [[ 149 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Booty (maghānim, ghanima, afāʾa, anfāl) ]] || [[ Трофеи ]] || [[ 150 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Boundaries and Precepts ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 151 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Boundaries of Allah (ḥudūd Allah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 152 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bowing and Prostrating (rukūʿ, sujūd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 153 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bowing and Prostration ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 154 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bread ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 155 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Breaking Trusts and Contracts ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 156 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Breastfeeding (raḍāʿ) ]] || [[ Грудное вскармливание ]] || [[ 157 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bribery (suḥt, ighlāl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 158 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Bridewealth ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 159 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Brother and Brotherhood ]] || [[ Брат и братство ]] || [[ 160 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Brother and Brotherhood (akh, ikhwān, akhawāt) ]] || [[ Брат и братство ]] || [[ 161 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Burial ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 162 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Burial (iqbār, muwārāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 163 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Buying and Selling (bayʿ, shirāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 164 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Byzantines ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 165 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ C ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cain and Abel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 167 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calendar ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 168 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calf (ʿijl) ]] || [[ Телец ]] || [[ 169 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calf of Gold ]] || [[ Золотой телец ]] || [[ 170 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Caliph ]] || [[ Халиф ]] || [[ 171 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Caliph (khalīfa) ]] || [[ Халиф ]] || [[ 172 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Call to Prayer (adhān, iqāma) ]] || [[ Призыв к молитве ]] || [[ 173 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calligraphy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 174 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calling to Allah (daʿwa) ]] || [[ Призыв к Аллаху ]] || [[ 175 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Calumny (buhtān) ]] || [[ Клевета ]] || [[ 176 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Camel ]] || [[ Верблюд ]] || [[ 177 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Camphor ]] || [[ Камфара ]] || [[ 178 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Canonical Recitations (qirāʾāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 179 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Captives ]] || [[ Пленники ]] || [[ 180 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Captives (asīr, asārā) ]] || [[ Пленники ]] || [[ 181 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Caravan ]] || [[ Караван ]] || [[ 182 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Caravan (qāfila, sayyāra) ]] || [[ Караван ]] || [[ 183 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Carrion ]] || [[ Мертвечина ]] || [[ 184 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Carrion (mayta) ]] || [[ Мертвечина ]] || [[ 185 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cave ]] || [[ Пещера ]] || [[ 186 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cave (ghār) ]] || [[ Пещера ]] || [[ 187 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chambers (ḥujurāt) ]] || [[ Комнаты ]] || [[ 188 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chastisement and Punishment ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 189 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chastity ]] || [[ целомудрие ]] || [[ 190 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chastity (iḥṣān, taʿaffuf) ]] || [[ целомудрие ]] || [[ 191 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cheating ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 192 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cheating (akl amwāl al-nās bi-l-bāṭil, bakhs, taghābun, taṭfīf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 193 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Childhood and Youth (ṭifl, ghulām, fatā) ]] || [[ Детство и юность ]] || [[ 194 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Children ]] || [[ Дети ]] || [[ 195 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Children (dhurriyya, ibn, banūn, walad, awlād, ḥaml, mawʾūda) ]] || [[ Дети ]] || [[ 196 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Children of Israel ]] || [[ Дети Израиля ]] || [[ 197 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Children of Isrāʾīl (banū Isrāʾīl) ]] || [[ Дети Исраила ]] || [[ 198 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Christianity (naṣrāniyya) ]] || [[ Христианство ]] || [[ 199 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Christians and Christianity ]] || [[ Христиане и христианство ]] || [[ 200 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chronicles of the Qurʾān (qaṣaṣ, qiṣaṣ al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 201 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Chronology and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 202 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Church ]] || [[ Церковь ]] || [[ 203 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Churches, Synagogues and Monasteries (biyaʿ, ṣawāmiʿ) ]] || [[ Церкви, Синагоги и Монастыри ]] || [[ 204 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Circumcision ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 205 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ City ]] || [[ Город ]] || [[ 206 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ City (balad, qarya, madīna) ]] || [[ Город ]] || [[ 207 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Clay ]] || [[ Глина ]] || [[ 208 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Clay (ṭīn, ṣalṣāl) ]] || [[ Глина ]] || [[ 209 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cleanliness and Ablution ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 210 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Client(s) (mawlā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 211 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Clients and Clientage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 212 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Clothing ]] || [[ Одежда ]] || [[ 213 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Clouds (ghamām, muzn, saḥāb, ʿāriḍ) ]] || [[ Облака ]] || [[ 214 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Codices of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 215 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Coercion (ikrāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 216 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Coherence of the Qurʾān (naẓm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 217 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Collection of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 218 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Color(s) (lawn, alwān, ṣibgha) ]] || [[ Цвет, цвета ]] || [[ 219 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Colors ]] || [[ Цвета ]] || [[ 220 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Commanding Good and Forbidding Wrong (amr bil-maʿrūf, nahī ʿan al-munkar) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 221 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Commandments ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 222 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Community (umma) ]] || [[ Община ]] || [[ 223 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Community and Society in the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 224 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Companion (sāḥib) ]] || [[ Сподвижник ]] || [[ 225 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Companions of the Prophet ]] || [[ Сподвижники Пророка ]] || [[ 226 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Companions of the Prophet (aṣāḥ al-Rasūl) ]] || [[ Сподвижники Пророка ]] || [[ 227 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Competition (tanāfus fīl dunyā, takāthur, tafākhur, tasābuq fīl khayrāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 228 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Compilation of the Qurʾān (jamʿ al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 229 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Computers and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 230 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conceit ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 231 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Concubines ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 232 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Confidences (najwā, tanājī) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 233 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conjecture (ẓann) ]] || [[ Предположение ]] || [[ 234 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conquest ]] || [[ Победа ]] || [[ 235 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conquest (fatḥ) ]] || [[ Победа ]] || [[ 236 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Consecration of Animals ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 237 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Consecration of Animals (Q 5:103) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 238 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Consolation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 239 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Consultation ]] || [[ Совет ]] || [[ 240 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Consultation (shūrā) ]] || [[ Совет ]] || [[ 241 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Contamination ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 242 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Contemplation (tafakkur, tadabbur) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 243 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Contemporary Critical Practices and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 244 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Contentment (riḍwān, riḍā, yarḍā) ]] || [[ Довольство ]] || [[ 245 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Contracts and Alliances ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 246 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conversion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 247 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Conveying the Message (balāgh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 248 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Coral ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 249 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Corruption ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 250 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Corruption (fasād, fisq, ʿanat) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 251 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cosmology ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 252 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cosmology ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 253 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Courage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 254 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Court ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 255 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Covenant ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 256 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Covenant (mīthāq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 257 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Createdness of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 258 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Creation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 259 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Creation (khalq, takwīn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 260 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Creeds ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 261 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Criterion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 262 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Criterion (furqān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 263 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Crucifixion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 264 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Crucifixion (ṣalb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 265 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cups (akwāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 266 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Cups and Vessels ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 267 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Curse ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 268 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Curse (laʿna) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 269 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ D ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Darkness ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 271 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Darkness (aẓlama, muẓlimūn, janna al-layl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 272 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Date Palm ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 273 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Date Palm (nakhl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 274 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ David ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 275 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dawn (fajr, ṣubḥ) and Morning (bukra, ghuduw, ḍuḥā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 276 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dāwūd (David) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 277 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Day (yawm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 278 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Day and Night ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 279 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Day of Judgment (Yawm al-ḥisāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 280 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Day, Times of ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 281 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Days of Allah (ayyām Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 282 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Days of God ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 283 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Death and the Dead ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 284 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Death and the Dead (mawt, yaqīn, mayyat) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 285 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Debate and Disputation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 286 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Debt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 287 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Debt (dayn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 288 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deceit and Delusion (ghurūr, khidāʿ, izlāl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 289 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Decision ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 290 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deeds (aʿmāl, ytafʿalūn, ḥasanāt, sayyiāʾt, al-bāqiyāt al-ṣāliḥāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 291 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deferral ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 292 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deliverance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 293 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deliverance (khalāṣ, maḥīṣ, rawḥ Allāh, najāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 294 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deluge (ṭūfān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 295 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Demanding Gratitude (mann) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 296 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Deobandis ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 297 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Descent of the Qurʾān (nuzūl, al-makkī wal-madanī) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 298 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Despair ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 299 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Despair (yaʾs, qunūṭ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 300 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Destiny ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 301 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Devil ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 302 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dhu l-Kifl ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 303 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dhūl-Kifl ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 304 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dhūl-Qarnayn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 305 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dialects ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 306 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dialogues ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 307 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dialogues in the Qurʾān (munājāt al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 308 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Difficult Passages ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 309 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Difficult Passages of the Qurʾān (mushkil al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 310 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disbelief (kufr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 311 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disbeliever(s) (kāfirūn, kuffār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 312 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disciples of ʿĪṣā, upon him peace (ḥawāriyyūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 313 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disobedience ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 314 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disobedience (fusūq, ʿiṣyān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 315 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dissension ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 316 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dissimulation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 317 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Disunity and Disagreement (iftirāq, tafarruq, ikhtilāf, shiyaʿ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 318 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Divination ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 319 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Divine Decree (qaḍāʾ and qadar; amr Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 320 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dog ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 321 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Doubt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 322 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dowry (ṣadāq, ajr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 323 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dreams and Sleep ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 324 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Dreams and their Interpretation (ruʾyā, taʿbīr al-ruʾyā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 325 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Drowning ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 326 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Drowning (gharq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 327 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Druzes ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 328 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ E ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ear(s) (udhun) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 330 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ears ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 331 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Earth ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 332 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Earth (arḍ, sāhira) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 333 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ East and West (mashriq, maghrib) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 334 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eclipses (kusūf, khusūf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 335 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Economics ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 336 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Egypt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 337 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Egypt (miṣr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 338 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Election ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 339 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Election (iṣṭifāʾ, ijtibāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 340 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Elijah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 341 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Elisha ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 342 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Embellishments (zukhruf, zīna) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 343 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Emigrants and Helpers ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 344 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Emigration ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 345 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Enemies ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 346 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Enmity and Enemies (ʿadāwa, ʿudwān, aʿdāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 347 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Enormities (kabāʾir) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 348 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Enumerating Divine Favors (ʿadd niʿmat Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 349 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Envy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 350 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Envy (ḥasad) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 351 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Epigraphy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 352 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Error ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 353 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eschatology ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 354 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eternity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 355 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eternity (khulūd, abad, azal, sarmad) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 356 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ethics ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 357 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ethics and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 358 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ethiopia ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 359 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Etiquettes (ādāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 360 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Evening ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 361 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Evening (aṣīl, ʿashiyya, maghrib, ānāʾ al-layl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 362 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Everyday Life, Qur"an In ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 363 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Evil ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 364 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Evil Deeds ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 365 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Excellence (iḥsān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 366 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Exegesis of the Qur"an: Classical and Medieval ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 367 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Exegesis of the Qur"an: Early Modern and Contemporary ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 368 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Exegesis of the Qurʾān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 369 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Exhortations ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 370 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Exhortations (ʿiẓa, mawʿiẓa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 371 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Expeditions and Battles ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 372 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Expiation (kaffāra) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 373 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eyes ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 374 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Eyes and Eyesight (ʿayn, ʿaynayn, baṣar, abṣār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 375 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ezekiel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 376 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ezra ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 377 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ F ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fa†ima ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 379 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Face ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 380 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Face (wajh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 381 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Face of Allah (wajh Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 382 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Face of God ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 383 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Failure ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 384 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Failure (khayb, khusrān, ḥubūṭ al-ʿamal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 385 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Faith ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 386 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fall of Man ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 387 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Falsehood (kadhib, iftirāʾ, bāṭil, ifk, taqawwal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 388 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Family ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 389 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Family and Household (ahl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 390 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Family of the Prophet ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 391 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Family of the Prophet (ahl al-bayt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 392 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Famine ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 393 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Famine (masghaba, jūʿ, sana) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 394 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Farewell Pilgrimage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 395 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Farewell Pilgrimage (ḥijjat al-wadāʿ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 396 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fasting ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 397 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fasting (ṣawm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 398 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fate ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 399 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fati.a ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 400 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fatigue (naṣab, sina, lughūb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 401 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fear ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 402 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fear (khawf, ḥidhr; ishfāq; rahaba; fazaʿ; ruʿb, wajal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 403 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Feet ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 404 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Feet (qadam, aqdām, rijl, arjul) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 405 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Felicity and wretchedness (saʿāda, shiqwa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 406 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Feminism and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 407 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Festivals and Commemorative Days ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 408 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fighting ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 409 ]]<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Firʿawn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 410 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fire ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 411 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fire, firebrand, torch (nār, qabas, shihāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 412 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Flogging ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 413 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Flying ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 414 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Food and Drink ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 415 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Food and Drink (ṭaʿām, sharāb; iṭʿām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 416 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fools (sufahāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 417 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Footstool (kursī) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 418 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Forbidden ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 419 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Foreign Vocabulary ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 420 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Foreign Words of the Qurʾān (al-mustaʿrab) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 421 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Foretelling in the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 422 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Forgery ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 423 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Forgetfulness (nisyān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 424 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Forgiveness ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 425 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Forgiveness and Forbearance (ghufrān, maghfira, ʿafw, ṣafḥ, istighfār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 426 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Form and Structure of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 427 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fosterage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 428 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Freedom and Emancipation (ḥurr, taḥrīr, iʿtāq, fakku raqaba) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 429 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Freedom and Predestination ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 430 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Friday (Jumuʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 431 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Friday Prayer ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 432 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Friends and Friendship ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 433 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Friends and Friendship (waliy, walāya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 434 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Friends of Allah (awliyāʾ Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 435 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Fruits ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 436 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Furniture and Furnishings ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 437 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ G ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gabriel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 439 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gambling ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 440 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gambling (maysir) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 441 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Garden ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 442 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Garden (janna) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 443 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Garments (libās, thiyāb, ḥilya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 444 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gate (bāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 445 ]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gender ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 446 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Generations ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 447 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Generosity (ikrām, inʿām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 448 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Geography ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 449 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Geography of and in the Qurʾān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 450 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gift-Giving ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 451 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Glad Tidings and Warnings (bushrā, nudhur) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 452 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Glorification (tasbīḥ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 453 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Glorification of God ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 454 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Glory ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 455 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ God and his Attributes ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 456 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gog and Magog ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 457 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gold ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 458 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gold and Silver (dhahab, wariq, fiḍḍa, ḥulī) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 459 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Goliath ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 460 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Good and Evil ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 461 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Good Deeds ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 462 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Good News ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 463 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gospel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 464 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gossip ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 465 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gossip (hamz, lamz, namīma) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 466 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Grace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 467 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Grammar and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 468 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Grasses ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 469 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gratitude (shukr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 470 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Gratitude and Ingratitude ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 471 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Grave (qabr, ajdāth) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 472 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Greetings (taḥiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 473 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Guardianship ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 474 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Guardianship (kafāla, wilāyat ʿadl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 475 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Guest and Hospitality (ḍayf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 476 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Guidance and Misguidance (hudā, ḍalāl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 477 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ H ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hadith and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 479 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hafsa ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 480 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hajj (ḥajj) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 481 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hāmān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 482 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Haman ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 483 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hamza b. 'Abd al-Mu††alib ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 484 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hand (s) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 485 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hand of Allah (yad Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 486 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hand(s) (yad, aydī) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 487 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hanif ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 488 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ḥanīf and Ḥunafāʾ ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 489 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Happiness and Sadness (faraḥ, ḥuzn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 490 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Harmony and Balance (I’tidal, wasatiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 491 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hārūn (Aaron) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 492 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Harūt and Mārūt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 493 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Harut and Marut ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 494 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ḥawwāʾ (Eve) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 495 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Head (raʾs) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 496 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Health and Sickness (ṣāliḥ, ḥariḍ, mariḍ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 497 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hearing and Deafness ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 498 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hearing and Deafness (samʿ, ṣumm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 499 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heart ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 500 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heart (qalb, fuāʾd, ṣadr, baṣīra) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 501 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heaven and Sky ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 502 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heavenly Book ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 503 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heedlessness (ghafla) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 504 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heights (aʿrāf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 505 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hell (jaḥīm, jahannam, nār, saʿīr, ṣaqar) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 506 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hell and Hellfire ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 507 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hereafter (al-Ākhira) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 508 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Heresy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 509 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hidden and the Hidden ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 510 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hides and Fleece ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 511 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hiding Knowledge (katama) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 512 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Highmost Places (ʿIlliyyūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 513 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hijr ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 514 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hijra ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 515 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ History and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 516 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Holy Spirit ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 517 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Holy Spirit (rūḥ al-qudus) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 518 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Homosexuality ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 519 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Homosexuality ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 520 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Honey ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 521 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Honey (ʿasal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 522 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Honor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 523 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hope ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 524 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hope (rajāʾ, ṭamaʿ, amal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 525 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hospitality and Courtesy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 526 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hostages ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 527 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hot and Cold ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 528 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Houris ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 529 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Houris (ḥūr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 530 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ House of ʿImrān (Āl ʿImrān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 531 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ House, Domestic and Divine ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 532 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hud ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 533 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hūd, upon him peace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 534 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hudaybiya ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 535 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Humans (banū Ādam) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 536 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Humility (khushūʿ, dhull) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 537 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Humor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 538 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ḥunayn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 539 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hunayn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 540 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hunting and Fishing ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 541 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hunting and Game (ṣayd, ṣayd al-baḥr, ḥūt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 542 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hypocrisy and Hypocrites (nifāq, munāfiqūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 543 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Hypocrites and Hypocrisy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 544 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ I ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iafa and Marwa ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 546 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iblis ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 547 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ibrāhīm, upon him peace (Abraham) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 548 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iconoclasm ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 549 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idle Speech (laghw) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 550 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idolatry and Idolaters ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 551 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idols and Idolatry (aṣnām, awthān, jibt, ṭāghūt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 552 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idols and Images ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 553 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idris ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 554 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Idrīs, upon him peace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 555 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ 'Ifrit ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 556 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ignorance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 557 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ignorance (jahl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 558 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ilaf ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 559 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Illegitimacy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 560 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Illiteracy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 561 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ 'Illiyyun ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 562 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Illness and Health ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 563 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ilyās, upon him peace (Elijah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 564 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Imam ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 565 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Immunity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 566 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Impeccability ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 567 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Impotence ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 568 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ 'Imran ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 569 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Indifference ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 570 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Infallibility of Prophets (ʿiṣmat al-anbiyā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 571 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Infanticide ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 572 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Informants ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 573 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ingratitude (kufr al-niʿma) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 574 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inheritance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 575 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inheritance and Patrimony (mīrāth, turāth) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 576 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inimitability ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 577 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inimitability of the Qurʾān (iʿjāz) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 578 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Injīl (Evangel) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 579 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Injustice (ẓulm, ṭughyān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 580 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Innate Nature (fiṭra) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 581 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Innovation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 582 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Innovation (bidʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 583 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inquisition ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 584 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Insanity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 585 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Insolence and Obstinacy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 586 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Insolence and Obstinacy (ʿanīd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 587 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Inspiration (ilhām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 588 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Instruments ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 589 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intellect ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 590 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intellect (ʿaql, lubb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 591 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intention ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 592 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intention (niyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 593 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intercession ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 594 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intercession (shafāʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 595 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Interpretation (taʾwīl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 596 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intoxicants ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 597 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Intoxicants (khamr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 598 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Invitation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 599 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iram ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 600 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iram ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 601 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iraq ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 602 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Iron (ḥadīd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 603 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Īsā, upon him peace (Jesus) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 604 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Isaac ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 605 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Isaiah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 606 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Isḥāq, upon him peace (Isaac) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 607 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ishmael ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 608 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Islām ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 609 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Islam ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 610 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ismāʿīl, upon him peace (Ishmael) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 611 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Israel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 612 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ J ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jacob ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 614 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jāhiliyya ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 615 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jālūt (Goliath) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 616 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jerusalem ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 617 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jesus ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 618 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jews and Judaism ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 619 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jibrīl, upon him peace (Gabriel) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 620 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jibt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 621 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jihad ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 622 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jihad ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 623 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jinn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 624 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jinn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 625 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jizya ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 626 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Job ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 627 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ John the Baptist ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 628 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Jonah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 629 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Joseph ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 630 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Journey ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 631 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Joy and Misery ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 632 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Judgment ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 633 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Judgment (ḥukm, dīn, ḥisāb, raʾy etc ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 634 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Judi ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 635 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Just (al-Abrār, ṣiddiqūn, ṣāliḥūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 636 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Justice (ʿadl, qisṭ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 637 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Justice and Injustice ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 638 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ K ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kaʿba ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 640 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ka'ba ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 641 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kha.ir/Khi.r ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 642 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Khadija ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 643 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Khaḍir (al) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 644 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kharijis ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 645 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Killing (qatl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 646 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kindered (ṣilat al-arḥām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 647 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kingdom and Kings (mulk, mulūk, malakūt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 648 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kings and Rulers ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 649 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Kinship ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 650 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Knowledge (ʿilm, maʿrifa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 651 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Knowledge and Learning ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 652 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Korah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 653 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ L ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lactation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 655 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lamp ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 656 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lamp (sirāj ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 657 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Language and Speech (kalām, lisān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 658 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Language and Style of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 659 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Language of the Qurʾān (lughat al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 660 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Language, Concept of ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 661 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Last Judgment ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 662 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Laudation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 663 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Laughter ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 664 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Laughter and Weeping (ḍaḥik, bukāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 665 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Law (shirʿa, sharīʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 666 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Law and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 667 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lawful and Unlawful ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 668 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lawful and Unlawful (ḥalāl, ḥarām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 669 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Left Hand and Right Hand ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 670 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Legal Punishments (ḥudūd, taʿzīr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 671 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Legal Responsibility (taklīf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 672 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lessons of History (ʿibra) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 673 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lie ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 674 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Life ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 675 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Life (ʿīsha, maʿāsh, maʿīsha, ḥayawān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 676 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Life of this World (ḥayāt al-dunyā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 677 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Light ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 678 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Light (nūr, ḍawā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 679 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Literacy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 680 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Literary Structures of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 681 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Literature and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 682 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Load or Burden ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 683 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Loan (qarḍ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 684 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lord ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 685 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lordship (Rubūbiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 686 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Loss (naqṣ, khasār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 687 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lot ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 688 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Love and Affection ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 689 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Love, Desire, and Lust (wudd, ḥubb, hawā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 690 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Loyalty ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 691 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Luqmān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 692 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Luqman ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 693 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Lūṭ, upon him peace (Lot) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 694 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ M ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Madina ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 696 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Madyan ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 697 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Magians ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 698 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Magic ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 699 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Magic (siḥr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 700 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Maintenance and Upkeep ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 701 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Majūs (Zoroastrians) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 702 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Makka ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 703 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Manifest and Hidden (shahāda, ẓahara, baṭana, ghayb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 704 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Manual Labor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 705 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Manuscripts of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 706 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Markets ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 707 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Marriage and Divorce ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 708 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Marriage and Divorce (nikāḥ, zawāj, ṭalāq, liʿān, ẓihār, khulʿ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 709 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Martyrdom and Martyrs (shahāda, shuhadāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 710 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Martyrs ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 711 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Marvels ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 712 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mary ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 713 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Maryam (Mary) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 714 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mashʿar al-Ḥarām ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 715 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Masjid al-Ḥarām ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 716 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Material Culture and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 717 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Maturity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 718 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Measurement ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 719 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mecca ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 720 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Media and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 721 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Medicine (shifāʾ, ṭibb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 722 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Medicine and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 723 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Medina ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 724 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Memory ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 725 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Men (rijāl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 726 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Men of the Cave ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 727 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Menstruation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 728 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Menstruation (ḥayḍ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 729 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mercy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 730 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mercy (raḥma) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 731 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Messenger ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 732 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Metals and Minerals ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 733 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Metaphor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 734 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Michael ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 735 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Midian ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 736 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mīkāʾīl, upon him peace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 737 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Milk ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 738 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Minerals (ḥajar, maʿādin) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 739 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Miracles ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 740 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Miracles (muʿjizāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 741 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Miracles of the Prophet, upon him peace and blessings ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 742 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Miscreants (mujrimūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 743 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mockery ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 744 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mockery (huzuw, sukhr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 745 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Model of Excellence (uswatun ḥasana) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 746 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Moderation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 747 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Moderation and the Middle Path (wasaṭiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 748 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Modesty ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 749 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Monasticism and Monks ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 750 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Monasticism and Monks (rahbāniyya, qissīsiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 751 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Money ]] || [[Деньги]] || [[ 752 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Months ]] || [[Месяц]] || [[ 753 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Moon ]] || [[Луна]] || [[ 754 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Moon (qamar) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 755 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Morning ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 756 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Moses ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 757 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mosque ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 758 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mosque (masjid) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 759 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mosque of the Dissension ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 760 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mother of Mūsā (Umm Mūsā) ]] || [[Мать Мусы]] || [[ 761 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mountains]] (jibāl) || [[Горы]] || [[ 762 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mu af ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 763 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mu.ammad ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 764 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Muhājirūn ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 765 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Muḥammad, upon him blessings and peace ]] || [[Мухаммад]] || [[ 766 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Muḥkam and Mutashābih Verses ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 767 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Murder ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 768 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mūsā, upon him be peace (Moses) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 769 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Musaylima ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 770 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Music and Musical Instruments (samada, lahwa al-ḥadīth) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 771 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mu'tazila ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 772 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mute (abkam, bukm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 773 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Mysterious Letters ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 774 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Myths and Legends (asāṭīr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 775 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Myths and Legends in the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 776 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ N ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Na.ir (Banu al-) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 778 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Najran ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 779 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Names of the Prophet ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 780 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Names of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 781 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Names of the Qurʾān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 782 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Namus ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 783 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Narratives ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 784 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nature as Signs ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 785 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Neck ornaments (qalāʾid) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 786 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Neighbors and Neighborhood (jār, jiwār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 787 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ News ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 788 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Night and Day (al-layl wal-nahār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 789 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Night Journey and Ascension (al-isrāʾ wal-miʿrāj) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 790 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Night of Power ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 791 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Night of Qadr (Laylat al-qadr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 792 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nimrod ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 793 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nimrūd ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 794 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Noah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 795 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nomads ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 796 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Noon ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 797 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nose ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 798 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nudity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 799 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Nūḥ, upon him peace (Noah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 800 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Numbers and Enumeration ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 801 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Numbers and Enumeration (ʿadd, ʿadad) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 802 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Numerology ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 803 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Numismatics ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 804 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ O ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oaths ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 806 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oaths (qasam, yamīn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 807 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Obedience ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 808 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Obedience (ṭāʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 809 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Occasions of Revelation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 810 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Occasions of Revelation (asbāb al-nuzūl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 811 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oceans (baḥr, biḥār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 812 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Odors and Smells ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 813 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oft-Repeated ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 814 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Old Age (haram, ardhal al-ʿumur, ʿajz, shaykhūkha) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 815 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Olive(s) (zaytūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 816 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Opening Letters (ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿat) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 817 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Opposition to Mu.ammad ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 818 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oppressed of the Earth (mustaḍʿafūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 819 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oppressed on Earth, The ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 820 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oppression ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 821 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Oppression (baghī, ʿulūw, rahaq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 822 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Orality ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 823 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Orality and Writing in Arabia ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 824 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Order of Sūras (tartīb al-suwar) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 825 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ornamentation and Illumination ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 826 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Orphans ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 827 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Orphans (yatīm, yatāmā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 828 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Orthography ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 829 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ P ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pairs (azwāj, zawj) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 831 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pairs and Pairing ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 832 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parable ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 833 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parables of the Qurʾān (amthāl al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 834 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Paradise ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 835 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Paradise(s) (janna, jannāt, firdaws, ʿadn, khuld, maʾwā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 836 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parents ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 837 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parents (wālidān, abawān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 838 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parody of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 839 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Parties and Factions ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 840 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Past Nations (al-umam al-khāliya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 841 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Path (minhāj, sabīl, sharīʿa, shirʿa, ṣirāṭ, sunna) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 842 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Path of Allah (sabīl Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 843 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Path or Way ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 844 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Patriarchy ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 845 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Peace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 846 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Peace (ṣulḥ, salām, musālama) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 847 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pen and Writing (qalam, kitāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 848 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People (nās, qawm, malaʾa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 849 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of al-Rass (ahl al-Rass) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 850 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Book ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 851 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Book (ahl al-Kitāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 852 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Cave (ahl al-kahf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 853 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Ditch ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 854 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Elephant ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 855 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Elephant (aṣḥāb al-fīl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 856 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Heights ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 857 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the House ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 858 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Remembrance (ahl al-dhikr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 859 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of the Thicket ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 860 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of Ukhdūd ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 861 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ People of Wisdom (ulū al-albāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 862 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Perjury (ḥinth, qawl al-zūr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 863 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Perseverance, Patience and Fortitude (ṣabr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 864 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Persian Literature and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 865 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pharaoh ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 866 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Philosophy and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 867 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Piety ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 868 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pilgrimage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 869 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pillars of Islam (arkān al-islām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 870 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pit ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 871 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Place of Abraham ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 872 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Plagues ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 873 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Planets and Stars ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 874 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Plants and Vegetation (nabāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 875 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Play and Distraction (laʿib, lahw) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 876 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pledge ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 877 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pledge (bayʿa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 878 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Poetry and Poets ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 879 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Poets and Poetry (shiʿr, shuʿarāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 880 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Polemic and Polemical Language ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 881 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Politics and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 882 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Poll Tax ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 883 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Polysemy in the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 884 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Polytheism and Atheism ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 885 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Polytheism and Polytheists (shirk, mushrikūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 886 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Popular and Talismanic Uses of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 887 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Portents ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 888 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Possession and Possessions ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 889 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Possessions and Property (māl, matāʿ, milk) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 890 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Post-Enlightenment Academic Study of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 891 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Poverty (faqr, fāqa, matraba) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 892 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Poverty and the Poor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 893 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Power (qudra) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 894 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Power and Impotence ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 895 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Praise ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 896 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Praise of Allāh Most High (ḥamd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 897 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Praise Worthy Station (maqām maḥmūd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 898 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prayer ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 899 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prayer Formulas ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 900 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prayer(s) (Ṣalāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 901 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pre-1800 Preoccupations of Qur"anic Studies ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 902 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pre-Islamic Arabia and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 903 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Preservation (ḥifẓ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 904 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Preserved Tablet ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 905 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Preserved Tablet (al-lawḥ al-maḥfūẓ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 906 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Pride ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 907 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Printing of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 908 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prisoners ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 909 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prisonors of War ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 910 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Profane and Sacred ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 911 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prohibited Degrees ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 912 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Promises and Threats (waʿd wal-waʿīd, mīʿād, mawʿūd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 913 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Proof ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 914 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Proof (burhān, ḥujja, sulṭān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 915 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Property ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 916 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prophethood (nubuwwa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 917 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Prophets and Prophethood ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 918 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Protection ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 919 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Provocation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 920 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Psalms ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 921 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Punishment Stories ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 922 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Purification (tazkiya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 923 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Q ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Qārūn (Korah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 925 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Qaynuqa'(Banu) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 926 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Qibla ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 927 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Qibla ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 928 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Quakes and Disasters (zalāzil, maṣāʾib) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 929 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ [[ Qurʾān]] || [[Коран]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Qurʾānic Rulings (aḥkām al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 931 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Quray.a(Banu al-) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 932 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Quraysh ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 933 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Quraysh ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 934 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ R ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rabb ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 936 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rabbis (aḥbār) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 937 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Races ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 938 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Raḥmān (al-) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 939 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rain (maṭar, ghayth) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 940 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rama.an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 941 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ramaḍān ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 942 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ranks and Orders ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 943 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Raqim ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 944 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rare Words of the Qurʾān (gharīb al-Qurʾān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 945 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rass ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 946 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Reading and Recitation (qirāʾa, talā, tilāwa, rattil, tartīl, yatlū(n)) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 947 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Readings of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 948 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rebellion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 949 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Recitation of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 950 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Reciters of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 951 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Reflection and Deliberation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 952 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Religion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 953 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Religion (dīn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 954 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Religious Pluralism and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 955 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Remembrance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 956 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Remembrance of Allah (dhikr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 957 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Remnant ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 958 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Repentance (tawba, ināba, ikhbāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 959 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Repentance and Penance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 960 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Respite (amhala, ajal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 961 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Responsibility ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 962 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Resurrection ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 963 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Resurrection (qiyāma) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 964 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Retaliation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 965 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Retaliation (iʿtidāʾ bil-mithl, qiṣāṣ, ʿadl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 966 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Retreat and Seclusion (iʿtikāf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 967 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Revelation and Inspiration ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 968 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Revision and Alteration ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 969 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Reward and Punishment ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 970 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rhetoric and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 971 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rhymed Prose ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 972 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ritual and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 973 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ritual Purity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 974 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Rod ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 975 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ S ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sabbath ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 977 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sabians ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 978 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sacred Precincts ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 979 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sacrifice ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 980 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Saint ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 981 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Salih ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 982 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Salvation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 983 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Samaritans ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 984 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Samson ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 985 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Samuel ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 986 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sand ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 987 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Satanic Verses ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 988 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Saul ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 989 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Scholar ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 990 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Science and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 991 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Scripture and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 992 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Scrolls ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 993 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Seasons ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 994 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Secrets ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 995 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Seeing and Hearing ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 996 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Servants ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 997 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sex and Sexuality ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 998 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sheba ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 999 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sheets ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1000 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Shekhinah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1001 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Shi'a ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1002 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Shiffin, Battle of ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1003 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Shi'ism and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1004 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ships ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1005 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Shu'ayb ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1006 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Signs ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1007 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Silk ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1008 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Simile ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1009 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sin, Major and Minor ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1010 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sinai ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1011 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sira and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1012 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sirius ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1013 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sister ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1014 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Slaughter ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1015 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Slaves and Slavery ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1016 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sleep ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1017 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Smell ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1018 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Smoke ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1019 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Social Sciences and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1020 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Solomon ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1021 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Soothsayer ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1022 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Soul ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1023 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1024 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ South Asian Literatures and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1025 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Southeast Asian Qur"anic Literature ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1026 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sovereignty ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1027 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spatial Relations ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1028 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Speech ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1029 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Speech of Allah (kalām, kalimat Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1030 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spending (infāq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1031 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spider ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1032 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spirit ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1033 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spirit (rūḥ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1034 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spiritual Beings ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1035 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sports ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1036 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Springs and Fountains ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1037 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Spying (tajassus) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1038 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Squandering (isrāf, tabdhīr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1039 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Stars and Planets (nujūm, kawākib) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1040 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Station of Ibrāhīm ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1041 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Stone ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1042 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Stones ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1043 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Stoning ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1044 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Strangers and Foreigners ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1045 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Subservience (taskhīr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1046 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Success (falāḥ, fawz) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1047 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Succor (naṣr, ʿawn, ghawth) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1048 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Suffering ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1049 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sufism and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1050 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Suicide ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1051 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Suicide (qatala nafsahu) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1052 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sulaymān, upon him peace (Solomon) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1053 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sun ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1054 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sun (shams) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1055 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sunna ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1056 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Supererogatory Prayers and Deeds (nafl, nāfila, nawāfil) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1057 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Supplication and Answer (duʿāʾ, istijāba) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1058 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sūra ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1059 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sura (s) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1060 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Suspicion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1061 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Suspicion (sūʾ al-ẓann) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1062 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sustenance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1063 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Sustenance (rizq, ṭaʿām, qūt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1064 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Symbolic Imagery ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1065 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Syria ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1066 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Syro-Palestine (al-Shām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1067 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ T ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Table ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1069 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Table Spread (al-Māʾida) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1070 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Talent ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1071 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ṭālūt (Saul) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1072 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tampering (taḥrīf) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1073 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Taqwā ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1074 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tawḥīd (tawḥīd, tabattul, ḥanīf, ḥunafāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1075 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Taxation ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1076 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Teaching ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1077 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Teaching and Preaching the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1078 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Teeth ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1079 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Temporary Marriage ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1080 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ten Nights of Dhūl-Ḥijja ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1081 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tents and Tent Pegs ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1082 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Textual Criticism of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1083 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Thamūd ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1084 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ The Name, the Naming, the Named (ism, tasmiya, musamma) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1086 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ The Qurʾān and History (taʾrīkh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1087 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ The Qurʾān and the Order of Nature ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1088 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Theft ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1089 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Theft and Robbery (sariqa, ghaṣb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1090 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Theology and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1091 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Theophany ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1092 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Thing (shayʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1093 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Throne of Allah (ʿarsh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1094 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Throne of God ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1095 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Thunder and Lightning (al-raʿd, barq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1096 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Time ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1097 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Time (waqt, ʿaṣr…) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1098 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tolerance and Coercion ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1099 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tongue (lisān) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1100 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tools for the Scholarly Study of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1101 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Torah ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1102 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trade and Commerce ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1104 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tradition and Custom ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1105 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Traditional Disciplines of Qur"anic Studies ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1106 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tranquility and trembling (sakīna, wajal) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1107 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Transcendence and Anthropomorphism (tanzīh, taqdīs, tashbīh, tajsīm) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1108 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Transgression (fujūr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1109 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Transitoriness ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1110 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Translations of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1111 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Travel, Traveler (siyāḥa, musāfir, ḍaraba fīl-arḍ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1112 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tree (s) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1113 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tree(s) (shajar) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1114 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trial ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1115 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trials and Strife (balāʾ, ibtilāʾ, fitna) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1116 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tribe(s) and Confederates (qabāʾil, aḥzāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1117 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tribes and Clans ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1118 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trinity ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1119 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trinity (qawluhum thalātha) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1120 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trips and Voyages ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1121 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Troops ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1122 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Troops (jund, junūd, ribbiyyūnrubbiyyūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1123 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trumpet (ṣūr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1124 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trust and Patience ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1125 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trust in Allah (tawakkul) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1126 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Trust(s) (amānāt) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1127 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Truth ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1128 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Truth (ḥaqq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1129 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Truthfulness (ṣidq) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1130 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tubbaʿ ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1131 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tubba' ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1132 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ṭūr ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1133 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Turkish Literature and the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1134 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Tuwa ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1135 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Two Sons of Ādam ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1136 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ U ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Uḥud ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1138 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Ummi ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1139 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Umra ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1140 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Uncertainty ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1141 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Understanding (fahm…) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1142 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Unity of the Text of the Qur"an ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1143 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Unlettered (ummī, ummiyyūn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1144 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Usury ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1145 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Usury (ribā) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1146 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ 'Uthman ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1147 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Uzayr ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1148 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ V ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Vehicles ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1150 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Veil ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1151 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Veil (khimār, jilbāb, ḥijāb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1152 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Vengeance ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1153 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Verse (āya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1154 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Verse (s) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1155 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Victory (fawz) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1156 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Vigil prayer(s) (tahajjud) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1157 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Vows (nadhr) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1158 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ W ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Waiting Period (ʿidda) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1160 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ War (ḥarb) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1161 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Water (māʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1162 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Way of Allāh (Sunnat Allāh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1163 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Wealth and Prosperity (khayr, ghinā, naʿīm, naʿmāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1164 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Weapons (asliḥa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1165 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Weights and Measures (mawāzin, makāyil) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1166 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Whisperings (waswasa) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1167 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Widows (arāmil) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1168 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Will, Want and Volition (irāda) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1169 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Wills, Bequests, Directives and Divine Stipulations (waṣiyya) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1170 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Winds (rīḥ, riyāḥ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1171 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Wisdom (ḥikma, fiqh) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1172 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Witness of Faith, Witnessing and Witnesses (shahida, shahāda; shuhūd) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1173 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Wives of the Prophet ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1174 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Womb (raḥim, riḥm, pl ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1175 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Women (nisāʾ) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1176 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Wonderment (ʿajab) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1177 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ World (dunyā, ʿālam, ʿālamīn) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1178 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Worship (ʿibāda, nusuk, tabtīl) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1179 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Y ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yaḥyā, upon him peace (John) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1181 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yāʾjūj and Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1182 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yaʿqūb (Isrāʾīl), upon him peace (Jacob, Israel) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1183 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yasaʿ, upon him peace ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1184 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yathrib ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1185 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Year (ʿām) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1186 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yūnus, upon him peace (Jonah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1187 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Yūsuf, upon him peace (Joseph) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1188 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Z ]] || [[ ]] || [[ ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Zabūr ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1190 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Zakariyyā, upon him peace (Zachariah) ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1191 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Zakāt ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1192 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Zaqqūm ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1193 ]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ Zayd ibn Ḥārithaha ]] || [[ А ]] || [[ 1194 ]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> * [[Мухаммад]]<br /> <br /> [[Категория:Списки]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=30 Main Page 2016-03-23T19:32:37Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div>{| style="background:none; margin:1.2em 0 0 0; width:100%; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"<br /> |colspan="2" style="background:#F2F5FD; border:1px solid #C7D0F8; padding:10px 10px 0px 10px; text-align:center; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"|{{Шапка ЗС}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |}<br /> == Useful resources ==<br /> * [[List of Terms]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=29 Main Page 2016-03-23T15:35:45Z

<p>Hqaweb: /* Useful resources */</p> <hr /> <div>{| style="background:none; margin:1.2em 0 0 0; width:100%; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"<br /> |colspan="2" style="background:#F2F5FD; border:1px solid #C7D0F8; padding:10px 10px 0px 10px; text-align:center; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"|{{Шапка ЗС}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |}<br /> == Useful resources ==</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=28 Main Page 2016-03-23T15:35:25Z

<p>Hqaweb: /* Usefull resources */</p> <hr /> <div>{| style="background:none; margin:1.2em 0 0 0; width:100%; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"<br /> |colspan="2" style="background:#F2F5FD; border:1px solid #C7D0F8; padding:10px 10px 0px 10px; text-align:center; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"|{{Шапка ЗС}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |}<br /> == Usefull resources ==</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Quran&diff=49 Quran 2016-03-23T15:33:22Z

<p>Hqaweb: Новая страница: «ru:Коран»</p> <hr /> <div>[[ru:Коран]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0&diff=75 Заглавная страница 2016-03-23T15:31:20Z

<p>Hqaweb: Hqaweb переименовал страницу Заглавная страница в Main Page</p> <hr /> <div>#перенаправление [[Main Page]]</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:Main_Page&diff=48 Обсуждение:Main Page 2016-03-23T15:31:20Z

<p>Hqaweb: Hqaweb переименовал страницу Обсуждение:Заглавная страница в Обсуждение:Main Page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Заглавная страница/Обсуждение}}</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=27 Main Page 2016-03-23T15:31:20Z

<p>Hqaweb: Hqaweb переименовал страницу Заглавная страница в Main Page</p> <hr /> <div>{| style="background:none; margin:1.2em 0 0 0; width:100%; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"<br /> |colspan="2" style="background:#F2F5FD; border:1px solid #C7D0F8; padding:10px 10px 0px 10px; text-align:center; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"|{{Шапка ЗС}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |}<br /> == Usefull resources ==<br /> *</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=26 Main Page 2016-03-23T15:31:02Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div>{| style="background:none; margin:1.2em 0 0 0; width:100%; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"<br /> |colspan="2" style="background:#F2F5FD; border:1px solid #C7D0F8; padding:10px 10px 0px 10px; text-align:center; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"|{{Шапка ЗС}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |}<br /> == Usefull resources ==<br /> *</div>

Hqaweb https://en.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=25 Main Page 2016-03-23T15:30:46Z

<p>Hqaweb: </p> <hr /> <div>{| style="background:none; margin:1.2em 0 0 0; width:100%; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"<br /> |colspan="2" style="background:#F2F5FD; border:1px solid #C7D0F8; padding:10px 10px 0px 10px; text-align:center; border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"|{{Шапка ЗС}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |}<br /> == Некоторые полезные ресурсы ==<br /> *</div>

Hqaweb